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Several reference fixes
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cjmyers committed Mar 21, 2020
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Expand Up @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ \section{Complementary Standards}
% -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
\subsection{Adding Provenance with PROV-O}
\label{sec:provenance}
\label{sec:wasGeneratedBys}
\label{sec:prov:Entity}

The PROV-O ontology (\url{https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/}) defines a complementary data model that is leveraged by SBOL to describe provenance. Provenance is central to a range of workflow management, quality control, and attribution tasks within the Synthetic Biology design process. Tracking attribution and derivation of one resource from another is paramount for managing intellectual property purposes. Source designs are often modified in systematic ways to generate derived designs, for example, by applying codon optimization or systematically removing all of a class of restriction enzyme sites. Documenting the transformation used, and any associated parameters, makes this explicit and potentially allows the process to be reproduced systematically. If a design has been used within other designs, and is later found to be defective, it is paramount that all uses of it, including uses of edited versions of the design, can be identified, and ideally replaced with a non-defective alternative. When importing data from external sources, it is important not only to attribute the original source (for example, GenBank), but also the tool used to perform the import, as this may have made arbitrary choices as to how to represent the source knowledge as SBOL. All these activities have in common that it is necessary to track what resource, and what transformation process was applied by whom to derive an SBOL design.

Expand All @@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ \subsection{Adding Provenance with PROV-O}
\end{quote}
These relationships are leveraged in SBOL tooling for describing multi-stage synthetic biology workflows.

Synthetic biology workflows may involve multiple stages, multiple users, multiple organizations, and interdisciplinary collaborations. These workflows can be described using four core PROV-O classes: \texttt{Entity}, \texttt{Activity}, \texttt{Agent}, and \texttt{Plan}. Any SBOL \sbol{Identified} object can implicitly act as an instance of PROV-O's \texttt{Entity} class. Workflow histories (retrospective provenance) and workflow specifications (prospective provenance) can be described in SBOL using \prov{Activity} objects to link \sbol{Identified} objects into workflows. An \texttt{prov:Agent} (for example a software or a person) runs an \prov{Activity} according to a \texttt{prov:Plan} to generate new entities. Resources representing \prov{Agent}, \prov{Activity} and \prov{Plan} classes should be handled as \sbol{TopLevel}, whilst \prov{Usage} and \prov{Association} resources should be treated as child \sbol{Identified} objects within their parent \texttt{prov:Activity} objects.
Synthetic biology workflows may involve multiple stages, multiple users, multiple organizations, and interdisciplinary collaborations. These workflows can be described using four core PROV-O classes: \prov{Entity}, \prov{Activity}, \prov{Agent}, and \prov{Plan}. Any SBOL \sbol{Identified} object can implicitly act as an instance of PROV-O's \prov{Entity} class. Workflow histories (retrospective provenance) and workflow specifications (prospective provenance) can be described in SBOL using \prov{Activity} objects to link \sbol{Identified} objects into workflows. An \prov{Agent} (for example a software or a person) runs an \prov{Activity} according to a \prov{Plan} to generate new entities. Resources representing \prov{Agent}, \prov{Activity} and \prov{Plan} classes should be handled as \sbol{TopLevel}, whilst \prov{Usage} and \prov{Association} resources should be treated as child \sbol{Identified} objects within their parent \prov{Activity} objects.

A design-build-test-learn SBOL ontology has been adopted for use with PROV-O classes (see \ref{tbl:activity_types}). The terms \textit{design}, \textit{build}, \textit{test}, and \textit{learn} provide a high level workflow abstraction that allows tool-builders to quickly search for and isolate provenance histories relevant to their domain, while keeping track of the flow of data between different users working in different domains of synthetic biology. These terms SHOULD BE used on the \sbolmult{types:Activity}{type} property of the \prov{Activity} class. (Note that this property is a special property added by the SBOL specification, and is not part of the original PROV-O specification.) Additionally, these terms SHOULD BE used in the \sbolmult{roles:U}{hadRole} properties on \prov{Usage} to qualify how the referenced \prov{entity} is used by the parent \prov{Activity}. The validation rules in \ref{validation} place some logical constraints on the order in which different types of \prov{Activity} are chained into design-build-test-learn workflows. These rules additionally place constraints on the types of objects which may be used an inputs for a particular type of \prov{Activity}. For example, a \textit{design} \prov{Usage} may be used as an input for either a \textit{design} or \textit{build} \prov{Activity} but MUST NOT be used as an input for a \textit{test} \prov{Activity}. An example of how these terms are used is provided in \ref{images:design-build-test-learn}.
A design-build-test-learn SBOL ontology has been adopted for use with PROV-O classes (see \ref{tbl:activity_types}). The terms \textit{design}, \textit{build}, \textit{test}, and \textit{learn} provide a high level workflow abstraction that allows tool-builders to quickly search for and isolate provenance histories relevant to their domain, while keeping track of the flow of data between different users working in different domains of synthetic biology. These terms SHOULD BE used on the \sbolmult{types:Activity}{type} property of the \prov{Activity} class. (Note that this property is a special property added by the SBOL specification, and is not part of the original PROV-O specification.) Additionally, these terms SHOULD BE used in the \sbolmult{roles:U}{hadRole} properties on \prov{Usage} to qualify how the referenced \prov{entity} is used by the parent \prov{Activity}. Logical constraints are placed on the order in which different types of \prov{Activity}s are chained into design-build-test-learn workflows. These rules additionally place constraints on the types of objects which may be used as inputs for a particular type of \prov{Activity}. For example, a \textit{design} \prov{Usage} may be used as an input for either a \textit{design} or \textit{build} \prov{Activity} but MUST NOT be used as an input for a \textit{test} \prov{Activity}. An example of how these terms are used is provided in \ref{images:design-build-test-learn}.

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{edtable}{tabular}{llp{3.75in}}
\toprule
\textbf{Activity Type} & \textbf{URI} & \textbf{Description}\\
\midrule
Design & \url{http://sbols.org/v3\#design} & A \prov{Activity} describes the process by which a conceptual representation of an engineer's imagined and intended design for a biological system is created or derived.\\
Design & \url{http://sbols.org/v3\#design} & Design describes the process by which a conceptual representation of an engineer's imagined and intended design for a biological system is created or derived.\\
Build & \url{http://sbols.org/v3\#build} & Build describes the process by which a biological construct, sample, or clone is implemented in the laboratory.\\
Test & \url{http://sbols.org/v3\#test} & Test describes the process of performing experimental measurements to characterize a synthetic biological construct.\\
Learn & \url{http://sbols.org/v3\#learn} & Learn describes the process of analyzing experimental measurements to produce a new entity that represents biological knowledge.\\
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