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Composition
Returns the estimated daily water need (in Liters) based on weight (in kilograms)
weight given in kilograms
height given in meters
The body adiposity index (BAI) is a method of measuring the amount of body fat in humans. The BAI uses the hip circumference (in centimeters) and the height of the participant to estimate body fat. BAI is approximately equal to the percentage of body fat for adult men and women of differing ethnicities.
hipCircumference given in meters
"A Better Index of Body Adiposity". Obesity - A Research Journal. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
According to the CDC:
Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. A high BMI can be an indicator of high body fatness. BMI can be used to screen for weight categories that may lead to health problems but it is not diagnostic of the body fatness or health of an individual.
Used by the WHO as the standard for recording obesity statistics since the early 1980s, BMI is suitable for recognizing trends within sedentary or overweight individuals because there is a smaller margin of error.
Commonly accepted BMI ranges are:
- underweight: under 18.5 kg/m2
- normal weight: 18.5 to 25
- overweight: 25 to 30
- obese: over 30
BMI Prime is the ratio of actual BMI to upper limit optimal BMI, which is the actual BMI expressed as a proportion of upper limit optimal. The ratio of actual body weight to body weight for upper limit optimal BMI is equal to BMI Prime. BMI Prime is a dimensionless number meaning that it does not have units.
Individuals with BMI Prime less than 0.74 are underweight; those with between 0.74 and 1.00 have optimal weight; and those at 1.00 or greater are overweight. BMI Prime is useful clinically because it shows by what ratio a person deviates from the maximum optimal BMI.
Gadzik, James (2006). "'How much should I weigh?' Quetelet's equation, upper weight limits, and BMI prime". Connecticut Medicine. 70 (2): 81–88. PMID 16768059
Body Shape Index (BSI) is a metric for assessing the health implications of a given human body based on height, mass and waist circumference. Including waist circumference is believed to make the BSI a better indicator of the health risks from excess weight than the standard Body Mass Index.
Also called the aBSI
waist_circumference given in meters
"Doctors expose BMI shortcomings". London Evening Standard. Evening Standard Limited. 2006-01-18. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
Krakauer, Nir Y.; Jesse C. Krakauer (2012-07-18). "A New Body Shape Index Predicts Mortality Hazard Independently of Body Mass Index". PLOS ONE. 7: e39504. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039504. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
The Corpulence measure or Ponderal Index is a measure of leanness (corpulence) of a person. Like BMI, the corpulence measure is based on mass and height of an individual. Also called Rohrer's Index.
The Corpulence index is known to have a number of benefits over Body Mass Index (BMI):
- yields valid results even for very short and very tall persons
- shown to have a lower false positive rate in athletes
- shown to have higher sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value than BMI
Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia, Audrey H. Ensminger, Marion Eugene Ensminger. p. 1645
Babar, Sultan (March 2015). "Evaluating the Performance of 4 Indices in Determining Adiposity". Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). 25 (2): 183
The Surface-based Body Shape Index (SBSI) outperforms BMI, waist to height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and Body Shape Index (BSI) at mortality hazard prediction. SBSI has a generally linear relationship with age and increases with mortality.
bsa is body surface area given in meters^2
vertical_trunk_circumference given in centimeters
waist circumference given in centimeters
"A New Potential Replacement for Body Mass Index | RealClearScience". www.realclearscience.com. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
Rahman, Syed Ashiqur; Adjeroh, Donald (2015). "PLOS ONE: Surface-Based Body Shape Index and Its Relationship with All-Cause Mortality". PLoS ONE. 10 (12): e0144639. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044639R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144639. PMID 26709925.
The waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) has been used as an indicator or measure of health, and the risk of developing serious health conditions. WHR correlates with fertility (with different optimal values for males and females).
According to the World Health Organization(WHO), abdominal obesity is defined as a waist–hip ratio above 0.90 for males and above 0.85 for females, or a body mass index (BMI) above 30.0.[5] The National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) states that women with waist–hip ratios of more than 0.8, and men with more than 1.0, are at increased health risk because of their fat distribution.
WHR has been found to be a more efficient predictor of mortality in older people (75+ years of age) than waist circumference or BMI.
waistCircumference and hipCircumference can given in any unit, so long as they are the same
"Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio, Report of a WHO Expert Consultation" PDF. World Health Organization. 8–11 December 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
The waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is a measure of the distribution of body fat. Higher values of WHtR indicate higher risk of obesity-related cardiovascular diseases; it is correlated with abdominal obesity.
A 2010 study that followed 11,000 subjects for up to eight years concluded that WHtR is a much better measure of the risk of heart attack, stroke or death than the more widely used body mass index.
waistCircumference given in meters
CM Lee, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M (July 2008). "Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis'". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 61 (7): 646–653. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.08.012. PMID 18359190.
Schneider; et al. (2010). "The predictive value of different measures of obesity for incident cardiovascular events and mortality.". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 95 (4): 1777–1785. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1584. PMID 20130075.
gender is either Fit.Gender.Male or Fit.Gender.Female
dob is a Date
weight is a number measured in kilograms
height is a number measured in meters
Tested white boys and girls 8-15 years of age, Lohman, T.G., 1992. Advanced in body composition assessment. Current issues in exercise science series. Monograph no. 3 Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Tested white boys and girls 10-19 years of age
Houtkooper, L.B, Goinng, S.G., Lohman, T.G, Roche, A.F., and VanLoan, M. 1992. Bioelectrical impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: A cross-validation study. Journal of Applied Physiology 72: 366-373.
Tested American Indian, black, Hispanic and white men and women, 17-62 years of age For body fat percentages less than 20% in males, 30% in females. Age group
Segal, K.R., Van Loan, M., Fitzgerald, P.I., Hodgdon, J.A., and Van Itallie, T.B. 1988. Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: A four-site cross-validation study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47: 7-14.
Tested American Indian, black, Hispanic and white men and women, 17-62 years of age For body fat percentages greater than 20% in males, 30% in females
Segal, K.R., Van Loan, M., Fitzgerald, P.I., Hodgdon, J.A., and Van Itallie, T.B. 1988. Lean body mass estimation by bioelectrical impedance analysis: A four-site cross-validation study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47: 7-14.
Tested female athletes 18-27 years of age Tested male athletes from 19-40 years of age
Female Fornetti, W.C., Pivarnik, J.M., Foley, J.M., and Fiechtner, J.J. 1999. Reliability and validity of composition measures in female athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology 87:1114-1234.
Male Oppliger, R.A., Nielsen, D.H., and Vance, C.G. 1991. Wrestlers' minimal weight: Anthropometry, bioimpedance, and hydrostatic weighing compared. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise 23: 247-253/
gender is either Fit.Gender.Male or Fit.Gender.Female
dob is a Date instance
Standard Error of Estimation = 0.0067g/cc (males) Standard Error of Estimation = 0.0061g/cc (females)
Donnelly, Joseph E., Thomas E. Brown, Richard G. Israel, Stephanie Smith-Sintek, Kevin F. O??brien, and Bret Caslavka. "Hydrostatic Weighing without Head Submersion: Description of a Method." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 20.1 (1988): 66-69. NCBI. Web. 24 Nov. 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3343920.
For use with black/white boys and girls 6-17 years old
Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G, Boileau, R.A., Horswill, C.A., Stilman, R.J, Van Loan, M.D., and Bemben, D.A. 1988. Skinfold equation for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Human Biology 60: 709-723.
Jackson, A.S., Pollock, M.L., and Ward, A. 1980. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 12: 175-182.
For use with white males 18-61 years old
Jackson, A.S., and Pollock, M.L. 1978. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 497-504.
Jackson, A.S., Pollock, M.L., and Ward, A. 1980. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 12: 175-182.
For use with female athletes 19-29 years old and male athletes 18-61 years old
Female Athletes Jackson, A.S., Pollock, M.L., and Ward, A. 1980. Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 12: 175-182.
Male Athletes Jackson, A.S., and Pollock, M.L. 1978. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition 40: 497-504.
Evans, E.M., Rowe, D.A., Misic, M.M., Prior, B.M., and Arngrimsson, S.A. 2005. Skinfold prediction equation for athletes developed using a four-component model. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37: 2006-2011.
Evans, E.M., Rowe, D.A., Misic, M.M., Prior, B.M., and Arngrimsson, S.A. 2005. Skinfold prediction equation for athletes developed using a four-component model. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37: 2006-2011.
uww is the underwater weight in kilograms
rv is residual volume
gv is gastrointestinal volume
A class for estimating body fat across age groups, races, and genders.
Percent fat equation
Brožek, Josef; Grande, Francisco; Anderson, Joseph T.; Keys, Ancel (2006). "Densitometric Analysis of Body Composition: Revision of Some Quantitative Assumptions*". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 110: 113–40. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x. PMID 14062375.
Percent fat equation for African American females
Ortiz O, Russell M, Daley TL, Baumgartner RN, Waki M, Lichtman S, et al. Differences in skeletal muscle and bone mineral mass between black and white females and their relevance to estimates of body composition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992;55:8–13.
Percent fat equation for African American males
Schutte JE, Townsend EJ, Hugg J, Shoup RF, Malina RM, Blomqvist CG. Density of lean body mass is greater in blacks than in whites. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1984;56(6):167–1649.
Percent fat equation
Siri WE (1961). "Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods". In Brozek J, Henzchel A. Techniques for Measuring Body Composition. Washington: National Academy of Sciences. pp. 224–244.
Percent fat equation for African American males
Wagner DR, Heyward VH. Validity of two-component models for estimating body fat of black men. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001;90:649–56.
gender is either Fit.Gender.Male or Fit.Gender.Female
dob is a Date
weight is a number measured in kilograms
height is a number measured in meters
BMI to body fat percentage formula, Deurenberg, Paul; Weststrate, Jan A.; Seidell, Jaap C. (2007). "Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas". British Journal of Nutrition. 65 (2): 105–14. doi:10.1079/BJN19910073. PMID 2043597.
gender is either Fit.Gender.Male or Fit.Gender.Female
dob is a Date
weight is a number measured in kilograms
height is a number measured in meters
BMI to body fat percentage formula, Deurenberg, Paul; Weststrate, Jan A.; Seidell, Jaap C. (2007). "Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas". British Journal of Nutrition. 65 (2): 105–14. doi:10.1079/BJN19910073. PMID 2043597.
gender is either Fit.Gender.Male or Fit.Gender.Female
dob is a Date
weight is a number measured in kilograms
height is a number measured in meters
Renal clearance is usually divided by the BSA i.e. per 1.73 m² to gain an appreciation of the true glomerular filtration rate (GFR); The cardiac index is a measure of cardiac output divided by the BSA, giving a better approximation of the effective cardiac output; Chemotherapy is often dosed according to the patient's BSA. Glucocorticoid dosing is also expressed in terms of BSA for calculating maintenance doses or to compare high dose use with maintenance requirement.
gender is either Fit.Gender.Male or Fit.Gender.Female
dob is a Date
weight is a number measured in kilograms
height is a number measured in meters
Boyd E. The growth of the surface area of the human body. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1935. (From: http://www.ispub.com/journals/IJA/Vol2N2/bsa.htm)
The Costeff formula is a weight-based formula proposed in 1966, was recently validated for use in pediatrics.
Costeff H, "A simple empirical formula for calculating approximate surface area in children.," Arch Dis Child, vol. 41, no. 220, pp. 681–683, Dec. 1966.
DuBois and DuBois's formula has been shown to be equally as effective in estimating body fat in obese and non-obese patients
DuBois D, DuBois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Med 1916 17:863-71.
Fujimoto S, Watanabe T, Sakamoto A, Yukawa K, Morimoto K. Studies on the physical surface area of Japanese. 18. Calculation formulae in three stages over all ages. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1968;5:443–50.
Gehan EA, George SL. Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight. Cancer Chemother Rep 1970 54:225-35.
Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH. Geometric method for measuring body surface area: A height weight formula validated in infants, children and adults. The Journal of Pediatrics 1978 (93):1:62-66.
Along with Boyd, considered to be more accurate formula for body surface area than other formulas. Maintained the most clinically acceptable and fairly constant degree of bias as children's age increases.
Mosteller RD. Simplified Calculation of Body Surface Area. N Engl J Med. 1987 Oct 22;317(17):1098. (letter)
Schlich, E; Schumm, M; Schlich, M (2010). "3-D-Body-Scan als anthropometrisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der spezifischen Körperoberfläche". Ernährungs Umschau. 57: 178–183.
Shuter, B; Aslani, A (2000). "Body surface area: Du bois and Du bois revisited". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 82 (3): 250–254. doi:10.1007/s004210050679.
Fujimoto S, Watanabe T, Sakamoto A, Yukawa K, Morimoto K. Studies on the physical surface area of Japanese. 18. Calculation formulae in three stages over all ages. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 1968;5:443–50.
gender is either Fit.Gender.Male or Fit.Gender.Female
dob is a Date
weight is a number measured in kilograms
height is skeletal height in meters
Returns living stature (in meters) Standard Error of Estimation = .0222 cm
Raxter, Michelle H., Benjamin M. Auerbach, and Christopher B. Ruff. "Revision of the Fully Technique for Estimating Statures." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 130.3 (2006): 374-84. Web.
Returns living stature (in meters)
Trotter, Mildred, and Goldine C. Gleser. "Estimation of Stature from Long Bones of American Whites and Negroes." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10.4 (1952): 463-514. Web.
Trotter, Mildred, and Goldine C. Gleser. "A Re-evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on Measurements of Stature Taken during Life and of Long Bones after Death." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16.1 (1958): 79-123. Web.
Returns living stature (in meters)
Trotter, Mildred, and Goldine C. Gleser. "Estimation of Stature from Long Bones of American Whites and Negroes." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10.4 (1952): 463-514. Web.
Trotter, Mildred, and Goldine C. Gleser. "A Re-evaluation of Estimation of Stature Based on Measurements of Stature Taken during Life and of Long Bones after Death." Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 16.1 (1958): 79-123. Web.
Returns stride length in feet