The goal is to implement a ticket machine that allows you to buy train tickets.
The route is defined by the station of origin, the place where the ticket is purchased and by selecting the destination
by typing in the station identifier or using the ⬆️⬇️ keys, and in addition to the destination station identifier, the
price and type of ticket (one-way ⬆️ or two-way ⬆️⬇️) are displayed on the screen.
The purchase order is given by pressing the confirmation key, and a unit of the
ticket displayed on the screen.
The machine does not make any change and only accepts coins of:
€0.05, €0.10, €0.20, €0.50, €1.00 and €2.00.
In addition to the Sales mode, the system has another operating mode called Maintenance, which is activated by a maintenance key. This mode allows the ticket-vending machine to be tested, and the ticket and coin counters to be started and checked.
The ticket-vending machine consists of the management system (referred to as Control) and the following peripherals:
- a 12-key keyboard;
- a coin acceptor;
- a two-line, 16-character Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screen;
- a ticket printing mechanism (Ticket Dispenser);
- a maintenance key (M) that switches between the Sales and Maintenance modes.
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| Ticket Machine Architecture |
The following actions can be carried out on the system in Sales mode:
- Consultation and sale - A ticket can be consulted by typing in the identifier of the destination station or by
listing it
using the ⬆️⬇️ keys. The ticket purchase process begins by pressing the
#key. While entering the coins, the type of ticket (one-way or return) can be changed by pressing the0key, which will change the price of the journey displayed on the LCD, doubling the value in the case of one-way. During the purchase, the information relating to the desired ticket is displayed on the LCD until the ticket printing mechanism confirms that the printout has been made and the ticket has been collected by the client. The ⬆️ and ⬇️ selection mode alternates with numeric selection by pressing the key*. The purchase can be canceled by pressing the#key, returning the coins entered.
The following actions can be carried out on the system in Maintenance mode:
- Test - This menu option allows you to carry out a procedure to consult and sell a ticket, without entering any coins and without this operation being counted as a purchase;
- Query - To view the coin and ticket counters, select the query operation in the menu and allow the coin and ticket counters to be listed using the ⬆️⬇️ keys;
- Start - This menu option starts the coin and ticket counters at zero, initiating a new counting cycle;
- Shutdown - The system shuts down when this menu option is selected, i.e. the management software stops storing the data structures persistently in text files. The information on the number of coins and the number of tickets sold is stored in the CoinDeposit.txt and Stations.txt. respectively. These files are read and loaded at the start of the program and rewritten at the end of the program.
Important
Entering information via the keyboard has the following criteria:
- if no key is pressed within five seconds, the command in progress is aborted;
- when the data to be entered is made up of more than one digit, the last digit is taken into account
- insertion takes place from the digit with the greatest weight to the one with the least weight.
Note
For more information about the project, consult the handout which is available here in portuguese.
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| Modules Overview |
Divided into several key modules:
- App
- CoinAcceptor | TestBench
- CoinDeposit
- HAL | TestBench
- KBD | TestBench
- KeyReceiver | TestBench
- LCD | TestBench
- M
- SerialEmitter | TestBench
- TUI | TestBench
- TicketDispenser | TestBench
And other auxiliary modules and functions:
Entry point: Main
To develop the hardware modules, the VHDL language was used, which is a hardware description language used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays (fpga's) and integrated circuits. Since the IDE chosen was Quartus Prime, several templates were created to better visualize the modules different signals and their interconnections when running module testbenches.
This module implements the interface with the Ticket Dispensing and LCD modules, serially receiving the information sent by the control module and then delivering it to the recipient, as seen in the diagram below.
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| Integrated Output System |
Divided into several key modules:
-
Serial Receiver
Note
This component report is available here in portuguese.
Responsible for decoding the 12-key matrix keyboard and determining which key was
pressed, as well as providing its code to the Control module. If the latter is not available to receive it immediately, the key code is stored up to a limit of two codes.
For physical reasons, and in order to minimize the number of interconnection signals, communication between the Control module and the Keyboard Reader module is carried out using a synchronous serial protocol.
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| Keyboard Reader |
Divided into several key modules:
-
Key Decode
Note
This component report is available here in portuguese.
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| LCD Display mounted on another board |
The fpga used was the Terasic De10 Lite. The assignment configuration can be found in this file.
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| FPGA Switch and Leds Assignments |
The simulator was used to primarily test the software and hardware modules without the need for physical hardware and to verify the correct operation of software modules when compared with another hardware implementation or vice versa.
It contains the following files:
- USB_PORT.properties - UsbPort settings file, allows you to define how it is used;
- TicketMachine.simul - contains the definition of the modules and interconnections for Kotlin.
The modules needed to implement the Ticket Machine have been defined,
with only the UsbPort interface still to be adapted.
Only the UsbPort interface needs to be adapted to the software already developed,
defining the
UsbPort.O#andUsbPort.I#connections; - Simul.properties - contains the definitions of the Kotlin windows;
- TicketMachine.jar - jar file with the implementations of the hardware modules for simulation, included as a project library.
The final report can be found here in portuguese.
Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa
BSc in Computer Science and Engineering
Computer and Informatics Laboratory
Summer Semester of 2021/2022