From 2a5f3365646222372fcf3e89a7cb27ed65c825e1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aapo Alasuutari <aapo.alasuutari@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 00:56:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] feat(gc): Object lifetime

---
 nova_cli/src/helper.rs                        |  13 +-
 nova_cli/src/main.rs                          |  16 +-
 .../operations_on_iterator_objects.rs         |  74 +-
 .../operations_on_objects.rs                  | 142 +++-
 .../abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs    |  33 +-
 .../builders/builtin_function_builder.rs      |   6 +-
 .../builders/ordinary_object_builder.rs       |  12 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs  |  38 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs      |  24 +-
 .../builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs     |  15 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer.rs   |  17 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs |  55 +-
 .../builtins/builtin_constructor.rs           |  56 +-
 .../ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs   |  35 +-
 .../async_function_constructor.rs             |   2 +-
 .../async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs  |   2 +-
 .../async_generator_function_constructor.rs   |   2 +-
 .../async_generator_objects.rs                |   6 +-
 .../generator_function_constructor.rs         |   3 +-
 .../generator_objects.rs                      |  57 +-
 .../generator_prototype.rs                    |  14 +-
 .../async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs     |   6 +-
 .../iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs     |   2 +-
 .../iteration/iterator_prototype.rs           |   2 +-
 .../promise_capability_records.rs             |   2 +-
 .../promise_jobs.rs                           |   8 +-
 .../promise_resolving_functions.rs            |  36 +-
 .../promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs    |  36 +-
 .../promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs      |   6 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs  |  14 +-
 .../builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs |   2 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/date.rs       |  14 +-
 .../builtins/ecmascript_function.rs           |  89 +-
 .../ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs    |  12 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs      |  42 +-
 .../builtins/finalization_registry.rs         |  10 +-
 .../boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs    |   2 +-
 .../boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs      |   4 +-
 .../aggregate_error_constructors.rs           |   2 +-
 .../error_objects/error_constructor.rs        |   4 +-
 .../error_objects/error_prototype.rs          |   2 +-
 .../native_error_constructors.rs              |  24 +-
 .../function_objects/function_constructor.rs  |  15 +-
 .../function_objects/function_prototype.rs    |  14 +-
 .../object_objects/object_constructor.rs      | 293 ++++---
 .../object_objects/object_prototype.rs        |  24 +-
 .../symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs      |   6 +-
 .../symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs        |   6 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs  |  26 +-
 .../array_objects/array_constructor.rs        |  73 +-
 .../array_iterator_objects/array_iterator.rs  |  18 +-
 .../array_iterator_prototype.rs               |  12 +-
 .../array_objects/array_prototype.rs          | 785 +++++++++++-------
 .../abstract_operations.rs                    |  20 +-
 .../map_objects/map_constructor.rs            |  36 +-
 .../map_iterator_objects/map_iterator.rs      |  14 +-
 .../map_iterator_prototype.rs                 |   8 +-
 .../map_objects/map_prototype.rs              |  20 +-
 .../set_objects/set_constructor.rs            |  27 +-
 .../set_iterator_objects/set_iterator.rs      |  14 +-
 .../set_iterator_prototype.rs                 |   8 +-
 .../set_objects/set_prototype.rs              |  16 +-
 .../weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs  |   2 +-
 .../weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs    |   8 +-
 .../weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs  |   2 +-
 .../weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs    |   6 +-
 .../finalization_registry_constructor.rs      |   2 +-
 .../finalization_registry_prototype.rs        |   4 +-
 .../weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs  |   2 +-
 .../weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs    |   2 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/map.rs        |  14 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs     |  42 +-
 .../bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs      |   6 +-
 .../bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs        |   6 +-
 .../date_objects/date_constructor.rs          |   8 +-
 .../date_objects/date_prototype.rs            |  88 +-
 .../builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs |  70 +-
 .../number_objects/number_constructor.rs      |  10 +-
 .../number_objects/number_prototype.rs        |  12 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs   |  80 +-
 .../ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs  |  53 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/promise.rs    |  10 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs      | 174 ++--
 .../builtins/proxy/abstract_operations.rs     |  12 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/data.rs |   4 +-
 .../builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs  |   4 +-
 .../builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs     |  57 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp.rs     |  20 +-
 .../builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs    |   3 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/set.rs        |  14 +-
 .../builtins/shared_array_buffer.rs           |  10 +-
 .../array_buffer_constructor.rs               |   8 +-
 .../array_buffer_prototype.rs                 |  18 +-
 .../structured_data/atomics_object.rs         |  26 +-
 .../data_view_constructor.rs                  |  10 +-
 .../data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs  |  46 +-
 .../builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs   |  30 +-
 .../shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs        |   4 +-
 .../shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs          |  10 +-
 .../regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs      |   4 +-
 .../regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs        |  36 +-
 .../regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs       |   2 +-
 .../string_objects/string_constructor.rs      |  13 +-
 .../string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs |   2 +-
 .../string_objects/string_prototype.rs        |  72 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/builtins/typed_array.rs    |  12 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_map.rs   |  10 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_ref.rs   |  10 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_set.rs   |  10 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs     |  18 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs  |  24 +-
 .../environments/declarative_environment.rs   |   2 +-
 .../environments/function_environment.rs      |  12 +-
 .../environments/global_environment.rs        |  50 +-
 .../environments/object_environment.rs        |  28 +-
 .../ecmascript/execution/execution_context.rs |   5 +-
 nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs     |  49 +-
 .../ecmascript/execution/realm/intrinsics.rs  |   2 +-
 .../ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs  |  13 +-
 .../scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs        |   2 +-
 .../class_definitions.rs                      |  38 +-
 .../function_definitions.rs                   |  16 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs |  62 +-
 .../types/language/function/into_function.rs  |  28 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs   | 574 ++++++-------
 .../ecmascript/types/language/object/data.rs  |   2 +-
 .../types/language/object/internal_methods.rs |  82 +-
 .../types/language/object/internal_slots.rs   |   6 +-
 .../types/language/object/into_object.rs      |   6 +-
 .../types/language/object/property_storage.rs |   8 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs    |  16 +-
 .../types/spec/property_descriptor.rs         |   4 +-
 .../src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs    |  22 +-
 nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs       |  36 +-
 nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs             |  46 +-
 .../src/engine/bytecode/vm/binding_methods.rs |  32 +-
 nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs                |  10 +-
 nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/global.rs         |   4 +-
 nova_vm/src/heap.rs                           |   2 +-
 nova_vm/src/heap/heap_gc.rs                   |   4 +-
 nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs                   |  24 +-
 nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs     |   9 +-
 142 files changed, 2615 insertions(+), 2045 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nova_cli/src/helper.rs b/nova_cli/src/helper.rs
index a24d8d662..d7424335c 100644
--- a/nova_cli/src/helper.rs
+++ b/nova_cli/src/helper.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,9 @@ use nova_vm::engine::context::GcScope;
 use oxc_diagnostics::OxcDiagnostic;
 
 /// Initialize the global object with the built-in functions.
-pub fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, global: Object, mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) {
+pub fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, global: Object, mut gc: GcScope) {
     // `print` function
-    fn print(
-        agent: &mut Agent,
-        _this: Value,
-        args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Value> {
+    fn print(agent: &mut Agent, _this: Value, args: ArgumentsList, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if args.len() == 0 {
             println!();
         } else {
@@ -28,7 +23,7 @@ pub fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, global: Object, mut gc: GcSco
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if args.len() != 1 {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -55,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, global: Object, mut gc: GcSco
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let Value::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer) = args.get(0) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
diff --git a/nova_cli/src/main.rs b/nova_cli/src/main.rs
index 8f59f70bf..ac4d2b999 100644
--- a/nova_cli/src/main.rs
+++ b/nova_cli/src/main.rs
@@ -127,8 +127,12 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                 host_hooks,
             );
             assert!(!paths.is_empty());
-            let create_global_object: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
-            let create_global_this_value: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
+            let create_global_object: Option<
+                for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+            > = None;
+            let create_global_this_value: Option<
+                for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+            > = None;
             let realm = agent.create_realm(
                 create_global_object,
                 create_global_this_value,
@@ -205,8 +209,12 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
                 },
                 host_hooks,
             );
-            let create_global_object: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
-            let create_global_this_value: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
+            let create_global_object: Option<
+                for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+            > = None;
+            let create_global_this_value: Option<
+                for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+            > = None;
             let realm = agent.create_realm(
                 create_global_object,
                 create_global_this_value,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs
index 05685950f..a22b8c90e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_iterator_objects.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
             operations_on_objects::{call, call_function, get, get_method, try_get_method},
-            type_conversion::{to_boolean, to_object},
+            type_conversion::to_boolean,
         },
         builtins::{ordinary::ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics, ArgumentsList},
         execution::{agent::ExceptionType, Agent, JsResult, ProtoIntrinsics},
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
 /// AsyncIterator along with the next method.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct IteratorRecord {
-    pub(crate) iterator: Object,
+    pub(crate) iterator: Object<'static>,
     pub(crate) next_method: Value,
     pub(crate) done: bool,
 }
@@ -42,25 +42,27 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator_from_method(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     obj: Value,
     method: Function,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<IteratorRecord> {
     let method = method.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Let iterator be ? Call(method, obj).
     let iterator = call(agent, method.into(), obj, None, gc.reborrow())?;
 
     // 2. If iterator is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
-    let Ok(iterator) = to_object(agent, iterator, gc.nogc()) else {
+    let Ok(iterator) = Object::try_from(iterator) else {
         return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
             "Iterator is not an object",
             gc.nogc(),
         ));
     };
+    let iterator = iterator.bind(gc.nogc());
 
+    let scoped_iterator = iterator.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     // 3. Let nextMethod be ? Get(iterator, "next").
     let next_method = get(
         agent,
-        iterator,
+        iterator.unbind(),
         BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.next.into(),
         gc.reborrow(),
     )?;
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator_from_method(
     // 4. Let iteratorRecord be the Iterator Record { [[Iterator]]: iterator, [[NextMethod]]: nextMethod, [[Done]]: false }.
     // 5. Return iteratorRecord.
     Ok(IteratorRecord {
-        iterator,
+        iterator: scoped_iterator.get(agent).unbind(),
         next_method,
         done: false,
     })
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     obj: Value,
     is_async: bool,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<IteratorRecord> {
     // 1. If kind is async, then
     let method = if is_async {
@@ -152,12 +154,12 @@ pub(crate) fn get_iterator(
 /// Iterator Record) and optional argument value (an ECMAScript language value)
 /// and returns either a normal completion containing an Object or a throw
 /// completion.
-pub(crate) fn iterator_next(
+pub(crate) fn iterator_next<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
     value: Option<Value>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
     // 1. If value is not present, then
     // a. Let result be ? Call(iteratorRecord.[[NextMethod]], iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]]).
     // 2. Else,
@@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_next(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_complete(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iter_result: Object,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     // 1. Return ToBoolean(? Get(iterResult, "done")).
     let done = get(
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_complete(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iter_result: Object,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Return ? Get(iterResult, "value").
     get(
@@ -234,16 +236,19 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_value(
 ///
 /// > NOTE: Instead of returning the boolean value false we return an Option
 /// > where the false state is None. That way we can pass the Object as is.
-pub(crate) fn iterator_step(
+pub(crate) fn iterator_step<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Option<Object<'a>>> {
     // 1. Let result be ? IteratorNext(iteratorRecord).
-    let result = iterator_next(agent, iterator_record, None, gc.reborrow())?;
+    let result = iterator_next(agent, iterator_record, None, gc.reborrow())?
+        .unbind()
+        .bind(gc.nogc());
+    let scoped_result = result.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
     // 2. Let done be ? IteratorComplete(result).
-    let done = iterator_complete(agent, result, gc.reborrow())?;
+    let done = iterator_complete(agent, result.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
 
     // 3. If done is true, return false.
     if done {
@@ -251,7 +256,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_step(
     }
 
     // 4. Return result.
-    Ok(Some(result))
+    Ok(Some(scoped_result.get(agent).bind(gc.into_nogc())))
 }
 
 /// ### [7.4.8 IteratorStepValue ( iteratorRecord )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-iteratorstepvalue)
@@ -265,7 +270,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_step(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_step_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iterator_record: &mut IteratorRecord,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Value>> {
     // 1. Let result be Completion(IteratorNext(iteratorRecord)).
     let result = iterator_next(agent, iterator_record, None, gc.reborrow());
@@ -280,11 +285,12 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_step_value(
             return Err(err);
         }
         // 3. Set result to ! result.
-        Ok(result) => result,
+        Ok(result) => result.unbind().bind(gc.nogc()),
     };
+    let scoped_result = result.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
     // 4. Let done be Completion(IteratorComplete(result)).
-    let done = iterator_complete(agent, result, gc.reborrow());
+    let done = iterator_complete(agent, result.unbind(), gc.reborrow());
 
     // 5. If done is a throw completion, then
     let done = match done {
@@ -311,7 +317,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_step_value(
     // 8. Let value be Completion(Get(result, "value")).
     let value = get(
         agent,
-        result,
+        scoped_result.get(agent),
         BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.value.into(),
         gc.reborrow(),
     );
@@ -337,7 +343,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_close<T>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
     completion: JsResult<T>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<T> {
     // 1. Assert: iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]] is an Object.
     // 2. Let iterator be iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]].
@@ -395,7 +401,7 @@ pub(crate) fn try_iterator_close<T>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
     completion: JsResult<T>,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> TryResult<JsResult<T>> {
     // 1. Assert: iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]] is an Object.
     // 2. Let iterator be iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]].
@@ -439,7 +445,7 @@ pub(crate) fn if_abrupt_close_iterator<T>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     value: JsResult<T>,
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<T> {
     // 1. Assert: value is a Completion Record.
     // 2. If value is an abrupt completion, return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, value).
@@ -462,7 +468,7 @@ pub(crate) fn async_iterator_close(
     _agent: &mut Agent,
     _iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
     _completion: JsResult<Value>,
-    _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    _gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Assert: iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]] is an Object.
     // 2. Let iterator be iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]].
@@ -485,9 +491,15 @@ pub(crate) fn async_iterator_close(
 /// ECMAScript language value) and done (a Boolean) and returns an Object that
 /// conforms to the IteratorResult interface. It creates an object that
 /// conforms to the IteratorResult interface.
-pub(crate) fn create_iter_result_object(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value, done: bool) -> Object {
+pub(crate) fn create_iter_result_object<'a>(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    value: Value,
+    done: bool,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> Object<'a> {
     // 1. Let obj be OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%).
-    let obj = ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None);
+    let obj =
+        ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None, gc);
     // 2. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(obj, "value", value).
     obj.property_storage().set(
         agent,
@@ -513,7 +525,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_iter_result_object(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value, done: b
 pub(crate) fn create_list_iterator_record(
     _agent: &mut Agent,
     _list: &[Value],
-    _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    _gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Let closure be a new Abstract Closure with no parameters that captures list and performs the following steps when called:
     // a. For each element E of list, do
@@ -532,7 +544,7 @@ pub(crate) fn create_list_iterator_record(
 pub(crate) fn iterator_to_list(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     iterator_record: &IteratorRecord,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let values be a new empty List.
     let mut values = Vec::new();
@@ -544,7 +556,7 @@ pub(crate) fn iterator_to_list(
     while let Some(next) = iterator_step(agent, iterator_record, gc.reborrow())? {
         // i. Let nextValue be ? IteratorValue(next).
         // ii. Append nextValue to values.
-        values.push(iterator_value(agent, next, gc.reborrow())?);
+        values.push(iterator_value(agent, next.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?);
     }
 
     // 4. Return values.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs
index a31b143be..7fb0b11db 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/operations_on_objects.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use ahash::AHashSet;
 use super::{
     operations_on_iterator_objects::{get_iterator, if_abrupt_close_iterator, iterator_close},
     testing_and_comparison::{is_callable, require_object_coercible, same_value},
-    type_conversion::{to_length, to_object, to_property_key},
+    type_conversion::{to_length, to_object, to_property_key, try_to_length},
 };
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::types::{bind_property_keys, scope_property_keys, unbind_property_keys},
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ use crate::{
 /// > overriding some or all of that object's internal methods. In order to
 /// > encapsulate exotic object creation, the object's essential internal
 /// > methods are never modified outside those operations.
-pub(crate) fn make_basic_object(_agent: &mut Agent, _internal_slots_list: ()) -> Object {
+pub(crate) fn make_basic_object(_agent: &mut Agent, _internal_slots_list: ()) -> Object<'static> {
     // 1. Let obj be a newly created object with an internal slot for each name in internalSlotsList.
     // 2. Set obj's essential internal methods to the default ordinary object definitions specified in 10.1.
     // 3. Assert: If the caller will not be overriding both obj's [[GetPrototypeOf]] and [[SetPrototypeOf]] essential
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ pub(crate) fn make_basic_object(_agent: &mut Agent, _internal_slots_list: ()) ->
 /// language value or a throw completion. It is used to retrieve the value of a
 /// specific property of an object.
 #[inline]
-pub(crate) fn get(
+pub(crate) fn get<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    o: impl IntoObject,
+    o: impl IntoObject<'a>,
     p: PropertyKey,
     gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ pub(crate) fn get(
 /// language value or a throw completion. It is used to retrieve the value of a
 /// specific property of an object.
 #[inline]
-pub(crate) fn try_get(
+pub(crate) fn try_get<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    o: impl IntoObject,
+    o: impl IntoObject<'a>,
     p: PropertyKey,
     gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> TryResult<Value> {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_v(agent: &mut Agent, v: Value, p: PropertyKey, gc: GcScope) ->
     let mut p = p.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(V).
     let o = if let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(v) {
-        o
+        o.bind(gc.nogc())
     } else {
         let scoped_p = p.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         let o = to_object(agent, v, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ pub(crate) fn get_v(agent: &mut Agent, v: Value, p: PropertyKey, gc: GcScope) ->
         o
     };
     // 2. Return ? O.[[Get]](P, V).
-    o.internal_get(agent, p.unbind(), o.into(), gc)
+    o.unbind().internal_get(agent, p.unbind(), o.into(), gc)
 }
 
 /// ### Try [7.3.3 GetV ( V, P )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-getv)
@@ -228,9 +228,9 @@ pub(crate) fn try_set(
 /// > assignment operator. Normally, the property will not already exist. If it
 /// > does exist and is not configurable or if O is not extensible,
 /// > [\[DefineOwnProperty]] will return false.
-pub(crate) fn try_create_data_property(
+pub(crate) fn try_create_data_property<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    object: impl InternalMethods,
+    object: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
     gc: NoGcScope,
@@ -260,9 +260,9 @@ pub(crate) fn try_create_data_property(
 /// > assignment operator. Normally, the property will not already exist. If it
 /// > does exist and is not configurable or if O as not extensible,
 /// > [\[DefineOwnProperty]] will return false.
-pub(crate) fn create_data_property(
+pub(crate) fn create_data_property<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    object: impl InternalMethods,
+    object: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
     gc: GcScope,
@@ -288,9 +288,9 @@ pub(crate) fn create_data_property(
 /// returns either a normal completion containing UNUSED or a throw completion.
 /// It is used to create a new own property of an object. at throws a TypeError
 /// exception if the requested property update cannot be performed.
-pub(crate) fn try_create_data_property_or_throw(
+pub(crate) fn try_create_data_property_or_throw<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    object: impl InternalMethods,
+    object: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
     gc: NoGcScope,
@@ -317,9 +317,9 @@ pub(crate) fn try_create_data_property_or_throw(
 /// returns either a normal completion containing UNUSED or a throw completion.
 /// It is used to create a new own property of an object. at throws a TypeError
 /// exception if the requested property update cannot be performed.
-pub(crate) fn create_data_property_or_throw(
+pub(crate) fn create_data_property_or_throw<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    object: impl InternalMethods,
+    object: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
     mut gc: GcScope,
@@ -352,9 +352,9 @@ pub(crate) fn create_data_property_or_throw(
 /// call the \[\[DefineOwnProperty]] internal method of an object in a manner
 /// that will throw a TypeError exception if tae requested property update
 /// cannot be performed.
-pub(crate) fn try_define_property_or_throw(
+pub(crate) fn try_define_property_or_throw<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    object: impl InternalMethods,
+    object: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     desc: PropertyDescriptor,
     gc: NoGcScope,
@@ -382,9 +382,9 @@ pub(crate) fn try_define_property_or_throw(
 /// call the \[\[DefineOwnProperty]] internal method of an object in a manner
 /// that will throw a TypeError exception if tae requested property update
 /// cannot be performed.
-pub(crate) fn define_property_or_throw(
+pub(crate) fn define_property_or_throw<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    object: impl InternalMethods,
+    object: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     desc: PropertyDescriptor,
     mut gc: GcScope,
@@ -412,9 +412,9 @@ pub(crate) fn define_property_or_throw(
 /// and P (a property key) and returns either a normal completion containing
 /// unused or a throw completion. It is used to removeaa specific own property
 /// of an object. It throws an exception if the property is not configurable.
-pub(crate) fn try_delete_property_or_throw(
+pub(crate) fn try_delete_property_or_throw<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    o: impl InternalMethods,
+    o: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     p: PropertyKey,
     gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
@@ -439,9 +439,9 @@ pub(crate) fn try_delete_property_or_throw(
 /// and P (a property key) and returns either a normal completion containing
 /// unused or a throw completion. It is used to remove a specific own property
 /// of an object. It throws an exception if the property is not configurable.
-pub(crate) fn delete_property_or_throw(
+pub(crate) fn delete_property_or_throw<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    o: impl InternalMethods,
+    o: impl InternalMethods<'a>,
     p: PropertyKey,
     mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -1006,6 +1006,32 @@ pub(crate) fn length_of_array_like(
     to_length(agent, property, gc)
 }
 
+/// ### [7.3.18 LengthOfArrayLike ( obj )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-lengthofarraylike)
+///
+/// The abstract operation LengthOfArrayLike takes argument obj (an Object) and
+/// returns either a normal completion containing a non-negative integer or a
+/// throw completion. It returns the value of the "length" property of an
+/// array-like object.
+pub(crate) fn try_length_of_array_like(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    obj: Object,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
+) -> TryResult<JsResult<i64>> {
+    // NOTE: Fast path for Array objects.
+    if let Ok(array) = Array::try_from(obj) {
+        return TryResult::Continue(Ok(array.len(agent) as i64));
+    }
+
+    // 1. Return ℝ(? ToLength(? Get(obj, "length"))).
+    let property = try_get(
+        agent,
+        obj,
+        PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length),
+        gc,
+    )?;
+    try_to_length(agent, property, gc)
+}
+
 /// ### [7.3.19 CreateListFromArrayLike ( obj [ , elementTypes ] )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-createlistfromarraylike)
 ///
 /// The abstract operation CreateListFromArrayLike takes argument obj (an ECMAScript language value)
@@ -1078,13 +1104,13 @@ pub(crate) fn call_function(
     result
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn construct(
+pub(crate) fn construct<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     f: Function,
     arguments_list: Option<ArgumentsList>,
     new_target: Option<Function>,
-    gc: GcScope,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
     let f = f.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. If newTarget is not present, set newTarget to F.
     let new_target = new_target.unwrap_or(f);
@@ -1170,9 +1196,10 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_instance<'a, 'b>(
 pub(crate) fn is_prototype_of_loop(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     o: Object,
-    mut v: Object,
+    v: Object,
     mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
+    let mut v = v.bind(gc.nogc());
     {
         let gc = gc.nogc();
         loop {
@@ -1192,7 +1219,11 @@ pub(crate) fn is_prototype_of_loop(
     }
     let o = o.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     loop {
-        let proto = v.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let proto = v
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?
+            .map(|f| f.unbind())
+            .map(|f| f.bind(gc.nogc()));
         if let Some(proto) = proto {
             v = proto;
             if o.get(agent) == v {
@@ -1242,7 +1273,7 @@ pub(crate) mod enumerable_properties_kind {
 /// ECMAScript property keys or a throw completion.
 pub(crate) fn scoped_enumerable_own_keys<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    o: Scoped<'a, Object>,
+    o: Scoped<'a, Object<'static>>,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, 'a>,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Scoped<'a, PropertyKey<'static>>>> {
     // Note: Only Proxy and possibly Module and EmbedderObject can run JS in
@@ -1515,7 +1546,10 @@ fn enumerable_own_properties_slow<Kind: EnumerablePropertiesKind>(
 /// The abstract operation GetFunctionRealm takes argument obj (a function
 /// object) and returns either a normal completion containing a Realm Record or
 /// a throw completion.
-pub(crate) fn get_function_realm(agent: &Agent, obj: impl IntoObject) -> JsResult<RealmIdentifier> {
+pub(crate) fn get_function_realm<'a>(
+    agent: &Agent,
+    obj: impl IntoObject<'a>,
+) -> JsResult<RealmIdentifier> {
     // 1. If obj has a [[Realm]] internal slot, then
     // a. Return obj.[[Realm]].
     let obj = obj.into_object();
@@ -1554,18 +1588,33 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties(
     source: Value,
     mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
+    let mut target = target.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. If source is either undefined or null, return unused.
     if source.is_undefined() || source.is_null() {
         return Ok(());
     }
     // 2. Let from be ! ToObject(source).
-    let from = to_object(agent, source, gc.nogc()).unwrap();
+    let mut from = to_object(agent, source, gc.nogc()).unwrap();
+    let mut scoped_target = None;
+    let mut scoped_from = None;
 
     // 3. Let keys be ? from.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
-    let mut keys = bind_property_keys(
-        unbind_property_keys(from.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?),
-        gc.nogc(),
-    );
+    let mut keys = if let TryResult::Continue(keys) = from.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc.nogc()) {
+        keys
+    } else {
+        scoped_target = Some(target.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+        scoped_from = Some(from.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+        let keys = bind_property_keys(
+            unbind_property_keys(
+                from.unbind()
+                    .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?,
+            ),
+            gc.nogc(),
+        );
+        target = scoped_target.as_ref().unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+        from = scoped_from.as_ref().unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+        keys
+    };
     // Reserve space in the target's vectors.
     {
         let new_size = agent[target]
@@ -1612,6 +1661,8 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties(
     if broke {
         let _ = keys.drain(..i);
         let keys = unbind_property_keys(keys);
+        let target = scoped_target.unwrap_or_else(|| target.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+        let from = scoped_from.unwrap_or_else(|| from.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
         copy_data_properties_slow(agent, target, from, keys, gc)
     } else {
         // 5. Return UNUSED.
@@ -1621,8 +1672,8 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties(
 
 fn copy_data_properties_slow(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    target: OrdinaryObject,
-    from: Object,
+    target: Scoped<'_, OrdinaryObject<'static>>,
+    from: Scoped<'_, Object<'static>>,
     keys: Vec<PropertyKey>,
     mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
@@ -1631,15 +1682,16 @@ fn copy_data_properties_slow(
         // i. Let desc be ? from.[[GetOwnProperty]](nextKey).
         // ii. If desc is not undefined and desc.[[Enumerable]] is true, then
         if let Some(dest) =
-            from.internal_get_own_property(agent, next_key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?
+            from.get(agent)
+                .internal_get_own_property(agent, next_key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?
         {
             if dest.enumerable.unwrap() {
                 // 1. Let propValue be ? Get(from, nextKey).
-                let prop_value = get(agent, from, next_key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
+                let prop_value = get(agent, from.get(agent), next_key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
                 // 2. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(target, nextKey, propValue).
                 create_data_property(
                     agent,
-                    target,
+                    target.get(agent),
                     next_key.get(agent),
                     prop_value,
                     gc.reborrow(),
@@ -1660,9 +1712,9 @@ fn copy_data_properties_slow(
 /// NOTE: This implementation of CopyDataProperties also creates the target object with
 /// `OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%)`. This can be used to implement the rest operator in
 /// object destructuring, but not the spread operator in object literals.
-pub(crate) fn try_copy_data_properties_into_object<'a>(
+pub(crate) fn try_copy_data_properties_into_object<'a, 'b>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    source: impl IntoObject,
+    source: impl IntoObject<'b>,
     excluded_items: &AHashSet<PropertyKey>,
     gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
 ) -> TryResult<OrdinaryObject<'a>> {
@@ -1717,9 +1769,9 @@ pub(crate) fn try_copy_data_properties_into_object<'a>(
 /// NOTE: This implementation of CopyDataProperties also creates the target object with
 /// `OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%)`. This can be used to implement the rest operator in
 /// object destructuring, but not the spread operator in object literals.
-pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties_into_object<'a>(
+pub(crate) fn copy_data_properties_into_object<'a, 'b>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    source: impl IntoObject,
+    source: impl IntoObject<'b>,
     excluded_items: &AHashSet<PropertyKey<'a>>,
     mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
 ) -> JsResult<OrdinaryObject<'a>> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs
index 16fe167cd..469988306 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/abstract_operations/type_conversion.rs
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ pub(crate) fn to_primitive<'a>(
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn to_primitive_object<'a>(
+pub(crate) fn to_primitive_object<'a, 'b>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    input: impl IntoObject,
+    input: impl IntoObject<'b>,
     preferred_type: Option<PreferredType>,
     mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
 ) -> JsResult<Primitive<'a>> {
@@ -1079,7 +1079,11 @@ pub(crate) fn to_string_primitive<'gc>(
 /// language value) and returns either a normal completion containing an Object
 /// or a throw completion. It converts argument to a value of type Object
 /// according to [Table 13](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#table-toobject-conversions):
-pub(crate) fn to_object(agent: &mut Agent, argument: Value, gc: NoGcScope) -> JsResult<Object> {
+pub(crate) fn to_object<'a>(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    argument: Value,
+    gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
     match argument {
         Value::Undefined | Value::Null => Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
             ExceptionType::TypeError,
@@ -1302,6 +1306,29 @@ pub(crate) fn to_length(agent: &mut Agent, argument: Value, gc: GcScope) -> JsRe
     Ok(len.min(SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER))
 }
 
+/// ### [7.1.20 ToLength ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-tolength)
+pub(crate) fn try_to_length(
+    agent: &mut Agent,
+    argument: Value,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
+) -> TryResult<JsResult<i64>> {
+    // TODO: This can be heavily optimized by inlining `to_integer_or_infinity`.
+
+    // 1. Let len be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(argument).
+    let len = match try_to_integer_or_infinity(agent, argument, gc)? {
+        Ok(len) => len.into_i64(),
+        Err(err) => return TryResult::Continue(Err(err)),
+    };
+
+    // 2. If len ≤ 0, return +0𝔽.
+    if len <= 0 {
+        return TryResult::Continue(Ok(0));
+    }
+
+    // 3. Return 𝔽(min(len, 2**53 - 1)).
+    TryResult::Continue(Ok(len.min(SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER)))
+}
+
 /// ### [7.1.21 CanonicalNumericIndexString ( argument )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-canonicalnumericindexstring)
 pub(crate) fn canonical_numeric_index_string<'gc>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs
index 04683e8e6..596ae76fc 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/builtin_function_builder.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ use super::property_builder::{self, PropertyBuilder};
 pub struct NoPrototype;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CreatorPrototype(Option<Object>);
+pub struct CreatorPrototype(Option<Object<'static>>);
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct NoLength;
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ impl<'agent, L, N, B, Pr> BuiltinFunctionBuilder<'agent, NoPrototype, L, N, B, P
     #[must_use]
     pub fn with_prototype(
         self,
-        prototype: Object,
+        prototype: Object<'static>,
     ) -> BuiltinFunctionBuilder<'agent, CreatorPrototype, L, N, B, Pr> {
         let object_index = if prototype
             != self
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ impl<'agent, P, L, N, B> BuiltinFunctionBuilder<'agent, P, L, N, B, CreatorPrope
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_prototype_property(mut self, prototype: Object) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_prototype_property(mut self, prototype: Object<'static>) -> Self {
         let property = PropertyBuilder::new(self.agent)
             .with_configurable(false)
             .with_enumerable(false)
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/ordinary_object_builder.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/ordinary_object_builder.rs
index 5245fbf49..5a8a2f94b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/ordinary_object_builder.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builders/ordinary_object_builder.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use super::{
 pub struct NoPrototype;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct CreatorPrototype<T: IntoObject>(T);
+pub struct CreatorPrototype<T: IntoObject<'static>>(T);
 
 #[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct NoProperties;
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl<'agent, P, Pr> OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, P, Pr> {
 
 impl<'agent, Pr> OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, NoPrototype, Pr> {
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn with_prototype<T: IntoObject>(
+    pub fn with_prototype<T: IntoObject<'static>>(
         self,
         prototype: T,
     ) -> OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, CreatorPrototype<T>, Pr> {
@@ -280,7 +280,9 @@ impl<'agent> OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, NoPrototype, NoProperties> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'agent, T: IntoObject> OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, CreatorPrototype<T>, NoProperties> {
+impl<'agent, T: IntoObject<'static>>
+    OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, CreatorPrototype<T>, NoProperties>
+{
     pub fn build(self) -> OrdinaryObject<'static> {
         let (keys, values) = self.agent.heap.elements.create_with_stuff(vec![]);
         let slot = self
@@ -336,7 +338,9 @@ impl<'agent> OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, NoPrototype, CreatorProperties> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'agent, T: IntoObject> OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, CreatorPrototype<T>, CreatorProperties> {
+impl<'agent, T: IntoObject<'static>>
+    OrdinaryObjectBuilder<'agent, CreatorPrototype<T>, CreatorProperties>
+{
     pub fn build(self) -> OrdinaryObject<'static> {
         assert_eq!(self.properties.0.len(), self.properties.0.capacity());
         {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs
index 6d7c92a1c..e1f84df5f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/arguments.rs
@@ -26,11 +26,12 @@
 //!
 //! ECMAScript implementations of arguments exotic objects have historically contained an accessor property named "caller". Prior to ECMAScript 2017, this specification included the definition of a throwing "caller" property on ordinary arguments objects. Since implementations do not contain this extension any longer, ECMAScript 2017 dropped the requirement for a throwing "caller" accessor.
 
-use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::context::NoGcScope;
+use crate::engine::unwrap_try;
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::operations_on_objects::{
-            create_data_property_or_throw, define_property_or_throw,
+            try_create_data_property_or_throw, try_define_property_or_throw,
         },
         execution::{agent::Agent, ProtoIntrinsics},
         types::{
@@ -121,23 +122,24 @@ use super::ordinary::ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics;
 /// The abstract operation CreateUnmappedArgumentsObject takes argument
 /// argumentsList (a List of ECMAScript language values) and returns an
 /// ordinary object.
-pub(crate) fn create_unmapped_arguments_object(
+pub(crate) fn create_unmapped_arguments_object<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     arguments_list: &[Value],
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> Object {
+    gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> Object<'a> {
     // 1. Let len be the number of elements in argumentsList.
     let len = arguments_list.len();
-    let len = Number::from_f64(agent, len as f64, gc.nogc()).into_value();
+    let len = Number::from_f64(agent, len as f64, gc).into_value();
     // 2. Let obj be OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%, « [[ParameterMap]] »).
-    let obj = ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None);
+    let obj =
+        ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None, gc);
     let Object::Object(obj) = obj else {
         unreachable!()
     };
     // 3. Set obj.[[ParameterMap]] to undefined.
     // 4. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(obj, "length", PropertyDescriptor {
     let key = PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length);
-    define_property_or_throw(
+    unwrap_try(try_define_property_or_throw(
         agent,
         obj,
         key,
@@ -152,25 +154,25 @@ pub(crate) fn create_unmapped_arguments_object(
             configurable: Some(true),
             ..Default::default()
         },
-        gc.reborrow(),
-    )
+        gc,
+    ))
     .unwrap();
     // 5. Let index be 0.
     // 6. Repeat, while index < len,
-    for (index, val) in arguments_list.iter().enumerate() {
+    for (index, &val) in arguments_list.iter().enumerate() {
         // a. Let val be argumentsList[index].
         // b. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(obj, ! ToString(𝔽(index)), val).
         debug_assert!(index < u32::MAX as usize);
         let index = index as u32;
         let key = PropertyKey::Integer(index.into());
-        create_data_property_or_throw(agent, obj, key, *val, gc.reborrow()).unwrap();
+        unwrap_try(try_create_data_property_or_throw(agent, obj, key, val, gc)).unwrap();
         // c. Set index to index + 1.
     }
     // 7. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(obj, @@iterator, PropertyDescriptor {
     let key = PropertyKey::Symbol(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Iterator.into());
     // TODO: "as if the property was accessed prior to any ECMAScript code being evaluated"
     // let array_prototype_values = agent.current_realm().intrinsics().array_prototype();
-    define_property_or_throw(
+    unwrap_try(try_define_property_or_throw(
         agent,
         obj,
         key,
@@ -191,13 +193,13 @@ pub(crate) fn create_unmapped_arguments_object(
             configurable: Some(true),
             ..Default::default()
         },
-        gc.reborrow(),
-    )
+        gc,
+    ))
     .unwrap();
     let throw_type_error = agent.current_realm().intrinsics().throw_type_error();
     // 8. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(obj, "callee", PropertyDescriptor {
     let key = PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.callee);
-    define_property_or_throw(
+    unwrap_try(try_define_property_or_throw(
         agent,
         obj,
         key,
@@ -212,8 +214,8 @@ pub(crate) fn create_unmapped_arguments_object(
             configurable: Some(false),
             ..Default::default()
         },
-        gc.reborrow(),
-    )
+        gc,
+    ))
     .unwrap();
     // 9. Return obj.
     Object::Arguments(obj)
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs
index 6520f8bed..d2ba6c63c 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array.rs
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Array<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Array<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Array<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ impl<'a> From<ArrayIndex<'a>> for Array<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Array<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Array<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: Array) -> Self {
         Self::Array(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -231,10 +231,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Array<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for Array<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for Array<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::Array(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for Array<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Array<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Array<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Array;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Array<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Array<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Array<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
@@ -494,7 +494,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for Array<'_> {
         // 4. If parent is not null, then
         if let Some(parent) = parent {
             // a. Return ? parent.[[HasProperty]](P).
-            return parent.internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
+            return parent
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
         }
 
         // 5. Return false.
@@ -669,11 +671,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Array<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         let backing_keys = if let Some(backing_object) = self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             unwrap_try(backing_object.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc))
         } else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs
index 6f3b6b90c..be1a7fa42 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -91,23 +91,24 @@ pub(crate) fn array_create<'a>(
 /// > execution context. This maintains compatibility with Web browsers that
 /// > have historically had that behaviour for the Array.prototype methods
 /// > that now are defined using ArraySpeciesCreate.
-pub(crate) fn array_species_create(
+pub(crate) fn array_species_create<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     original_array: Object,
     length: usize,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
+    let original_array = original_array.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Let isArray be ? IsArray(originalArray).
     let original_is_array = is_array(agent, original_array.into_value(), gc.nogc())?;
     // 2. If isArray is false, return ? ArrayCreate(length).
     if !original_is_array {
-        let new_array = array_create(agent, length, length, None, gc.nogc())?;
+        let new_array = array_create(agent, length, length, None, gc.into_nogc())?;
         return Ok(new_array.into_object());
     }
     // 3. Let C be ? Get(originalArray, "constructor").
     let mut c = get(
         agent,
-        original_array,
+        original_array.unbind(),
         BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.constructor.into(),
         gc.reborrow(),
     )?;
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ pub(crate) fn array_species_create(
     }
     // 6. If C is undefined, return ? ArrayCreate(length).
     if c.is_undefined() {
-        let new_array = array_create(agent, length, length, None, gc.nogc())?;
+        let new_array = array_create(agent, length, length, None, gc.into_nogc())?;
         return Ok(new_array.into_object());
     }
     // 7. If IsConstructor(C) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ pub(crate) fn array_set_length(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     a: Array,
     desc: PropertyDescriptor,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     let a = a.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. If Desc does not have a [[Value]] field, then
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer.rs
index 7effd9570..d9e0f3ce7 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/array_buffer.rs
@@ -102,12 +102,7 @@ impl<'a> ArrayBuffer<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn detach(
-        self,
-        agent: &mut Agent,
-        key: Option<DetachKey>,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<()> {
+    pub fn detach(self, agent: &mut Agent, key: Option<DetachKey>, gc: NoGcScope) -> JsResult<()> {
         detach_array_buffer(agent, self, key, gc)
     }
 
@@ -157,8 +152,8 @@ impl<'a> ArrayBuffer<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for ArrayBuffer<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for ArrayBuffer<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -192,7 +187,7 @@ impl IntoBaseIndex<'_, ArrayBufferHeapData> for ArrayBuffer<'static> {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<ArrayBuffer<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<ArrayBuffer<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: ArrayBuffer) -> Self {
         Self::ArrayBuffer(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -238,7 +233,7 @@ impl IndexMut<ArrayBuffer<'_>> for Vec<Option<ArrayBufferHeapData>> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for ArrayBuffer<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for ArrayBuffer<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::ArrayBuffer;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -254,7 +249,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for ArrayBuffer<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for ArrayBuffer<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for ArrayBuffer<'a> {}
 
 impl Rootable for ArrayBuffer<'static> {
     type RootRepr = HeapRootRef;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs
index f23832918..46b2b6110 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/bound_function.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
 use crate::ecmascript::types::{function_try_get, function_try_has_property, function_try_set};
 use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
 use crate::engine::rootable::{HeapRootData, HeapRootRef, Rootable};
-use crate::engine::{Scoped, TryResult};
+use crate::engine::{unwrap_try, Scoped, TryResult};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ impl IntoValue for BoundFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for BoundFunction<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for BoundFunction<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         Object::BoundFunction(self.unbind())
     }
 }
@@ -122,7 +122,9 @@ pub(crate) fn bound_function_create<'a>(
         let scoped_target_function = target_function.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         let proto = target_function
             .unbind()
-            .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
+            .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?
+            .map(|p| p.unbind())
+            .map(|p| p.bind(gc.nogc()));
         target_function = scoped_target_function.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         proto
     };
@@ -154,8 +156,7 @@ pub(crate) fn bound_function_create<'a>(
     // 8. Set obj.[[BoundThis]] to boundThis.
     // 9. Set obj.[[BoundArguments]] to boundArgs.
     let obj = agent.heap.create(data);
-    obj.internal_set_prototype_of(agent, proto, gc.reborrow())
-        .unwrap();
+    unwrap_try(obj.try_set_prototype_of(agent, proto, gc.nogc()));
     // 10. Return obj.
     Ok(obj)
 }
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ impl<'a> FunctionInternalProperties<'a> for BoundFunction<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for BoundFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for BoundFunction<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Function;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -190,12 +191,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for BoundFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for BoundFunction<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_get_own_property(
             self,
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_define_own_property(
             self,
@@ -224,7 +225,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         function_try_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -253,7 +254,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         function_internal_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -284,16 +285,16 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_delete(self, agent, property_key, gc))
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_own_property_keys(self, agent, gc))
     }
 
@@ -309,7 +310,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let target be F.[[BoundTargetFunction]].
         let target = agent[self].bound_target_function;
@@ -343,16 +344,16 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
     /// takes arguments argumentsList (a List of ECMAScript language values)
     /// and newTarget (a constructor) and returns either a normal completion
     /// containing an Object or a throw completion.
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
         let new_target = new_target.bind(gc.nogc());
         // 1. Let target be F.[[BoundTargetFunction]].
-        let target = agent[self].bound_target_function;
+        let target = agent[self].bound_target_function.bind(gc.nogc());
         // 2. Assert: IsConstructor(target) is true.
         assert!(is_constructor(agent, target).is_some());
         // 3. Let boundArgs be F.[[BoundArguments]].
@@ -376,10 +377,10 @@ impl InternalMethods for BoundFunction<'_> {
         // 6. Return ? Construct(target, args, newTarget).
         construct(
             agent,
-            target,
+            target.unbind(),
             Some(ArgumentsList(&args)),
             Some(new_target.unbind()),
-            gc.reborrow(),
+            gc,
         )
     }
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs
index 11d846384..a27207852 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_constructor.rs
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ impl IntoValue for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl From<BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<BuiltinConstructorFunction<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: BuiltinConstructorFunction) -> Self {
         Self::BuiltinConstructorFunction(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -143,10 +143,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl<'a> FunctionInternalProperties<'a> for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Function;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -229,12 +229,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_get_own_property(
             self,
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_define_own_property(
             self,
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         function_try_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         function_internal_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -323,16 +323,16 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_delete(self, agent, property_key, gc))
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_own_property_keys(self, agent, gc))
     }
 
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Return ? BuiltinCallOrConstruct(F, thisArgument, argumentsList, undefined).
         // ii. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -365,13 +365,13 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
     /// the method is present) takes arguments argumentsList (a List of
     /// ECMAScript language values) and newTarget (a constructor) and returns
     /// either a normal completion containing an Object or a throw completion.
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
         // 1. Return ? BuiltinCallOrConstruct(F, uninitialized, argumentsList, newTarget).
         builtin_call_or_construct(agent, self, arguments_list, new_target, gc)
     }
@@ -384,13 +384,13 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinConstructorFunction<'_> {
 /// uninitialized), argumentsList (a List of ECMAScript language values), and
 /// newTarget (a constructor or undefined) and returns either a normal
 /// completion containing an ECMAScript language value or a throw completion.
-fn builtin_call_or_construct(
+fn builtin_call_or_construct<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     f: BuiltinConstructorFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
     new_target: Function,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
     let f = f.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Let callerContext be the running execution context.
     let caller_context = agent.running_execution_context();
@@ -443,8 +443,8 @@ fn builtin_call_or_construct(
 pub(crate) struct BuiltinConstructorArgs<'a> {
     pub(crate) is_derived: bool,
     pub(crate) class_name: String<'a>,
-    pub(crate) prototype: Option<Object>,
-    pub(crate) prototype_property: Object,
+    pub(crate) prototype: Option<Object<'static>>,
+    pub(crate) prototype_property: Object<'static>,
     pub(crate) compiled_initializer_bytecode: Option<Executable>,
     pub(crate) env: EnvironmentIndex,
     pub(crate) private_env: Option<PrivateEnvironmentIndex>,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs
index 3403d13f3..764345591 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/builtin_function.rs
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ impl ArgumentsList<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-pub type RegularFn = fn(&mut Agent, Value, ArgumentsList<'_>, GcScope) -> JsResult<Value>;
+pub type RegularFn = fn(&mut Agent, Value, ArgumentsList, GcScope) -> JsResult<Value>;
 pub type ConstructorFn =
-    fn(&mut Agent, Value, ArgumentsList<'_>, Option<Object>, GcScope) -> JsResult<Value>;
+    fn(&mut Agent, Value, ArgumentsList, Option<Object>, GcScope) -> JsResult<Value>;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum Behaviour {
@@ -93,15 +93,15 @@ pub(crate) trait BuiltinIntrinsic: Builtin {
 pub trait BuiltinGetter: Builtin {}
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-pub struct BuiltinFunctionArgs {
+pub struct BuiltinFunctionArgs<'a> {
     pub length: u32,
     pub name: &'static str,
     pub realm: Option<RealmIdentifier>,
-    pub prototype: Option<Object>,
+    pub prototype: Option<Object<'a>>,
     pub prefix: Option<&'static str>,
 }
 
-impl BuiltinFunctionArgs {
+impl BuiltinFunctionArgs<'static> {
     pub fn new(length: u32, name: &'static str, realm: RealmIdentifier) -> Self {
         Self {
             length,
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ impl IntoValue for BuiltinFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for BuiltinFunction<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for BuiltinFunction<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ impl From<BuiltinFunction<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<BuiltinFunction<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<BuiltinFunction<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: BuiltinFunction) -> Self {
         Object::BuiltinFunction(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl<'a> FunctionInternalProperties<'a> for BuiltinFunction<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for BuiltinFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for BuiltinFunction<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Function;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for BuiltinFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for BuiltinFunction<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
@@ -364,11 +364,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction<'_> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_delete(self, agent, property_key, gc))
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_own_property_keys(self, agent, gc))
     }
 
@@ -396,13 +396,13 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinFunction<'_> {
     /// the method is present) takes arguments argumentsList (a List of
     /// ECMAScript language values) and newTarget (a constructor) and returns
     /// either a normal completion containing an Object or a throw completion.
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
-        gc: GcScope,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
         // 1. Return ? BuiltinCallOrConstruct(F, uninitialized, argumentsList, newTarget).
         builtin_call_or_construct(agent, self, None, arguments_list, Some(new_target), gc)
             .map(|result| result.try_into().unwrap())
@@ -425,6 +425,7 @@ pub(crate) fn builtin_call_or_construct(
     gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let f = f.bind(gc.nogc());
+    let new_target = new_target.map(|f| f.bind(gc.nogc()));
     // 1. Let callerContext be the running execution context.
     let caller_context = agent.running_execution_context();
     // 2. If callerContext is not already suspended, suspend callerContext.
@@ -477,7 +478,7 @@ pub(crate) fn builtin_call_or_construct(
             agent,
             this_argument.unwrap_or(Value::Undefined),
             arguments_list,
-            new_target.map(|target| target.into_object()),
+            new_target.map(|target| target.into_object().unbind()),
             gc,
         ),
     };
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs
index b2717ebd4..7f70b2629 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/async_function_constructor.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ impl AsyncFunctionConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 2. If bodyArg is not present, set bodyArg to the empty String.
         let (parameter_args, body_arg) = if arguments.is_empty() {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs
index 950fa7acd..f8d45d262 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_function_objects/await_reaction.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl AwaitReactionIdentifier {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         reaction_type: PromiseReactionType,
         value: Value,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) {
         // [27.7.5.3 Await ( value )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#await)
         // 3. c. Push asyncContext onto the execution context stack; asyncContext is now the running execution context.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs
index a7223890c..4e309ca79 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_function_objects/async_generator_function_constructor.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorFunctionConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 2. If bodyArg is not present, set bodyArg to the empty String.
         let (parameter_args, body_arg) = if arguments.is_empty() {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs
index d74b3b78b..6740edbbd 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/async_generator_objects.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl AsyncGeneratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs
index 6e0e961e3..a0c088326 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_function_objects/generator_function_constructor.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl GeneratorFunctionConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 2. If bodyArg is not present, set bodyArg to the empty String.
         let (parameter_args, body_arg) = if arguments.is_empty() {
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ impl GeneratorFunctionConstructor {
                     .generator_prototype()
                     .into_object(),
             ),
+            gc,
         );
         //   b. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
         unwrap_try(try_define_property_or_throw(
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs
index 94496eb3e..4a4833ac2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_objects.rs
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ impl Generator<'_> {
     }
 
     /// [27.5.3.3 GeneratorResume ( generator, value, generatorBrand )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-generatorresume)
-    pub(crate) fn resume(
+    pub(crate) fn resume<'a>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         value: Value,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
         let generator = self.bind(gc.nogc());
         // 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
         match agent[generator].generator_state.as_ref().unwrap() {
@@ -88,7 +88,12 @@ impl Generator<'_> {
             }
             GeneratorState::Completed => {
                 // 2. If state is completed, return CreateIterResultObject(undefined, true).
-                return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true));
+                return Ok(create_iter_result_object(
+                    agent,
+                    Value::Undefined,
+                    true,
+                    gc.into_nogc(),
+                ));
             }
         };
 
@@ -148,7 +153,12 @@ impl Generator<'_> {
                 // j. Else if result is a return completion, then
                 //    i. Let resultValue be result.[[Value]].
                 // l. Return CreateIterResultObject(resultValue, true).
-                Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result_value, true))
+                Ok(create_iter_result_object(
+                    agent,
+                    result_value,
+                    true,
+                    gc.into_nogc(),
+                ))
             }
             ExecutionResult::Throw(err) => {
                 // GeneratorStart step 4:
@@ -174,7 +184,12 @@ impl Generator<'_> {
                 });
                 // 8. Resume callerContext passing NormalCompletion(iterNextObj). ...
                 // NOTE: `callerContext` here is the `GeneratorResume` execution context.
-                Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, yielded_value, false))
+                Ok(create_iter_result_object(
+                    agent,
+                    yielded_value,
+                    false,
+                    gc.into_nogc(),
+                ))
             }
             ExecutionResult::Await { .. } => unreachable!(),
         }
@@ -182,12 +197,12 @@ impl Generator<'_> {
 
     /// [27.5.3.4 GeneratorResumeAbrupt ( generator, abruptCompletion, generatorBrand )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-generatorresumeabrupt)
     /// NOTE: This method only accepts throw completions.
-    pub(crate) fn resume_throw(
+    pub(crate) fn resume_throw<'a>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         value: Value,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
         // 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
         match agent[self].generator_state.as_ref().unwrap() {
             GeneratorState::Suspended {
@@ -260,7 +275,12 @@ impl Generator<'_> {
         match execution_result {
             ExecutionResult::Return(result) => {
                 agent[self].generator_state = Some(GeneratorState::Completed);
-                Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result, true))
+                Ok(create_iter_result_object(
+                    agent,
+                    result,
+                    true,
+                    gc.into_nogc(),
+                ))
             }
             ExecutionResult::Throw(err) => {
                 agent[self].generator_state = Some(GeneratorState::Completed);
@@ -272,7 +292,12 @@ impl Generator<'_> {
                     executable,
                     execution_context,
                 });
-                Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, yielded_value, false))
+                Ok(create_iter_result_object(
+                    agent,
+                    yielded_value,
+                    false,
+                    gc.into_nogc(),
+                ))
             }
             ExecutionResult::Await { .. } => unreachable!(),
         }
@@ -285,8 +310,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Generator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Generator<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Generator<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -297,7 +322,7 @@ impl From<Generator<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Generator<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Generator<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: Generator) -> Self {
         Object::Generator(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -315,7 +340,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Generator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Generator<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Generator<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Generator;
 
     fn get_backing_object(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
@@ -330,7 +355,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Generator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Generator<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Generator<'a> {}
 
 impl CreateHeapData<GeneratorHeapData, Generator<'static>> for Heap {
     fn create(&mut self, data: GeneratorHeapData) -> Generator<'static> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs
index fc1bd0914..429adfdf2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/generator_prototype.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // GeneratorResume: 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
         let Value::Generator(generator) = this_value else {
@@ -71,8 +71,9 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
+        let gc = gc.into_nogc();
         // 1. Let g be the this value.
         // 2. Let C be Completion Record { [[Type]]: return, [[Value]]: value, [[Target]]: empty }.
         // 3. Return ? GeneratorResumeAbrupt(g, C, empty).
@@ -83,9 +84,10 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Generator expected",
-                gc.nogc(),
+                gc,
             ));
         };
+        let generator = generator.bind(gc);
 
         match agent[generator].generator_state.as_ref().unwrap() {
             // 2. If state is suspended-start, then
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
                     ExceptionType::TypeError,
                     "The generator is currently running",
-                    gc.nogc(),
+                    gc,
                 ))
             }
             GeneratorState::Completed => {}
@@ -119,14 +121,14 @@ impl GeneratorPrototype {
         // 3. If state is completed, then
         //    a. If abruptCompletion is a return completion, then
         //       i. Return CreateIterResultObject(abruptCompletion.[[Value]], true).
-        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, arguments.get(0), true).into_value())
+        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, arguments.get(0), true, gc).into_value())
     }
 
     fn throw(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // GeneratorResumeAbrupt: 1. Let state be ? GeneratorValidate(generator, generatorBrand).
         let Value::Generator(generator) = this_value else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs
index 01cd21be1..9b7631d83 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_from_sync_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ impl AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl AsyncFromSyncIteratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs
index 2f76b8983..b9a4ee123 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/async_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl AsyncIteratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(this_value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs
index 41b256b6c..7d8a774d3 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/iteration/iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl IteratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(this_value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs
index 15b1788b6..14461514e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_capability_records.rs
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl PromiseCapability {
     }
 
     /// [27.2.1.3.2 Promise Resolve Functions](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-promise-resolve-functions)
-    pub fn resolve(self, agent: &mut Agent, resolution: Value, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) {
+    pub fn resolve(self, agent: &mut Agent, resolution: Value, gc: GcScope) {
         // 1. Let F be the active function object.
         // 2. Assert: F has a [[Promise]] internal slot whose value is an Object.
         // 3. Let promise be F.[[Promise]].
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_jobs.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_jobs.rs
index f94117a27..337c4b4f5 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_jobs.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_jobs.rs
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ use super::{
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct PromiseResolveThenableJob {
     promise_to_resolve: Promise<'static>,
-    thenable: Object,
+    thenable: Object<'static>,
     then: Function<'static>,
 }
 impl PromiseResolveThenableJob {
-    pub(crate) fn run(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn run(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<()> {
         // The following are substeps of point 1 in NewPromiseResolveThenableJob.
         // a. Let resolvingFunctions be CreateResolvingFunctions(promiseToResolve).
         let promise_capability = PromiseCapability::from_promise(self.promise_to_resolve, false);
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub(crate) fn new_promise_resolve_thenable_job(
         realm: Some(then_realm),
         inner: InnerJob::PromiseResolveThenable(PromiseResolveThenableJob {
             promise_to_resolve: promise_to_resolve.unbind(),
-            thenable,
+            thenable: thenable.unbind(),
             then: then.unbind(),
         }),
     }
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub(crate) struct PromiseReactionJob {
     argument: Value,
 }
 impl PromiseReactionJob {
-    pub(crate) fn run(self, agent: &mut Agent, mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<()> {
+    pub(crate) fn run(self, agent: &mut Agent, mut gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<()> {
         // The following are substeps of point 1 in NewPromiseReactionJob.
         let handler_result = match agent[self.reaction].handler {
             PromiseReactionHandler::Empty => match agent[self.reaction].reaction_type {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs
index a1450ce3f..04fb68ba6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_abstract_operations/promise_resolving_functions.rs
@@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ impl<'a> IntoFunction<'a> for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction) -> Self {
         Self::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(value.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'a> FunctionInternalProperties<'a> for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'a>
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Function;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_get_own_property(
             self,
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_define_own_property(
             self,
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         function_try_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         function_internal_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -254,16 +254,16 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_delete(self, agent, property_key, gc))
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_own_property_keys(self, agent, gc))
     }
 
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let arg = args.get(0);
         let promise_capability = agent[self].promise_capability;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs
index e3812abb3..c3e0bd2a6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_constructor.rs
@@ -107,8 +107,10 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
+        let executor = args.get(0);
+
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -117,6 +119,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
                 gc.nogc(),
             ));
         };
+        let new_target = new_target.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // We currently don't support Promise subclassing.
         assert_eq!(
@@ -126,13 +129,14 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
 
         // 2. If IsCallable(executor) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         // TODO: Callable proxies
-        let Ok(executor) = Function::try_from(args.get(0)) else {
+        let Ok(executor) = Function::try_from(executor) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Not a callable value",
                 gc.nogc(),
             ));
         };
+        let executor = executor.unbind().bind(gc.nogc()).scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 3. Let promise be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget, "%Promise.prototype%", « [[PromiseState]], [[PromiseResult]], [[PromiseFulfillReactions]], [[PromiseRejectReactions]], [[PromiseIsHandled]] »).
         // 4. Set promise.[[PromiseState]] to pending.
@@ -141,13 +145,15 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         // 7. Set promise.[[PromiseIsHandled]] to false.
         let Object::Promise(promise) = ordinary_create_from_constructor(
             agent,
-            Function::try_from(new_target).unwrap(),
+            Function::try_from(new_target.unbind()).unwrap(),
             ProtoIntrinsics::Promise,
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?
         else {
             unreachable!()
         };
+        let promise = promise.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
+        let scoped_promise = promise.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 8. Let resolvingFunctions be CreateResolvingFunctions(promise).
         let promise_capability = PromiseCapability::from_promise(promise, true);
@@ -172,24 +178,24 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         // 10. If completion is an abrupt completion, then
         if let Err(err) = call_function(
             agent,
-            executor,
+            executor.get(agent),
             Value::Undefined,
             Some(ArgumentsList(&[resolve_function, reject_function])),
-            gc,
+            gc.reborrow(),
         ) {
             // a. Perform ? Call(resolvingFunctions.[[Reject]], undefined, « completion.[[Value]] »).
             promise_capability.reject(agent, err.value());
         }
 
         // 11. Return promise.
-        Ok(promise.into_value())
+        Ok(scoped_promise.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     fn all(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -198,7 +204,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -214,7 +220,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -223,7 +229,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // We currently don't support Promise subclassing.
         assert_eq!(
@@ -251,7 +257,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // We currently don't support Promise subclassing.
         assert_eq!(
@@ -268,7 +274,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let C be the this value.
         // 2. If C is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -321,7 +327,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // Step 2 will throw if `this_value` is not a constructor.
         if is_constructor(agent, this_value).is_none() {
@@ -391,7 +397,7 @@ impl PromiseConstructor {
         _: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(this_value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs
index e0dd74be5..8ab760321 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/control_abstraction_objects/promise_objects/promise_prototype.rs
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl PromisePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let promise be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? Invoke(promise, "then", « undefined, onRejected »).
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl PromisePrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl PromisePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let promise be the this value.
         // 2. If IsPromise(promise) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs
index f61e05368..fb2d919f3 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view.rs
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ impl IntoValue for DataView<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for DataView<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for DataView<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -131,16 +131,16 @@ impl From<DataView<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<DataView<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<DataView<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: DataView) -> Self {
         Object::DataView(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for DataView<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for DataView<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::DataView(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ impl IndexMut<DataView<'_>> for Vec<Option<DataViewHeapData>> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for DataView<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for DataView<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::DataView;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for DataView<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for DataView<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for DataView<'a> {}
 
 impl Rootable for DataView<'_> {
     type RootRepr = HeapRootRef;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs
index 236dad818..0f34179fb 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/data_view/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_view_value<T: Viewable>(
     // 6. Set isLittleEndian to ToBoolean(isLittleEndian).
     is_little_endian: bool,
     value: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(view, [[DataView]]).
     // 2. Assert: view has a [[ViewedArrayBuffer]] internal slot.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/date.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/date.rs
index 14bd46ada..1b9cc54d7 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/date.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/date.rs
@@ -79,13 +79,13 @@ impl From<Date<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Date<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Date<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Date<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Date<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: Date) -> Self {
         Object::Date(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Date<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for Date<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for Date<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, ()> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, ()> {
         match value {
             Object::Date(idx) => Ok(idx),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for Date<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Date<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Date<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Date;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Date<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Date<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Date<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<Date<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = DateHeapData;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs
index 2f3ff3cb1..4d8dd7886 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ecmascript_function.rs
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ impl IntoValue for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for ECMAScriptFunction<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for ECMAScriptFunction<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         if let Object::ECMAScriptFunction(function) = value {
             Ok(function)
         } else {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl From<ECMAScriptFunction<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<ECMAScriptFunction<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<ECMAScriptFunction<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: ECMAScriptFunction) -> Self {
         Object::ECMAScriptFunction(val.unbind())
     }
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ECMAScriptFunctionObjectHeapData {
     pub strict: bool,
 
     /// \[\[HomeObject]]
-    pub home_object: Option<Object>,
+    pub home_object: Option<Object<'static>>,
 
     ///  \[\[SourceText]]
     pub source_text: Span,
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ pub(crate) struct ECMAScriptFunctionObjectHeapData {
     // TODO: [[Fields]],  [[PrivateMethods]], [[ClassFieldInitializerName]]
 }
 
-pub(crate) struct OrdinaryFunctionCreateParams<'agent, 'program> {
-    pub function_prototype: Option<Object>,
+pub(crate) struct OrdinaryFunctionCreateParams<'agent, 'program, 'gc> {
+    pub function_prototype: Option<Object<'gc>>,
     pub source_code: Option<SourceCode>,
     pub source_text: Span,
     pub parameters_list: &'agent FormalParameters<'program>,
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ impl<'a> ECMAScriptFunction<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for ECMAScriptFunction<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Function;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         function_create_backing_object(self, agent)
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         if let Some(object_index) = self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             object_index.internal_prototype(agent)
         } else {
@@ -378,12 +378,12 @@ impl<'a> FunctionInternalProperties<'a> for ECMAScriptFunction<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for ECMAScriptFunction<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_get_own_property(
             self,
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_define_own_property(
             self,
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_has_property(self, agent, property_key, gc)
     }
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         function_try_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         function_internal_get(self, agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         function_try_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         function_internal_set(self, agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
     }
@@ -472,16 +472,16 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_delete(self, agent, property_key, gc))
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(function_internal_own_property_keys(self, agent, gc))
     }
 
@@ -496,8 +496,8 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_argument: Value,
-        arguments_list: ArgumentsList<'_>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let callerContext be the running execution context.
         let _ = agent.running_execution_context();
@@ -546,21 +546,23 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         result
     }
 
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        mut gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
+        let mut self_fn = self.bind(gc.nogc());
         let mut new_target = new_target.bind(gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let kind be F.[[ConstructorKind]].
-        let is_base = !agent[self]
+        let is_base = !agent[self_fn]
             .ecmascript_function
             .constructor_status
             .is_derived_class();
         // 3. If kind is BASE, then
         let this_argument = if is_base {
+            let scoped_self_fn = self_fn.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let scoped_new_target = new_target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             // a. Let thisArgument be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(newTarget, "%Object.prototype%").
             let this_argument = ordinary_create_from_constructor(
@@ -568,7 +570,10 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
                 new_target.unbind(),
                 ProtoIntrinsics::Object,
                 gc.reborrow(),
-            )?;
+            )?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
+            self_fn = scoped_self_fn.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             new_target = scoped_new_target.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             Some(this_argument)
         } else {
@@ -576,7 +581,8 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         };
 
         // 4. Let calleeContext be PrepareForOrdinaryCall(F, newTarget).
-        let callee_context = prepare_for_ordinary_call(agent, self, Some(new_target.into_object()));
+        let callee_context =
+            prepare_for_ordinary_call(agent, self_fn, Some(new_target.into_object()));
         // 7. Let constructorEnv be the LexicalEnvironment of calleeContext.
         let constructor_env = callee_context
             .ecmascript_code
@@ -607,8 +613,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
             // TODO: Classes.
         }
 
+        let scoped_this_argument = this_argument.map(|f| f.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+
         // 8. Let result be Completion(OrdinaryCallEvaluateBody(F, argumentsList)).
-        let result = ordinary_call_evaluate_body(agent, self, arguments_list, gc.reborrow());
+        let result =
+            ordinary_call_evaluate_body(agent, self_fn.unbind(), arguments_list, gc.reborrow());
         // 9. Remove calleeContext from the execution context stack and restore
         //    callerContext as the running execution context.
         agent.execution_context_stack.pop();
@@ -623,7 +632,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for ECMAScriptFunction<'_> {
         } else
         //   b. If kind is base, return thisArgument.
         if is_base {
-            Ok(this_argument.unwrap())
+            Ok(scoped_this_argument.unwrap().get(agent))
         } else
         //   c. If result.[[Value]] is not undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !value.is_undefined() {
@@ -734,7 +743,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_bind_this(
             // ii. Assert: globalEnv is a Global Environment Record.
             let global_env = global_env.unwrap();
             // iii. Let thisValue be globalEnv.[[GlobalThisValue]].
-            global_env.get_this_binding(agent).into_value()
+            global_env.get_this_binding(agent, gc).into_value()
         } else {
             // b. Else,
             // i. Let thisValue be ! ToObject(thisArgument).
@@ -763,7 +772,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     function_object: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let function_object = function_object.bind(gc.nogc());
     let function_heap_data = &agent[function_object].ecmascript_function;
@@ -834,7 +843,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_evaluate_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     f: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Return ? EvaluateBody of F.[[ECMAScriptCode]] with arguments F and argumentsList.
     evaluate_body(agent, f, arguments_list, gc)
@@ -854,7 +863,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_call_evaluate_body(
 /// the syntactic definition of the function to be created.
 pub(crate) fn ordinary_function_create<'agent, 'program, 'gc>(
     agent: &'agent mut Agent,
-    params: OrdinaryFunctionCreateParams<'agent, 'program>,
+    params: OrdinaryFunctionCreateParams<'agent, 'program, 'gc>,
     gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
 ) -> ECMAScriptFunction<'gc> {
     let (source_code, outer_env_is_strict) = if let Some(source_code) = params.source_code {
@@ -966,9 +975,10 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_function_create<'agent, 'program, 'gc>(
 /// UNUSED. It converts F into a constructor.
 pub(crate) fn make_constructor<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    function: impl IntoFunction<'a> + InternalMethods,
+    function: impl IntoFunction<'a> + InternalMethods<'a>,
     writable_prototype: Option<bool>,
     prototype: Option<OrdinaryObject>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) {
     // 4. If writablePrototype is not present, set writablePrototype to true.
     let writable_prototype = writable_prototype.unwrap_or(true);
@@ -1001,6 +1011,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_constructor<'a>(
             agent,
             Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object),
             None,
+            gc,
         ))
         .unwrap();
         // b. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(prototype, "constructor", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: F, [[Writable]]: writablePrototype, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: true }).
@@ -1047,7 +1058,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_constructor<'a>(
 pub(crate) fn make_method(agent: &mut Agent, f: ECMAScriptFunction, home_object: Object) {
     // 1. Assert: homeObject is an ordinary object.
     // 2. Set F.[[HomeObject]] to homeObject.
-    agent[f].ecmascript_function.home_object = Some(home_object);
+    agent[f].ecmascript_function.home_object = Some(home_object.unbind());
     // 3. Return unused.
 }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs
index 3873c4620..0604e2b16 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/embedder_object.rs
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ impl IntoValue for EmbedderObject<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for EmbedderObject<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for EmbedderObject<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ impl From<EmbedderObject<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<EmbedderObject<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<EmbedderObject<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: EmbedderObject) -> Self {
         Object::EmbedderObject(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for EmbedderObject<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for EmbedderObject<'a> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn get_backing_object(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
         todo!();
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for EmbedderObject<'_> {
         todo!();
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         todo!();
     }
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for EmbedderObject<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for EmbedderObject<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for EmbedderObject<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<EmbedderObject<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = EmbedderObjectHeapData;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs
index 0950fc8a1..4b6121cd7 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/error.rs
@@ -79,13 +79,13 @@ impl From<Error<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Error<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Error<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Error<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Error<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: Error) -> Self {
         Object::Error(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -102,10 +102,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Error<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for Error<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for Error<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, ()> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, ()> {
         match value {
             Object::Error(idx) => Ok(idx),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for Error<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Error<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Error<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Error;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Error<'_> {
         backing_object
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         if let Some(object_index) = self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             object_index.internal_prototype(agent)
         } else {
@@ -195,12 +195,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for Error<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Error<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => backing_object.try_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => backing_object.try_has_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => backing_object.try_get(agent, property_key, receiver, gc),
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -326,7 +326,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
                     // Note: Error is never a prototype so [[GetPrototypeOf]]
                     // cannot call user code.
                     // c. Return ? parent.[[Get]](P, Receiver).
-                    parent.internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc)
+                    parent
+                        .unbind()
+                        .internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc)
                 } else {
                     Ok(Value::Undefined)
                 }
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => {
@@ -369,7 +371,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -397,7 +399,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => TryResult::Continue(unwrap_try(backing_object.try_delete(
@@ -416,11 +418,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Error<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => {
                 TryResult::Continue(unwrap_try(backing_object.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc)))
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/finalization_registry.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/finalization_registry.rs
index 7bfb8fbc2..07a59551a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/finalization_registry.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/finalization_registry.rs
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ impl IntoValue for FinalizationRegistry<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for FinalizationRegistry<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for FinalizationRegistry<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -86,13 +86,13 @@ impl From<FinalizationRegistry<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<FinalizationRegistry<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<FinalizationRegistry<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: FinalizationRegistry) -> Self {
         Object::FinalizationRegistry(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for FinalizationRegistry<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for FinalizationRegistry<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::FinalizationRegistry;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for FinalizationRegistry<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for FinalizationRegistry<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for FinalizationRegistry<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<FinalizationRegistry<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = FinalizationRegistryHeapData;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs
index 0988e8be6..1cf71fe05 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_constructor.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl BooleanConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let value = arguments.get(0);
         let b = to_boolean(agent, value);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs
index 88faf95dc..feb117555 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/boolean_objects/boolean_prototype.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl BooleanPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let b = this_boolean_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         if b {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl BooleanPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         this_boolean_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).map(|result| result.into())
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs
index 6c9ead5c4..cd36375b6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/aggregate_error_constructors.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl AggregateErrorConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs
index 9c6149667..f15e310a1 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_constructor.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl ErrorConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let message = arguments.get(0);
         let options = arguments.get(1);
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl ErrorConstructor {
 pub(super) fn get_error_cause(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     options: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<Value>> {
     let Ok(options) = Object::try_from(options) else {
         return Ok(None);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs
index 6bc6ae4d4..bc2ce8961 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/error_prototype.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ impl ErrorPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. If O is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs
index 1ddc2323e..56d8fadf7 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/error_objects/native_error_constructors.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
         error_kind: ExceptionType,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let message = arguments.get(0);
         let options = arguments.get(1);
@@ -123,12 +123,16 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
                 .unwrap()
                 .into_object()
         });
+        let new_target = new_target.bind(gc.nogc());
         let o = ordinary_create_from_constructor(
             agent,
-            Function::try_from(new_target).unwrap(),
+            Function::try_from(new_target.unbind()).unwrap(),
             intrinsic,
             gc.reborrow(),
-        )?;
+        )?
+        .unbind()
+        .bind(gc.nogc())
+        .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         let msg = if !message.is_undefined() {
             Some(
                 to_string(agent, message, gc.reborrow())?
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
             None
         };
         let cause = get_error_cause(agent, options, gc.reborrow())?;
-        let o = Error::try_from(o).unwrap();
+        let o = Error::try_from(o.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc())).unwrap();
         // b. Perform CreateNonEnumerableDataPropertyOrThrow(O, "message", msg).
         let msg = msg.map(|msg| msg.get(agent));
         let heap_data = &mut agent[o];
@@ -154,7 +158,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::constructor(agent, ExceptionType::EvalError, arguments, new_target, gc)
     }
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::constructor(agent, ExceptionType::RangeError, arguments, new_target, gc)
     }
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::constructor(
             agent,
@@ -190,7 +194,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::constructor(agent, ExceptionType::SyntaxError, arguments, new_target, gc)
     }
@@ -200,7 +204,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::constructor(agent, ExceptionType::TypeError, arguments, new_target, gc)
     }
@@ -210,7 +214,7 @@ impl NativeErrorConstructors {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::constructor(agent, ExceptionType::UriError, arguments, new_target, gc)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs
index bdac41a57..9d7084ae1 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_constructor.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl FunctionConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 2. If bodyArg is not present, set bodyArg to the empty String.
         let (parameter_args, body_arg) = if arguments.is_empty() {
@@ -69,11 +69,13 @@ impl FunctionConstructor {
             parameter_args,
             body_arg,
             gc.reborrow(),
-        )?;
+        )?
+        .unbind()
+        .bind(gc.nogc());
         // 20.2.1.1.1 CreateDynamicFunction ( constructor, newTarget, kind, parameterArgs, bodyArg )
         // 32. Else if kind is normal, then
         //   a. Perform MakeConstructor(F).
-        make_constructor(agent, f, None, None);
+        make_constructor(agent, f.unbind(), None, None, gc.nogc());
 
         Ok(f.into_value())
     }
@@ -290,7 +292,9 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function<'a>(
             constructor.unbind(),
             kind.intrinsic_prototype(),
             gc.reborrow(),
-        )?,
+        )?
+        .map(|p| p.unbind())
+        .map(|p| p.bind(gc.nogc())),
         source_code: Some(source_code),
         source_text: function.span,
         parameters_list: &function.params,
@@ -302,8 +306,9 @@ pub(crate) fn create_dynamic_function<'a>(
         env: EnvironmentIndex::Global(agent.current_realm().global_env.unwrap()),
         private_env: None,
     };
+    let f = ordinary_function_create(agent, params, gc.nogc()).unbind();
     let gc = gc.into_nogc();
-    let f = ordinary_function_create(agent, params, gc);
+    let f = f.bind(gc);
 
     set_function_name(
         agent,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs
index 0db4a645b..d51d8a634 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/function_objects/function_prototype.rs
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl Builtin for FunctionPrototypeHasInstance {
 }
 
 impl FunctionPrototype {
-    fn behaviour(_: &mut Agent, _: Value, _: ArgumentsList, _: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<Value> {
+    fn behaviour(_: &mut Agent, _: Value, _: ArgumentsList, _: GcScope) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(Value::Undefined)
     }
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let func be the this value.
         let Some(func) = is_callable(this_value, gc.nogc()) else {
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let this_arg = args.get(0);
         let args = if args.len() > 1 { &args[1..] } else { &[] };
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let Some(func) = is_callable(this_value, gc.nogc()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // Let func be the this value.
         let Ok(func) = Function::try_from(this_value) else {
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl FunctionPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let v = args.get(0);
         let f = this_value;
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ impl ThrowTypeError {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(ExceptionType::TypeError, "'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed on strict mode functions or the arguments objects for calls to them", gc.nogc()))
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs
index 3756bd270..7546f6fab 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_constructor.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,6 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
-use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::operations_on_objects::{
-    create_array_from_scoped_list, try_create_data_property, try_define_property_or_throw, try_get,
-};
-use crate::ecmascript::types::{bind_property_keys, scope_property_keys, unbind_property_keys};
-use crate::engine::context::{GcScope, NoGcScope};
-use crate::engine::{unwrap_try, TryResult};
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -15,11 +9,12 @@ use crate::{
                 get_iterator, if_abrupt_close_iterator, iterator_close, iterator_step_value,
             },
             operations_on_objects::{
-                create_array_from_list, create_data_property_or_throw, define_property_or_throw,
+                create_array_from_list, create_array_from_scoped_list, define_property_or_throw,
                 enumerable_own_properties, enumerable_properties_kind, get, get_method,
                 group_by_property, has_own_property,
                 integrity::{Frozen, Sealed},
-                set, set_integrity_level, test_integrity_level,
+                set, set_integrity_level, test_integrity_level, try_create_data_property,
+                try_define_property_or_throw, try_get,
             },
             testing_and_comparison::{require_object_coercible, same_value},
             type_conversion::{to_object, to_property_key, to_property_key_simple},
@@ -31,10 +26,15 @@ use crate::{
         },
         execution::{agent::ExceptionType, Agent, JsResult, ProtoIntrinsics, RealmIdentifier},
         types::{
-            InternalMethods, IntoFunction, IntoObject, IntoValue, Object, OrdinaryObject,
-            PropertyDescriptor, PropertyKey, String, Value, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY,
+            bind_property_keys, scope_property_keys, unbind_property_keys, InternalMethods,
+            IntoFunction, IntoObject, IntoValue, Object, OrdinaryObject, PropertyDescriptor,
+            PropertyKey, String, Value, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY,
         },
     },
+    engine::{
+        context::{GcScope, NoGcScope},
+        unwrap_try, Scoped, TryResult,
+    },
     heap::{IntrinsicConstructorIndexes, ObjectEntry, WellKnownSymbolIndexes},
 };
 
@@ -269,9 +269,10 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let value = arguments.get(0);
+        let new_target = new_target.map(|f| f.bind(gc.nogc()));
         // 1. If NewTarget is neither undefined nor the active function object, then
         if new_target.is_some()
             && new_target
@@ -284,20 +285,27 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
             ordinary_create_from_constructor(
                 agent,
                 // SAFETY: 'new_target' is checked to be is_some() above
-                unsafe { new_target.unwrap_unchecked() }.try_into().unwrap(),
+                unsafe { new_target.unwrap_unchecked().unbind() }
+                    .try_into()
+                    .unwrap(),
                 ProtoIntrinsics::Object,
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )
             .map(|value| value.into_value())
         } else if value == Value::Undefined || value == Value::Null {
             // 2. If value is either undefined or null, return OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%).
-            Ok(
-                ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None)
-                    .into_value(),
+            Ok(ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
+                agent,
+                Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object),
+                None,
+                gc.into_nogc(),
             )
+            .into_value())
         } else {
             // 3. Return ! ToObject(value).
-            Ok(to_object(agent, value, gc.nogc()).unwrap().into_value())
+            Ok(to_object(agent, value, gc.into_nogc())
+                .unwrap()
+                .into_value())
         }
     }
 
@@ -309,7 +317,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let to be ? ToObject(target).
@@ -318,6 +326,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         if arguments.len() <= 1 {
             return Ok(to.into_value());
         }
+        let to = to.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         let sources = &arguments[1..];
         // 3. For each element nextSource of sources, do
         for next_source in sources {
@@ -326,16 +335,20 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 continue;
             }
             // i. Let from be ! ToObject(nextSource).
-            let from = to_object(agent, *next_source, gc.nogc())?;
+            let from = to_object(agent, *next_source, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             // ii. Let keys be ? from.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
-            let keys = unbind_property_keys(from.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?);
+            let keys = unbind_property_keys(
+                from.get(agent)
+                    .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?,
+            );
             let keys = scope_property_keys(agent, keys, gc.nogc());
             // iii. For each element nextKey of keys, do
             for next_key in keys {
                 // 1. Let desc be ? from.[[GetOwnProperty]](nextKey).
                 let desc = {
                     let next_key = next_key.get(agent);
-                    from.internal_get_own_property(agent, next_key, gc.reborrow())?
+                    from.get(agent)
+                        .internal_get_own_property(agent, next_key, gc.reborrow())?
                 };
                 // 2. If desc is not undefined and desc.[[Enumerable]] is true, then
                 let Some(desc) = desc else {
@@ -347,22 +360,29 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 // a. Let propValue be ? Get(from, nextKey).
                 let prop_value = {
                     let next_key = next_key.get(agent);
-                    get(agent, from, next_key, gc.reborrow())?
+                    get(agent, from.get(agent), next_key, gc.reborrow())?
                 };
                 // b. Perform ? Set(to, nextKey, propValue, true).
                 let next_key = next_key.get(agent);
-                set(agent, to, next_key, prop_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                set(
+                    agent,
+                    to.get(agent),
+                    next_key,
+                    prop_value,
+                    true,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
             }
         }
         // 4. Return to.
-        Ok(to.into_value())
+        Ok(to.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     fn create(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let obj: OrdinaryObject = if o == Value::Null {
@@ -391,7 +411,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let properties = arguments.get(1);
@@ -416,7 +436,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let p = arguments.get(1);
@@ -445,7 +465,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
@@ -453,7 +473,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         // 2. Let entryList be ? EnumerableOwnProperties(obj, KEY+VALUE).
         let entry_list = enumerable_own_properties::<
             enumerable_properties_kind::EnumerateKeysAndValues,
-        >(agent, obj, gc.reborrow())?;
+        >(agent, obj.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Return CreateArrayFromList(entryList).
         Ok(create_array_from_list(agent, &entry_list, gc.nogc()).into_value())
     }
@@ -463,7 +483,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If O is not an Object, return O.
         let o = arguments.get(0);
@@ -490,7 +510,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let iterable = arguments.get(0);
         // Fast path: Simple, dense array of N simple, dense arrays.
@@ -500,7 +520,8 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
                 .current_realm()
                 .intrinsics()
                 .array_prototype_values()
-                .into_function();
+                .into_function()
+                .unbind();
             let array_iterator = get_method(
                 agent,
                 array_prototype.into_value(),
@@ -587,20 +608,21 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         // 1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(iterable).
         require_object_coercible(agent, iterable, gc.nogc())?;
         // 2. Let obj be OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%).
-        let obj =
-            ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None);
+        let obj = ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
+            agent,
+            Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object),
+            None,
+            gc.nogc(),
+        );
         // 3. Assert: obj is an extensible ordinary object with no own properties.
         let obj = OrdinaryObject::try_from(obj).unwrap();
-        debug_assert!(obj
-            .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())
-            .unwrap()
-            .is_empty());
+        debug_assert!(agent[obj].keys.is_empty());
         // 4. Let closure be a new Abstract Closure with parameters (key,
         //    value) that captures obj and performs the following steps when
         //    called:
         // 5. Let adder be CreateBuiltinFunction(closure, 2, "", « »).
         // 6. Return ? AddEntriesFromIterable(obj, iterable, adder).
-        add_entries_from_iterable_from_entries(agent, obj, iterable, gc.reborrow())
+        add_entries_from_iterable_from_entries(agent, obj.unbind(), iterable, gc)
             .map(|obj| obj.into_value())
     }
 
@@ -609,18 +631,27 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let p = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, o, gc.nogc())?;
+        let mut obj = to_object(agent, o, gc.nogc())?;
         // 2. Let key be ? ToPropertyKey(P).
-        let key = to_property_key(agent, p, gc.reborrow())?
-            .unbind()
-            .bind(gc.nogc());
+        let key = if let TryResult::Continue(key) = to_property_key_simple(agent, p, gc.nogc()) {
+            key
+        } else {
+            let scoped_obj = obj.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            let key = to_property_key(agent, p, gc.reborrow())?
+                .unbind()
+                .bind(gc.nogc());
+            obj = scoped_obj.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+            key
+        };
         // 3. Let desc be ? obj.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
-        let desc = obj.internal_get_own_property(agent, key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let desc = obj
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get_own_property(agent, key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 4. Return FromPropertyDescriptor(desc).
         Ok(
             PropertyDescriptor::from_property_descriptor(desc, agent, gc.nogc())
@@ -633,16 +664,28 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, o, gc.nogc())?;
+        let mut obj = to_object(agent, o, gc.nogc())?;
+        let mut scoped_obj = None;
         // 2. Let ownKeys be ? obj.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
-        let mut own_keys = bind_property_keys(
-            unbind_property_keys(obj.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?),
-            gc.nogc(),
-        );
+        let mut own_keys =
+            if let TryResult::Continue(own_keys) = obj.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc.nogc()) {
+                own_keys
+            } else {
+                scoped_obj = Some(obj.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+                let own_keys = bind_property_keys(
+                    unbind_property_keys(
+                        obj.unbind()
+                            .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?,
+                    ),
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                );
+                obj = scoped_obj.as_ref().unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+                own_keys
+            };
 
         let mut descriptors = Vec::with_capacity(own_keys.len());
         // 4. For each element key of ownKeys, do
@@ -661,18 +704,22 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
             i += 1;
         }
         // 3. Let descriptors be OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%).
-        let descriptors = agent.heap.create_object_with_prototype(
-            agent
-                .current_realm()
-                .intrinsics()
-                .object_prototype()
-                .into_object(),
-            &descriptors,
-        );
+        let descriptors = agent
+            .heap
+            .create_object_with_prototype(
+                agent
+                    .current_realm()
+                    .intrinsics()
+                    .object_prototype()
+                    .into_object(),
+                &descriptors,
+            )
+            .bind(gc.nogc());
         if i < own_keys.len() {
             let _ = own_keys.drain(..i);
             let own_keys = unbind_property_keys(own_keys);
-            get_own_property_descriptors_slow(agent, obj, own_keys, descriptors, gc)
+            let obj = scoped_obj.unwrap_or_else(|| obj.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+            get_own_property_descriptors_slow(agent, obj, own_keys, descriptors.unbind(), gc)
         } else {
             // 5. Return descriptors.
             Ok(descriptors.into_value())
@@ -684,7 +731,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Return CreateArrayFromList(? GetOwnPropertyKeys(O, STRING)).
@@ -697,7 +744,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Return CreateArrayFromList(? GetOwnPropertyKeys(O, SYMBOL)).
@@ -710,13 +757,14 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let obj = to_object(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.nogc())?;
         // Note: We do not use try_get_prototype_of here as we don't need to
         // protect any on-stack values from GC. We're perfectly okay with
         // triggering GC here.
-        obj.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc)
+        obj.unbind()
+            .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc)
             .map(|proto| proto.map_or(Value::Null, |proto| proto.into_value()))
     }
 
@@ -725,7 +773,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let items = arguments.get(0);
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(1);
@@ -734,23 +782,19 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         let groups = group_by_property(agent, items, callback_fn, gc.reborrow())?;
 
         // 2. Let obj be OrdinaryObjectCreate(null).
-        let object =
-            ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None);
-
         // 3. For each Record { [[Key]], [[Elements]] } g of groups, do
-        for g in groups {
-            // a. Let elements be CreateArrayFromList(g.[[Elements]]).
-            let elements = create_array_from_scoped_list(agent, g.elements, gc.nogc()).into_value();
-
-            // b. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(obj, g.[[Key]], elements).
-            create_data_property_or_throw(
-                agent,
-                object,
-                g.key.get(agent),
-                elements,
-                gc.reborrow(),
-            )?;
-        }
+        // a. Let elements be CreateArrayFromList(g.[[Elements]]).
+        // b. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(obj, g.[[Key]], elements).
+        let entries = groups
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|g| {
+                ObjectEntry::new_data_entry(
+                    g.key.get(agent),
+                    create_array_from_scoped_list(agent, g.elements, gc.nogc()).into_value(),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let object = agent.heap.create_null_object(&entries);
 
         // 4. Return obj.
         Ok(object.into_value())
@@ -760,20 +804,29 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        let obj = to_object(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.nogc())?;
-        let key = to_property_key(agent, arguments.get(1), gc.reborrow())?
-            .unbind()
-            .bind(gc.nogc());
-        has_own_property(agent, obj, key.unbind(), gc.reborrow()).map(|result| result.into())
+        let p = arguments.get(1);
+        let mut obj = to_object(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.nogc())?;
+        let key = if let TryResult::Continue(key) = to_property_key_simple(agent, p, gc.nogc()) {
+            key
+        } else {
+            let scoped_obj = obj.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            let key = to_property_key(agent, p, gc.reborrow())?
+                .unbind()
+                .bind(gc.nogc());
+            obj = scoped_obj.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+            key
+        };
+        has_own_property(agent, obj.unbind(), key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())
+            .map(|result| result.into())
     }
 
     fn is(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(same_value(agent, arguments.get(0), arguments.get(1)).into())
     }
@@ -782,7 +835,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let result = match Object::try_from(o) {
@@ -796,7 +849,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let result = match Object::try_from(o) {
@@ -810,7 +863,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let result = match Object::try_from(o) {
@@ -825,7 +878,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
@@ -833,7 +886,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         // 2. Let keyList be ? EnumerableOwnProperties(obj, KEY).
         let key_list = enumerable_own_properties::<enumerable_properties_kind::EnumerateKeys>(
             agent,
-            obj,
+            obj.unbind(),
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
         // 3. Return CreateArrayFromList(keyList).
@@ -845,7 +898,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If O is not an Object, return O.
         let o = arguments.get(0);
@@ -872,7 +925,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If O is not an Object, return O.
         let o = arguments.get(0);
@@ -899,7 +952,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         let proto = arguments.get(1);
@@ -939,7 +992,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
@@ -947,7 +1000,7 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
         // 2. Let valueList be ? EnumerableOwnProperties(obj, VALUE).
         let value_list = enumerable_own_properties::<enumerable_properties_kind::EnumerateValues>(
             agent,
-            obj,
+            obj.unbind(),
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
         // 3. Return CreateArrayFromList(valueList).
@@ -993,17 +1046,21 @@ impl ObjectConstructor {
 /// The abstract operation ObjectDefineProperties takes arguments O (an Object)
 /// and Properties (an ECMAScript language value) and returns either a normal
 /// completion containing an Object or a throw completion.
-fn object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
+fn object_define_properties<'a, T: InternalMethods<'a>>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     o: T,
     properties: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<T> {
     // 1. Let props be ? ToObject(Properties).
-    let props = to_object(agent, properties, gc.nogc())?;
+    let props = to_object(agent, properties, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     // 2. Let keys be ? props.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
     let keys = bind_property_keys(
-        unbind_property_keys(props.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?),
+        unbind_property_keys(
+            props
+                .get(agent)
+                .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?,
+        ),
         gc.nogc(),
     );
     let keys = scope_property_keys(agent, keys, gc.nogc());
@@ -1012,8 +1069,11 @@ fn object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
     // 4. For each element nextKey of keys, do
     for next_key in keys {
         // a. Let propDesc be ? props.[[GetOwnProperty]](nextKey).
-        let prop_desc =
-            props.internal_get_own_property(agent, next_key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let prop_desc = props.get(agent).internal_get_own_property(
+            agent,
+            next_key.get(agent),
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // b. If propDesc is not undefined and propDesc.[[Enumerable]] is true, then
         let Some(prop_desc) = prop_desc else {
             continue;
@@ -1022,7 +1082,7 @@ fn object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
             continue;
         }
         // i. Let descObj be ? Get(props, nextKey).
-        let desc_obj = get(agent, props, next_key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let desc_obj = get(agent, props.get(agent), next_key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // ii. Let desc be ? ToPropertyDescriptor(descObj).
         let desc = PropertyDescriptor::to_property_descriptor(agent, desc_obj, gc.reborrow())?
             .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
@@ -1044,11 +1104,11 @@ fn object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
     Ok(o)
 }
 
-fn try_object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
+fn try_object_define_properties<'a, T: InternalMethods<'a>>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     o: T,
     properties: Value,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> TryResult<JsResult<T>> {
     // 1. Let props be ? ToObject(Properties).
     let props = match to_object(agent, properties, gc) {
@@ -1119,7 +1179,7 @@ fn try_object_define_properties<T: InternalMethods>(
 /// does not need to be defined as a JavaScript function.
 pub fn add_entries_from_iterable_from_entries<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    target: OrdinaryObject<'_>,
+    target: OrdinaryObject,
     iterable: Value,
     mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
 ) -> JsResult<OrdinaryObject<'a>> {
@@ -1185,12 +1245,15 @@ pub fn add_entries_from_iterable_from_entries<'a>(
 fn get_own_string_property_keys(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     o: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
     let obj = to_object(agent, o, gc.nogc())?;
     // 2. Let keys be ? obj.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
-    let keys = unbind_property_keys(obj.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?);
+    let keys = unbind_property_keys(
+        obj.unbind()
+            .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?,
+    );
     let gc = gc.into_nogc();
     let keys = bind_property_keys(keys, gc);
     // 3. Let nameList be a new empty List.
@@ -1216,12 +1279,14 @@ fn get_own_string_property_keys(
 fn get_own_symbol_property_keys(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     o: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let obj be ? ToObject(O).
     let obj = to_object(agent, o, gc.nogc())?;
     // 2. Let keys be ? obj.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
-    let keys = obj.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
+    let keys = obj
+        .unbind()
+        .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
     // 3. Let nameList be a new empty List.
     let mut name_list = Vec::with_capacity(keys.len());
     // 4. For each element nextKey of keys, do
@@ -1237,7 +1302,7 @@ fn get_own_symbol_property_keys(
 
 fn get_own_property_descriptors_slow(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    obj: Object,
+    obj: Scoped<'_, Object<'static>>,
     own_keys: Vec<PropertyKey>,
     descriptors: OrdinaryObject,
     mut gc: GcScope,
@@ -1246,7 +1311,9 @@ fn get_own_property_descriptors_slow(
     let own_keys = scope_property_keys(agent, own_keys, gc.nogc());
     for key in own_keys {
         // a. Let desc be ? obj.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
-        let desc = obj.internal_get_own_property(agent, key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let desc =
+            obj.get(agent)
+                .internal_get_own_property(agent, key.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // b. Let descriptor be FromPropertyDescriptor(desc).
         let descriptor = PropertyDescriptor::from_property_descriptor(desc, agent, gc.nogc());
         // c. If descriptor is not undefined, perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(descriptors, key, descriptor).
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs
index 92b6edd4c..b69f1b7f2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/object_objects/object_prototype.rs
@@ -85,27 +85,27 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let p = to_property_key(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?
             .unbind()
             .bind(gc.nogc());
         let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
-        has_own_property(agent, o, p.unbind(), gc.reborrow()).map(|result| result.into())
+        has_own_property(agent, o.unbind(), p.unbind(), gc.reborrow()).map(|result| result.into())
     }
 
     fn is_prototype_of(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let v = arguments.get(0);
         let Ok(v) = Object::try_from(v) else {
             return Ok(false.into());
         };
         let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
-        let result = is_prototype_of_loop(agent, o, v, gc)?;
+        let result = is_prototype_of_loop(agent, o.unbind(), v, gc)?;
         Ok(result.into())
     }
 
@@ -113,13 +113,15 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let p = to_property_key(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?
             .unbind()
             .bind(gc.nogc());
         let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
-        let desc = o.internal_get_own_property(agent, p.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let desc = o
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get_own_property(agent, p.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
         if let Some(desc) = desc {
             Ok(desc.enumerable.unwrap_or(false).into())
         } else {
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let o = this_value;
         let p = PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.toString);
@@ -142,7 +144,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         match this_value {
             // 1. If the this value is undefined, return "[object Undefined]".
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
                     let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).unwrap();
                     let tag = get(
                         agent,
-                        o,
+                        o.unbind(),
                         WellKnownSymbolIndexes::ToStringTag.into(),
                         gc.reborrow(),
                     )?;
@@ -223,7 +225,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
                 let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).unwrap();
                 let tag = get(
                     agent,
-                    o,
+                    o.unbind(),
                     WellKnownSymbolIndexes::ToStringTag.into(),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
@@ -243,7 +245,7 @@ impl ObjectPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).map(|result| result.into_value())
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs
index d6b260ae6..b79f5ab62 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_constructor.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl SymbolConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if new_target.is_some() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl SymbolConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(arguments.get(0))
     }
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl SymbolConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(arguments.get(0))
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs
index fc8c59ac1..c5f3c0b63 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/fundamental_objects/symbol_objects/symbol_prototype.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl SymbolPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let s be the this value.
         // 2. Let sym be ? ThisSymbolValue(s).
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl SymbolPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let symb = this_symbol_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         Ok(symbol_descriptive_string(agent, symb, gc.nogc()).into_value())
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl SymbolPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         this_symbol_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).map(|res| res.into_value())
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs
index c46d975fd..78e8cb12b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/global_object.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub fn perform_eval(
     x: Value,
     direct: bool,
     strict_caller: bool,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Assert: If direct is false, then strictCaller is also false.
     assert!(direct || !strict_caller);
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub fn eval_declaration_instantiation(
     lex_env: EnvironmentIndex,
     private_env: Option<PrivateEnvironmentIndex>,
     strict_eval: bool,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     // 1. Let varNames be the VarDeclaredNames of body.
     let var_names = script_var_declared_names(script);
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let x = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let number = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let num be ? ToNumber(number).
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let number = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let num be ? ToNumber(number).
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if arguments.len() == 0 {
             return Ok(Value::nan());
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let string = arguments.get(0);
         let radix = arguments.get(1);
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ impl GlobalObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs
index 78f9f624c..d1204a35f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_constructor.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, let newTarget be the active function object; else let newTarget be NewTarget.
         let new_target = new_target.map_or_else(
@@ -112,7 +112,9 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             new_target,
             ProtoIntrinsics::Array,
             gc.reborrow(),
-        )?;
+        )?
+        .map(|p| p.unbind())
+        .map(|p| p.bind(gc.nogc()));
 
         // 3. Let numberOfArgs be the number of elements in values.
         let number_of_args = arguments.len();
@@ -150,6 +152,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             } else {
                 // d. Else,
                 // i. Let intLen be ! ToUint32(len).
+                let proto = proto.map(|p| p.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
                 let int_len = len.to_uint32(agent, gc.reborrow()).unwrap();
                 // ii. If SameValueZero(intLen, len) is false, throw a RangeError exception.
                 if !same_value_zero(agent, int_len, len) {
@@ -159,9 +162,14 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                         gc.nogc(),
                     ));
                 }
-                let array =
-                    array_create(agent, int_len as usize, int_len as usize, proto, gc.nogc())
-                        .unwrap();
+                let array = array_create(
+                    agent,
+                    int_len as usize,
+                    int_len as usize,
+                    proto.map(|p| p.get(agent)),
+                    gc.nogc(),
+                )
+                .unwrap();
                 // e. Perform ! Set(array, "length", intLen, true).
                 debug_assert_eq!(agent[array].elements.len(), int_len);
                 array
@@ -218,7 +226,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let items = arguments.get(0);
         let mapfn = arguments.get(1);
@@ -259,7 +267,9 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             let a = if let Some(c) = is_constructor(agent, this_value) {
                 let scoped_using_iterator = using_iterator.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
                 // i. Let A be ? Construct(C).
-                let a = construct(agent, c, None, None, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let a = construct(agent, c, None, None, gc.reborrow())?
+                    .unbind()
+                    .bind(gc.nogc());
                 using_iterator = scoped_using_iterator.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
                 a
             } else {
@@ -270,6 +280,8 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                     .into_object()
             };
 
+            let a = a.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
             // c. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIteratorFromMethod(items, usingIterator).
             let mut iterator_record =
                 get_iterator_from_method(agent, items, using_iterator.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -306,7 +318,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                     // 1. Perform ? Set(A, "length", 𝔽(k), true).
                     set(
                         agent,
-                        a,
+                        a.get(agent),
                         PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length),
                         fk,
                         true,
@@ -314,7 +326,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                     )?;
 
                     // 2. Return A.
-                    return Ok(a.into_value());
+                    return Ok(a.get(agent).into_value());
                 };
 
                 // v. If mapping is true, then
@@ -344,8 +356,13 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                 };
 
                 // vii. Let defineStatus be Completion(CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, Pk, mappedValue)).
-                let define_status =
-                    create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a, pk, mapped_value, gc.reborrow());
+                let define_status = create_data_property_or_throw(
+                    agent,
+                    a.get(agent),
+                    pk,
+                    mapped_value,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                );
 
                 // viii. IfAbruptCloseIterator(defineStatus, iteratorRecord).
                 let _ = if_abrupt_close_iterator(
@@ -362,10 +379,12 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
 
         // 6. NOTE: items is not an Iterable so assume it is an array-like object.
         // 7. Let arrayLike be ! ToObject(items).
-        let array_like = to_object(agent, items, gc.nogc()).unwrap();
+        let array_like = to_object(agent, items, gc.nogc())
+            .unwrap()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 8. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(arrayLike).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, array_like, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, array_like.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         let len_value = Value::try_from(len).unwrap();
 
         // 9. If IsConstructor(C) is true, then
@@ -378,12 +397,16 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                 None,
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc())
         } else {
             // 10. Else,
             // a. Let A be ? ArrayCreate(len).
             array_create(agent, len as usize, len as usize, None, gc.nogc())?.into_object()
         };
 
+        let a = a.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
         // 11. Let k be 0.
         let mut k = 0;
 
@@ -397,7 +420,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             let pk = PropertyKey::from(sk);
 
             // b. Let kValue be ? Get(arrayLike, Pk).
-            let k_value = get(agent, array_like, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_value = get(agent, array_like.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
             // c. If mapping is true, then
             let mapped_value = if let Some(mapping) = &mapping {
@@ -416,7 +439,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             };
 
             // e. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, Pk, mappedValue).
-            create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a, pk, mapped_value, gc.reborrow())?;
+            create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a.get(agent), pk, mapped_value, gc.reborrow())?;
 
             // f. Set k to k + 1.
             k += 1;
@@ -425,7 +448,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         // 13. Perform ? Set(A, "length", 𝔽(len), true).
         set(
             agent,
-            a,
+            a.get(agent),
             PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length),
             Value::try_from(len).unwrap(),
             true,
@@ -433,7 +456,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         )?;
 
         // 14. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.2.2 Array.isArray ( arg )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.isarray)
@@ -441,7 +464,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         is_array(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.nogc()).map(Value::Boolean)
     }
@@ -451,7 +474,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let len be the number of elements in items.
         let len = arguments.len();
@@ -470,6 +493,8 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
                 None,
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc())
         } else {
             // 5. Else,
             // a. Let A be ? ArrayCreate(len).
@@ -479,6 +504,8 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         // 6. Let k be 0.
         let mut k = 0;
 
+        let a = a.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+
         // 7. Repeat, while k < len,
         while k < len {
             // a. Let kValue be items[k].
@@ -489,7 +516,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
             let pk = PropertyKey::from(SmallInteger::from(k as u32));
 
             // c. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, Pk, kValue).
-            create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a, pk, k_value, gc.reborrow())?;
+            create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a.get(agent), pk, k_value, gc.reborrow())?;
 
             // d. Set k to k + 1.
             k += 1;
@@ -498,7 +525,7 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         // 8. Perform ? Set(A, "length", lenNumber, true).
         set(
             agent,
-            a,
+            a.get(agent),
             PropertyKey::from(BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length),
             len_number,
             true,
@@ -506,14 +533,14 @@ impl ArrayConstructor {
         )?;
 
         // 9. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     fn get_species(
         _: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(this_value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator.rs
index 4c59546ed..82ccd9e56 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl ArrayIterator<'_> {
     ) -> Self {
         agent.heap.create(ArrayIteratorHeapData {
             object_index: None,
-            array: Some(array),
+            array: Some(array.unbind()),
             next_index: 0,
             kind,
         })
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ impl IntoValue for ArrayIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for ArrayIterator<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for ArrayIterator<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<ArrayIterator<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<ArrayIterator<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: ArrayIterator) -> Self {
         Self::ArrayIterator(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for ArrayIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for ArrayIterator<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for ArrayIterator<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::ArrayIterator(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for ArrayIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for ArrayIterator<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for ArrayIterator<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::ArrayIterator;
 
     fn get_backing_object(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for ArrayIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for ArrayIterator<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for ArrayIterator<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<ArrayIterator<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = ArrayIteratorHeapData;
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ pub(crate) enum CollectionIteratorKind {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
 pub struct ArrayIteratorHeapData {
     pub(crate) object_index: Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>>,
-    pub(crate) array: Option<Object>,
+    pub(crate) array: Option<Object<'static>>,
     pub(crate) next_index: i64,
     pub(crate) kind: CollectionIteratorKind,
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs
index 9e7a8b9aa..43ff6c6b5 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_iterator_objects/array_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl ArrayIteratorPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 27.5.3.2 GeneratorValidate ( generator, generatorBrand )
         // 3. If generator.[[GeneratorBrand]] is not generatorBrand, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -66,7 +66,9 @@ impl ArrayIteratorPrototype {
         // 23.1.5.1 CreateArrayIterator ( array, kind ), step 1. b
         // NOTE: We set `array` to None when the generator in the spec text has returned.
         let Some(array) = agent[iterator].array else {
-            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true).into_value());
+            return Ok(
+                create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true, gc.nogc()).into_value(),
+            );
         };
 
         let len: i64 = match array {
@@ -185,7 +187,9 @@ impl ArrayIteratorPrototype {
         // iii. If index ≥ len, return NormalCompletion(undefined).
         if agent[iterator].next_index >= len {
             agent[iterator].array = None;
-            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true).into_value());
+            return Ok(
+                create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true, gc.nogc()).into_value(),
+            );
         }
 
         // iv. Let indexNumber be 𝔽(index).
@@ -241,7 +245,7 @@ impl ArrayIteratorPrototype {
         };
 
         // vii. Perform ? GeneratorYield(CreateIteratorResultObject(result, false)).
-        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result, false).into_value())
+        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result, false, gc.nogc()).into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs
index 4ecfd853b..aa22e309e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/array_objects/array_prototype.rs
@@ -6,8 +6,12 @@ use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
 use small_string::SmallString;
 
-use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::operations_on_objects::try_create_data_property_or_throw;
-use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::try_to_string;
+use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::operations_on_objects::{
+    try_create_data_property_or_throw, try_length_of_array_like,
+};
+use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::type_conversion::{
+    try_to_integer_or_infinity, try_to_string,
+};
 use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
 use crate::engine::{unwrap_try, Scoped, TryResult};
 use crate::{
@@ -288,15 +292,32 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
+        let index = arguments.get(0);
+
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let mut o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let mut scoped_o = None;
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
-        let index = arguments.get(0);
+        let len = if let TryResult::Continue(len) = try_length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.nogc()) {
+            len?
+        } else {
+            scoped_o = Some(o.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
+            let result = length_of_array_like(agent, o.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+            o = scoped_o.as_ref().unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+            result
+        };
         // 3. Let relativeIndex be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(index).
-        let relative_index = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, index, gc.reborrow())?.into_i64();
+        let relative_index =
+            if let TryResult::Continue(len) = try_to_integer_or_infinity(agent, index, gc.nogc()) {
+                len?.into_i64()
+            } else {
+                scoped_o = Some(scoped_o.unwrap_or_else(|| o.scope(agent, gc.nogc())));
+                let result = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, index, gc.reborrow())?.into_i64();
+                o = scoped_o.unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+                result
+            };
         // 4. If relativeIndex ≥ 0, then
         let k = if relative_index >= 0 {
             // a. Let k be relativeIndex.
@@ -313,7 +334,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // 7. Return ? Get(O, ! ToString(𝔽(k))).
             get(
                 agent,
-                o,
+                o.unbind(),
                 PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap()),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )
@@ -337,25 +358,37 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         items: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
         let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let scoped_o = o.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, 0).
-        let a = array_species_create(agent, o, 0, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let a = array_species_create(agent, o.unbind(), 0, gc.reborrow())?
+            .unbind()
+            .bind(gc.nogc())
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 3. Let n be 0.
         let mut n = 0;
         // 4. Prepend O to items.
-        let mut items = Vec::from(items.0);
-        items.insert(0, o.into_value());
+        let mut items = items
+            .0
+            .iter()
+            .map(|i| i.scope(agent, gc.nogc()))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        items.insert(0, scoped_o.get(agent).into_value().scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
         // 5. For each element E of items, do
         for e in items {
             // a. Let spreadable be ? IsConcatSpreadable(E).
-            let e_is_spreadable = is_concat_spreadable(agent, e, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let e_is_spreadable = is_concat_spreadable(agent, e.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
             // b. If spreadable is true, then
-            if let Some(e) = e_is_spreadable {
+            if e_is_spreadable {
                 // i. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(E).
-                let len = length_of_array_like(agent, e, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let len = length_of_array_like(
+                    agent,
+                    Object::try_from(e.get(agent)).unwrap(),
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
                 // ii. If n + len > 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
                 if (n + len) > SmallInteger::MAX_NUMBER {
                     return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -371,17 +404,27 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     // 1. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
                     let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
                     // 2. Let exists be ? HasProperty(E, Pk).
-                    let exists = has_property(agent, e, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    let exists = has_property(
+                        agent,
+                        Object::try_from(e.get(agent)).unwrap(),
+                        pk,
+                        gc.reborrow(),
+                    )?;
                     // 3. If exists is true, then
                     if exists {
                         // a. Let subElement be ? Get(E, Pk).
-                        let sub_element = get(agent, e, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                        let sub_element = get(
+                            agent,
+                            Object::try_from(e.get(agent)).unwrap(),
+                            pk,
+                            gc.reborrow(),
+                        )?;
                         // b. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(n)), subElement).
                         create_data_property_or_throw(
                             agent,
-                            a,
+                            a.get(agent),
                             PropertyKey::Integer(n.try_into().unwrap()),
-                            sub_element,
+                            sub_element.unbind(),
                             gc.reborrow(),
                         )?;
                     }
@@ -404,9 +447,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 // iii. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(n)), E).
                 create_data_property_or_throw(
                     agent,
-                    a,
+                    a.get(agent),
                     PropertyKey::Integer(n.try_into().unwrap()),
-                    e,
+                    e.get(agent),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
                 // iv. Set n to n + 1.
@@ -416,14 +459,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 6. Perform ? Set(A, "length", 𝔽(n), true).
         set(
             agent,
-            a,
+            a.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
             Value::try_from(n).unwrap(),
             true,
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
         // 7. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.4 Array.prototype.copyWithin ( target, start \[ , end \] )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.copywithin)
@@ -448,7 +491,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let start = arguments.get(1);
@@ -503,9 +546,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len: i64 = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len: i64 = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
 
         // 3. Let relativeTarget be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(target).
         let relative_target = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, target, gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -574,18 +617,18 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // b. Let toKey be ! ToString(𝔽(to)).
             let to_key = PropertyKey::Integer(to.try_into().unwrap());
             // c. Let fromPresent be ? HasProperty(O, fromKey).
-            let from_present = has_property(agent, o, from_key, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let from_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), from_key, gc.reborrow())?;
             // d. If fromPresent is true, then
             if from_present {
                 // i. Let fromValue be ? Get(O, fromKey).
-                let from_value = get(agent, o, from_key, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let from_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), from_key, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Perform ? Set(O, toKey, fromValue, true).
-                set(agent, o, to_key, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                set(agent, o.get(agent), to_key, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
             } else {
                 // e. Else,
                 // i. Assert: fromPresent is false.
                 // ii. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, toKey).
-                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, to_key, gc.reborrow())?;
+                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), to_key, gc.reborrow())?;
             }
             // f. Set from to from + direction.
             from += direction;
@@ -595,14 +638,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             count -= 1;
         }
         // 19. Return O.
-        Ok(o.into_value())
+        Ok(o.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     fn entries(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(this_value) else {
@@ -656,13 +699,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
+        let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
+        let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
-        let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn, gc.nogc()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -672,7 +716,6 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             ));
         };
         let callback_fn = callback_fn.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
-        let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
         // 4. Let k be 0.
         let mut k = 0;
         // 5. Repeat, while k < len,
@@ -680,11 +723,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Let testResult be ToBoolean(? Call(callbackfn, thisArg, « kValue, 𝔽(k), O »)).
                 let f_k = Number::try_from(k).unwrap().into_value();
                 let test_result = call_function(
@@ -731,7 +774,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let value = arguments.get(0);
         let start = arguments.get(1);
@@ -777,9 +820,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let relativeStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
         let relative_start = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, start, gc.reborrow())?;
 
@@ -816,12 +859,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
             // b. Perform ? Set(O, Pk, value, true).
-            set(agent, o, pk, value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+            set(agent, o.get(agent), pk, value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. Set k to k + 1.
             k += 1;
         }
         // 12. Return O.
-        Ok(o.into_value())
+        Ok(o.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.8 Array.prototype.filter ( callbackfn \[ , thisArg \] )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.filter)
@@ -862,15 +905,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn, gc.nogc()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -881,7 +924,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         };
         let callback_fn = callback_fn.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 4. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, 0).
-        let a = array_species_create(agent, o, 0, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let a = array_species_create(agent, o.get(agent), 0, gc.reborrow())?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 5. Let k be 0.
         let mut k = 0;
         // 6. Let to be 0.
@@ -891,11 +936,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = PropertyKey::from(SmallInteger::try_from(k).unwrap());
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Let selected be ToBoolean(? Call(callbackfn, thisArg, « kValue, 𝔽(k), O »)).
                 let result = call_function(
                     agent,
@@ -904,7 +949,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     Some(ArgumentsList(&[
                         k_value,
                         k.try_into().unwrap(),
-                        o.into_value(),
+                        o.get(agent).into_value(),
                     ])),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
@@ -912,7 +957,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 // iii. If selected is true, then
                 if selected {
                     // 1. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(to)), kValue).
-                    create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a, to.into(), k_value, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    create_data_property_or_throw(
+                        agent,
+                        a.get(agent),
+                        to.into(),
+                        k_value,
+                        gc.reborrow(),
+                    )?;
                     // 2. Set to to to + 1.
                     to += 1;
                 }
@@ -921,7 +972,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             k += 1;
         }
         // 8. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.9 Array.prototype.find ( predicate \[ , thisArg \] )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.find)
@@ -945,14 +996,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
-        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
+
+        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let findRec be ? FindViaPredicate(O, len, ascending, predicate, thisArg).
         let find_rec = find_via_predicate(agent, o, len, true, predicate, this_arg, gc.reborrow())?;
         // 4. Return findRec.[[Value]].
@@ -980,14 +1032,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
-        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
+
+        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let findRec be ? FindViaPredicate(O, len, ascending, predicate, thisArg).
         let find_rec = find_via_predicate(agent, o, len, true, predicate, this_arg, gc.reborrow())?;
         // 4. Return findRec.[[Index]].
@@ -999,14 +1052,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
-        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
+
+        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let findRec be ? FindViaPredicate(O, len, descending, predicate, thisArg).
         let find_rec =
             find_via_predicate(agent, o, len, false, predicate, this_arg, gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1019,14 +1073,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
-        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
-        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
         let predicate = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
+
+        // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+        // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let findRec be ? FindViaPredicate(O, len, descending, predicate, thisArg).
         let find_rec =
             find_via_predicate(agent, o, len, false, predicate, this_arg, gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1039,13 +1094,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let depth = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let sourceLen be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let source_len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())? as usize;
+        let source_len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())? as usize;
         // 3. Let depthNum be 1.
         let mut depth_num = 1;
         // 4. If depth is not undefined, then
@@ -1058,11 +1113,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             depth_num = 0;
         }
         // 5. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, 0).
-        let a = array_species_create(agent, o, 0, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let a = array_species_create(agent, o.get(agent), 0, gc.reborrow())?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 6. Perform ? FlattenIntoArray(A, O, sourceLen, 0, depthNum).
         flatten_into_array(
             agent,
-            a,
+            a.clone(),
             o,
             source_len,
             0,
@@ -1072,7 +1129,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
         // 7. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.14 Array.prototype.flatMap ( mapperFunction \[ , thisArg \] )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.flatmap)
@@ -1080,15 +1137,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let mapper_function = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let sourceLen be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let source_len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())? as usize;
+        let source_len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())? as usize;
         // 3. If IsCallable(mapperFunction) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(mapper_function) = is_callable(mapper_function, gc.nogc()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -1099,11 +1156,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         };
         let mapper_function = mapper_function.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 4. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, 0).
-        let a = array_species_create(agent, o, 0, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let a = array_species_create(agent, o.get(agent), 0, gc.reborrow())?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 5. Perform ? FlattenIntoArray(A, O, sourceLen, 0, 1, mapperFunction, thisArg).
         flatten_into_array(
             agent,
-            a,
+            a.clone(),
             o,
             source_len,
             0,
@@ -1113,7 +1172,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
         // 6. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.15 Array.prototype.forEach ( callbackfn \[ , thisArg \] )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.foreach)
@@ -1154,12 +1213,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
 
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -1181,11 +1240,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Perform ? Call(callbackfn, thisArg, « kValue, 𝔽(k), O »).
                 call_function(
                     agent,
@@ -1194,7 +1253,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     Some(ArgumentsList(&[
                         k_value,
                         k.try_into().unwrap(),
-                        o.into_value(),
+                        o.get(agent).into_value(),
                     ])),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
@@ -1239,7 +1298,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_element = arguments.get(0);
         let from_index = arguments.get(1);
@@ -1285,9 +1344,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If len = 0, return false.
         if len == 0 {
             return Ok(false.into());
@@ -1325,7 +1384,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         while k < len {
             // a. Let elementK be ? Get(O, ! ToString(𝔽(k))).
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
-            let element_k = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let element_k = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // b. If SameValueZero(searchElement, elementK) is true, return true.
             if same_value_zero(agent, search_element, element_k) {
                 return Ok(true.into());
@@ -1362,7 +1421,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_element = arguments.get(0);
         let from_index = arguments.get(1);
@@ -1408,9 +1467,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If len = 0, return -1𝔽.
         if len == 0 {
             return Ok((-1).into());
@@ -1449,11 +1508,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let elementK be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let element_k = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let element_k = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. If IsStrictlyEqual(searchElement, elementK) is true, return 𝔽(k).
                 if is_strictly_equal(agent, search_element, element_k) {
                     return Ok(k.try_into().unwrap());
@@ -1475,14 +1534,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let separator = arguments.get(0);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         if len == 0 {
             return Ok(String::EMPTY_STRING.into_value());
         }
@@ -1504,7 +1563,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 7. Repeat, while k < len,
         // b. Let element be ? Get(O, ! ToString(𝔽(k))).
         {
-            let element = get(agent, o, 0.into(), gc.reborrow())?;
+            let element = get(agent, o.get(agent), 0.into(), gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If element is neither undefined nor null, then
             if !element.is_undefined() && !element.is_null() {
                 // i. Let S be ? ToString(element).
@@ -1519,7 +1578,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // b. Let element be ? Get(O, ! ToString(𝔽(k))).
             let element = get(
                 agent,
-                o,
+                o.get(agent),
                 SmallInteger::try_from(k as u64).unwrap().into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?;
@@ -1540,7 +1599,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(this_value) else {
@@ -1579,7 +1638,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_element = arguments.get(0);
         let from_index = if arguments.len() > 1 {
@@ -1632,9 +1691,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If len = 0, return -1𝔽.
         if len == 0 {
             return Ok((-1).into());
@@ -1665,11 +1724,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let elementK be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let element_k = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let element_k = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. If IsStrictlyEqual(searchElement, elementK) is true, return 𝔽(k).
                 if is_strictly_equal(agent, search_element, element_k) {
                     return Ok(k.try_into().unwrap());
@@ -1719,15 +1778,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn, gc.nogc()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -1738,7 +1797,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         };
         let callback_fn = callback_fn.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 4. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, len).
-        let a = array_species_create(agent, o, len as usize, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let a = array_species_create(agent, o.get(agent), len as usize, gc.reborrow())?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 5. Let k be 0.
         let mut k = 0;
         // 6. Repeat, while k < len,
@@ -1746,11 +1807,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Let mappedValue be ? Call(callbackfn, thisArg, « kValue, 𝔽(k), O »).
                 let mapped_value = call_function(
                     agent,
@@ -1759,18 +1820,24 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     Some(ArgumentsList(&[
                         k_value,
                         k.try_into().unwrap(),
-                        o.into_value(),
+                        o.get(agent).into_value(),
                     ])),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
                 // iii. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, Pk, mappedValue).
-                create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a, pk, mapped_value, gc.reborrow())?;
+                create_data_property_or_throw(
+                    agent,
+                    a.get(agent),
+                    pk,
+                    mapped_value,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
             }
             // d. Set k to k + 1.
             k += 1;
         }
         // 7. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.22 Array.prototype.pop ( )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.pop)
@@ -1788,7 +1855,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if let Value::Array(array) = this_value {
             // Fast path: Trivial (no descriptors) array means mutating
@@ -1827,15 +1894,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If len = 0, then
         if len == 0 {
             // a. Perform ? Set(O, "length", +0𝔽, true).
             set(
                 agent,
-                o,
+                o.get(agent),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
                 0.into(),
                 true,
@@ -1852,13 +1919,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // c. Let index be ! ToString(newLen).
             let index = PropertyKey::Integer(new_len.try_into().unwrap());
             // d. Let element be ? Get(O, index).
-            let element = get(agent, o, index, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let element = get(agent, o.get(agent), index, gc.reborrow())?;
             // e. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, index).
-            delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, index, gc.reborrow())?;
+            delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), index, gc.reborrow())?;
             // f. Perform ? Set(O, "length", newLen, true).
             set(
                 agent,
-                o,
+                o.get(agent),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
                 new_len.try_into().unwrap(),
                 true,
@@ -1886,12 +1953,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         items: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let mut len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let mut len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let argCount be the number of elements in items.
         let arg_count = items.len();
         // 4. If len + argCount > 2**53 - 1, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -1902,7 +1969,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 gc.nogc(),
             ));
         }
-        if let Object::Array(array) = o {
+        if let Object::Array(array) = o.get(agent) {
             // Fast path: Reserve enough room in the array.
             let Heap {
                 arrays, elements, ..
@@ -1916,7 +1983,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Perform ? Set(O, ! ToString(𝔽(len)), E, true).
             set(
                 agent,
-                o,
+                o.get(agent),
                 PropertyKey::Integer(len.try_into().unwrap()),
                 *e,
                 true,
@@ -1929,7 +1996,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         let len: Value = len.try_into().unwrap();
         set(
             agent,
-            o,
+            o.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
             len,
             true,
@@ -1980,7 +2047,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         let initial_value = if arguments.len() >= 2 {
@@ -1990,9 +2057,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         };
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
 
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn, gc.nogc()) else {
@@ -2031,12 +2098,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
 
                 // ii. Set kPresent to ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-                k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
                 // iii. If kPresent is true, then
                 if k_present {
                     // 1. Set accumulator to ? Get(O, Pk).
-                    accumulator = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    accumulator = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 }
 
                 // iv. Set k to k + 1.
@@ -2060,12 +2127,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k_int);
 
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
                 // ii. Set accumulator to ? Call(callbackfn, undefined, « accumulator, kValue, 𝔽(k), O »).
                 accumulator = call_function(
@@ -2076,7 +2143,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                         accumulator,
                         k_value,
                         Number::from(k_int).into_value(),
-                        o.into_value(),
+                        o.get(agent).into_value(),
                     ])),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
@@ -2130,7 +2197,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         let initial_value = if arguments.len() >= 2 {
@@ -2140,10 +2207,10 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         };
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
 
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
 
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn, gc.nogc()) else {
@@ -2182,12 +2249,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 let pk = PropertyKey::try_from(k).unwrap();
 
                 // ii. Set kPresent to ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-                k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
                 // iii. If kPresent is true, then
                 if k_present {
                     // 1. Set accumulator to ? Get(O, Pk).
-                    accumulator = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    accumulator = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 }
 
                 // iv. Set k to k - 1.
@@ -2210,12 +2277,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             let pk = PropertyKey::try_from(k).unwrap();
 
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
                 // ii. Set accumulator to ? Call(callbackfn, undefined, « accumulator, kValue, 𝔽(k), O »).
                 accumulator = call_function(
@@ -2226,7 +2293,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                         accumulator,
                         k_value,
                         Number::try_from(k).unwrap().into(),
-                        o.into_value(),
+                        o.get(agent).into_value(),
                     ])),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
@@ -2244,7 +2311,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if let Value::Array(array) = this_value {
             // Fast path: Array is dense and contains no descriptors. No JS
@@ -2256,9 +2323,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         }
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let middle be floor(len / 2).
         let middle = len / 2;
         // 4. Let lower be 0.
@@ -2274,36 +2341,64 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             //    d. Let lowerExists be ? HasProperty(O, lowerP).
             //    e. If lowerExists is true, then
             //       i. Let lowerValue be ? Get(O, lowerP).
-            let lower_exists = has_property(agent, o, lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let lower_exists = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
             //    f. Let upperExists be ? HasProperty(O, upperP).
             //    g. If upperExists is true, then
             //       i. Let upperValue be ? Get(O, upperP).
-            let upper_exists = has_property(agent, o, upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let upper_exists = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
 
             //    h. If lowerExists is true and upperExists is true, then
             if lower_exists && upper_exists {
                 //       i. Perform ? Set(O, lowerP, upperValue, true).
                 //       ii. Perform ? Set(O, upperP, lowerValue, true).
-                let lower_value = get(agent, o, lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
-                let upper_value = get(agent, o, upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
-                set(agent, o, lower_p, upper_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
-                set(agent, o, upper_p, lower_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let lower_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let upper_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+                set(
+                    agent,
+                    o.get(agent),
+                    lower_p,
+                    upper_value,
+                    true,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
+                set(
+                    agent,
+                    o.get(agent),
+                    upper_p,
+                    lower_value,
+                    true,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
             }
             //    i. Else if lowerExists is false and upperExists is true, then
             else if !lower_exists && upper_exists {
                 //       i. Perform ? Set(O, lowerP, upperValue, true).
                 //       ii. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, upperP).
-                let upper_value = get(agent, o, upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
-                set(agent, o, lower_p, upper_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
-                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let upper_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+                set(
+                    agent,
+                    o.get(agent),
+                    lower_p,
+                    upper_value,
+                    true,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
+                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), upper_p, gc.reborrow())?;
             }
             //    j. Else if lowerExists is true and upperExists is false, then
             else if lower_exists && !upper_exists {
                 //       i. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, lowerP).
                 //       ii. Perform ? Set(O, upperP, lowerValue, true).
-                let lower_value = get(agent, o, lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
-                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
-                set(agent, o, upper_p, lower_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let lower_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), lower_p, gc.reborrow())?;
+                set(
+                    agent,
+                    o.get(agent),
+                    upper_p,
+                    lower_value,
+                    true,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
             }
             //    k. Else,
             else {
@@ -2315,7 +2410,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             lower += 1;
         }
         // 6. Return O.
-        Ok(o.into_value())
+        Ok(o.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.27 Array.prototype.shift ( )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.shift)
@@ -2331,7 +2426,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if let Value::Array(array) = this_value {
             if array.is_empty(agent) {
@@ -2376,15 +2471,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If len = 0, then
         if len == 0 {
             // a. Perform ? Set(O, "length", +0𝔽, true).
             set(
                 agent,
-                o,
+                o.get(agent),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
                 0.into(),
                 true,
@@ -2394,7 +2489,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             return Ok(Value::Undefined);
         }
         // 4. Let first be ? Get(O, "0").
-        let first = get(agent, o, 0.into(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let first = get(agent, o.get(agent), 0.into(), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 5. Let k be 1.
         let mut k = 1;
         // 6. Repeat, while k < len,
@@ -2404,28 +2499,33 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // b. Let to be ! ToString(𝔽(k - 1)).
             let to = (k - 1).try_into().unwrap();
             // c. Let fromPresent be ? HasProperty(O, from).
-            let from_present = has_property(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let from_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())?;
             // d. If fromPresent is true, then
             if from_present {
                 // i. Let fromValue be ? Get(O, from).
-                let from_value = get(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let from_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Perform ? Set(O, to, fromValue, true).
-                set(agent, o, to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                set(agent, o.get(agent), to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
             } else {
                 // e. Else,
                 // i. Assert: fromPresent is false.
                 // ii. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, to).
-                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, to, gc.reborrow())?;
+                delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), to, gc.reborrow())?;
             }
             // f. Set k to k + 1.
             k += 1;
         }
         // 7. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, ! ToString(𝔽(len - 1))).
-        delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, (len - 1).try_into().unwrap(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        delete_property_or_throw(
+            agent,
+            o.get(agent),
+            (len - 1).try_into().unwrap(),
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 8. Perform ? Set(O, "length", 𝔽(len - 1), true).
         set(
             agent,
-            o,
+            o.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
             (len - 1).try_into().unwrap(),
             true,
@@ -2456,7 +2556,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let start = arguments.get(0);
         let end = arguments.get(1);
@@ -2466,6 +2566,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             Value::Undefined | Value::Integer(_),
         ) = (this_value, start, end)
         {
+            let array = array.bind(gc.nogc());
             let len = array.len(agent) as usize;
             if array.is_trivial(agent) && array.is_dense(agent) {
                 let start = if let Value::Integer(relative_start) = start {
@@ -2488,26 +2589,34 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 } else {
                     len
                 };
+                let array = array.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
                 let count = end.saturating_sub(start);
-                let a = array_species_create(agent, array.into_object(), count, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let a = array_species_create(
+                    agent,
+                    array.get(agent).into_object(),
+                    count,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?
+                .unbind()
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
                 if count == 0 {
                     set(
                         agent,
-                        a,
+                        a.get(agent),
                         BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
                         0.into(),
                         true,
                         gc.reborrow(),
                     )?;
-                    return Ok(a.into_value());
+                    return Ok(a.get(agent).into_value());
                 }
-                if let Object::Array(a) = a {
+                if let Object::Array(a) = a.get(agent) {
                     if a.len(agent) as usize == count
                         && a.is_trivial(agent)
                         && a.as_slice(agent).iter().all(|el| el.is_none())
                     {
                         // Array full of holes
-                        let source_data = array.as_slice(agent)[start..end].as_ptr();
+                        let source_data = array.get(agent).as_slice(agent)[start..end].as_ptr();
                         let destination_data = a.as_mut_slice(agent).as_mut_ptr();
                         // SAFETY: Source and destination are properly aligned
                         // and valid for reads/writes. They do not overlap.
@@ -2536,9 +2645,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     // Note: Array is dense, we do not need to check this.
                     // c. If kPresent is true, then
                     // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                    let k_value = array.as_slice(agent)[k].unwrap();
+                    let k_value = array.get(agent).as_slice(agent)[k].unwrap();
                     // ii. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(n)), kValue).
-                    create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a, n.into(), k_value, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    create_data_property_or_throw(
+                        agent,
+                        a.get(agent),
+                        n.into(),
+                        k_value,
+                        gc.reborrow(),
+                    )?;
                     // d. Set k to k + 1.
                     k += 1;
                     // e. Set n to n + 1.
@@ -2547,20 +2662,20 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 // 15. Perform ? Set(A, "length", 𝔽(n), true).
                 set(
                     agent,
-                    a.into_object(),
+                    a.get(agent).into_object(),
                     BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
                     n.into(),
                     true,
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
                 // 16. Return A.
-                return Ok(a.into_value());
+                return Ok(a.get(agent).into_value());
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())? as usize;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())? as usize;
         // 3. Let relativeStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
         let relative_start = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, start, gc.reborrow())?;
         // 4. If relativeStart = -∞, let k be 0.
@@ -2593,7 +2708,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 11. Let count be max(final - k, 0).
         let count = final_end.saturating_sub(k);
         // 12. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, count).
-        let a = array_species_create(agent, o, count, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let a = array_species_create(agent, o.get(agent), count, gc.reborrow())?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 13. Let n be 0.
         let mut n = 0u32;
         // 14. Repeat, while k < final,
@@ -2601,13 +2718,19 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = k.try_into().unwrap();
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(n)), kValue).
-                create_data_property_or_throw(agent, a, n.into(), k_value, gc.reborrow())?;
+                create_data_property_or_throw(
+                    agent,
+                    a.get(agent),
+                    n.into(),
+                    k_value,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
             }
             // d. Set k to k + 1.
             k += 1;
@@ -2617,14 +2740,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 15. Perform ? Set(A, "length", 𝔽(n), true).
         set(
             agent,
-            a,
+            a.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
             n.into(),
             true,
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
         // 16. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     /// ### 23.1.3.29 Array.prototype.some ( callbackfn \[ , thisArg \] )(https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.some)
@@ -2669,15 +2792,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. If IsCallable(callbackfn) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(callback_fn) = is_callable(callback_fn, gc.nogc()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -2694,11 +2817,11 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
             let pk = k.try_into().unwrap();
             // b. Let kPresent be ? HasProperty(O, Pk).
-            let k_present = has_property(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let k_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
             // c. If kPresent is true, then
             if k_present {
                 // i. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-                let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // ii. Let testResult be ToBoolean(? Call(callbackfn, thisArg, « kValue, 𝔽(k), O »)).
                 let test_result = call_function(
                     agent,
@@ -2707,7 +2830,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     Some(ArgumentsList(&[
                         k_value,
                         k.try_into().unwrap(),
-                        o.into_value(),
+                        o.get(agent).into_value(),
                     ])),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?;
@@ -2751,7 +2874,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let comparator = args.get(0);
         // 1. If comparator is not undefined and IsCallable(comparator) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -2767,17 +2890,23 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             ));
         };
         // 2. Let obj be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let obj = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let obj = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 3. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(obj).
-        let len = usize::try_from(length_of_array_like(agent, obj, gc.reborrow())?).unwrap();
+        let len =
+            usize::try_from(length_of_array_like(agent, obj.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?).unwrap();
         // 4. Let SortCompare be a new Abstract Closure with parameters (x, y)
         //     that captures comparator and performs the following steps when
         //     called:
         //       a. Return ? CompareArrayElements(x, y, comparator).
         // 5. Let sortedList be ? SortIndexedProperties(obj, len, SortCompare,
         //     skip-holes).
-        let sorted_list: Vec<Value> =
-            sort_indexed_properties::<true, false>(agent, obj, len, comparator, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let sorted_list: Vec<Value> = sort_indexed_properties::<true, false>(
+            agent,
+            obj.get(agent),
+            len,
+            comparator,
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 6. Let itemCount be the number of elements in sortedList.
         let item_count = sorted_list.len();
         // 7. Let j be 0.
@@ -2787,7 +2916,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             // a. Perform ? Set(obj, ! ToString(𝔽(j)), sortedList[j], true).
             set(
                 agent,
-                obj,
+                obj.get(agent),
                 j.try_into().unwrap(),
                 sorted_list[j],
                 true,
@@ -2803,19 +2932,19 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 10. Repeat, while j < len,
         while j < len {
             // a. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(obj, ! ToString(𝔽(j))).
-            delete_property_or_throw(agent, obj, j.try_into().unwrap(), gc.reborrow())?;
+            delete_property_or_throw(agent, obj.get(agent), j.try_into().unwrap(), gc.reborrow())?;
             // b. Set j to j + 1.
             j += 1;
         }
         // 11. Return obj.
-        Ok(obj.into_value())
+        Ok(obj.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     fn splice(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let start = arguments.get(0);
         let delete_count = arguments.get(1);
@@ -2825,9 +2954,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             &[]
         };
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let relativeStart be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(start).
         let relative_start = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, start, gc.reborrow())?;
         let actual_start = if relative_start.is_neg_infinity() {
@@ -2866,7 +2995,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             ));
         }
         // 12. Let A be ? ArraySpeciesCreate(O, actualDeleteCount).
-        let a = array_species_create(agent, o, actual_delete_count, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let a = array_species_create(agent, o.get(agent), actual_delete_count, gc.reborrow())?
+            .unbind()
+            .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 13. Let k be 0.
         let mut k = 0;
         // 14. Repeat, while k < actualDeleteCount,
@@ -2874,13 +3005,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             //     a. Let from be ! ToString(𝔽(actualStart + k)).
             let from = (actual_start + k).try_into().unwrap();
             //     b. If ? HasProperty(O, from) is true, then
-            if has_property(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())? {
+            if has_property(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())? {
                 //     i. Let fromValue be ? Get(O, from).
-                let from_value = get(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let from_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())?;
                 //     ii. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(k)), fromValue).
                 create_data_property_or_throw(
                     agent,
-                    a,
+                    a.get(agent),
                     k.try_into().unwrap(),
                     from_value,
                     gc.reborrow(),
@@ -2892,7 +3023,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 15. Perform ? Set(A, "length", 𝔽(actualDeleteCount), true).
         set(
             agent,
-            a,
+            a.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
             (actual_delete_count as i64).try_into().unwrap(),
             true,
@@ -2910,15 +3041,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     //     ii. Let to be ! ToString(𝔽(k + itemCount)).
                     let to = (k + item_count).try_into().unwrap();
                     //     iii. If ? HasProperty(O, from) is true, then
-                    if has_property(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())? {
+                    if has_property(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())? {
                         //             1. Let fromValue be ? Get(O, from).
-                        let from_value = get(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())?;
+                        let from_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())?;
                         //             2. Perform ? Set(O, to, fromValue, true).
-                        set(agent, o, to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                        set(agent, o.get(agent), to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
                     } else {
                         //     iv. Else,
                         //         1. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, to).
-                        delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, to, gc.reborrow())?;
+                        delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), to, gc.reborrow())?;
                     }
                     k += 1;
                     //     v. Set k to k + 1.
@@ -2928,7 +3059,12 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 //     d. Repeat, while k > (len - actualDeleteCount + itemCount),
                 while k > (len as usize - actual_delete_count + item_count) {
                     //     i. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, ! ToString(𝔽(k - 1))).
-                    delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, (k - 1).try_into().unwrap(), gc.reborrow())?;
+                    delete_property_or_throw(
+                        agent,
+                        o.get(agent),
+                        (k - 1).try_into().unwrap(),
+                        gc.reborrow(),
+                    )?;
                     //     ii. Set k to k - 1.
                     k -= 1;
                 }
@@ -2944,15 +3080,15 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                     //     ii. Let to be ! ToString(𝔽(k + itemCount - 1)).
                     let to = (k + item_count - 1).try_into().unwrap();
                     //     iii. If ? HasProperty(O, from) is true, then
-                    if has_property(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())? {
+                    if has_property(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())? {
                         //             1. Let fromValue be ? Get(O, from).
-                        let from_value = get(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())?;
+                        let from_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())?;
                         //             2. Perform ? Set(O, to, fromValue, true).
-                        set(agent, o, to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                        set(agent, o.get(agent), to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
                     } else {
                         //     iv. Else,
                         //         1. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, to).
-                        delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, to, gc.reborrow())?;
+                        delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), to, gc.reborrow())?;
                     }
                     //     v. Set k to k - 1.
                     k -= 1;
@@ -2965,14 +3101,21 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         // 19. For each element E of items, do
         for e in items {
             //     a. Perform ? Set(O, ! ToString(𝔽(k)), E, true).
-            set(agent, o, k.try_into().unwrap(), *e, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+            set(
+                agent,
+                o.get(agent),
+                k.try_into().unwrap(),
+                *e,
+                true,
+                gc.reborrow(),
+            )?;
             //     b. Set k to k + 1.
             k += 1;
         }
         // 20. Perform ? Set(O, "length", 𝔽(len - actualDeleteCount + itemCount), true).
         set(
             agent,
-            o,
+            o.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
             (len as i64 - actual_delete_count as i64 + item_count as i64)
                 .try_into()
@@ -2981,14 +3124,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
         // 21. Return A.
-        Ok(a.into_value())
+        Ok(a.get(agent).into_value())
     }
 
     fn to_locale_string(
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -2997,7 +3140,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if let Value::Array(array) = this_value {
             let array = array.bind(gc.nogc());
@@ -3014,7 +3157,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         let scoped_o = o.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let A be ? ArrayCreate(len).
         let a = array_create(agent, len as usize, len as usize, None, gc.nogc())?
             .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
@@ -3049,7 +3192,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let comparator = args.get(0);
         // 1. If comparator is not undefined and IsCallable(comparator) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -3065,9 +3208,10 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             ));
         };
         // 2. Let o be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 3. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(obj).
-        let len = usize::try_from(length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?).unwrap();
+        let len =
+            usize::try_from(length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?).unwrap();
         // 4. Let A be ? ArrayCreate(len).
         let a = array_create(agent, len, len, None, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 5. Let SortCompare be a new Abstract Closure with parameters (x, y)
@@ -3075,8 +3219,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         //     called:
         //       a. Return ? CompareArrayElements(x, y, comparator).
         // 6. Let sortedList be ? SortIndexedProperties(O, len, SortCompare, read-through-holes).
-        let sorted_list: Vec<Value> =
-            sort_indexed_properties::<false, false>(agent, o, len, comparator, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let sorted_list: Vec<Value> = sort_indexed_properties::<false, false>(
+            agent,
+            o.get(agent),
+            len,
+            comparator,
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 7. Let j be 0.
         // 8. Repeat, while j < len,
         //      a. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(j)), sortedList[j]).
@@ -3098,7 +3247,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -3108,14 +3257,14 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let array be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let array = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let array = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let func be ? Get(array, "join").
         let func = get(
             agent,
-            array,
+            array.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.join.into(),
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
@@ -3128,7 +3277,13 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 .into_function()
         });
         // 4. Return ? Call(func, array).
-        call_function(agent, func.unbind(), array.into_value(), None, gc)
+        call_function(
+            agent,
+            func.unbind(),
+            array.get(agent).into_value(),
+            None,
+            gc,
+        )
     }
 
     /// ### [23.1.3.37 Array.prototype.unshift ( ...items )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-array.prototype.unshift)
@@ -3146,7 +3301,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         items: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // Fast path: Array is dense and contains no descriptors. No JS
         // functions can thus be called by unshift.
@@ -3178,9 +3333,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let argCount be the number of elements in items.
         let arg_count = items.len();
         // 4. If argCount > 0, then
@@ -3202,18 +3357,18 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 // ii. Let to be ! ToString(𝔽(k + argCount - 1)).
                 let to = (k + arg_count as i64 - 1).try_into().unwrap();
                 // iii. Let fromPresent be ? HasProperty(O, from).
-                let from_present = has_property(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let from_present = has_property(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())?;
                 // iv. If fromPresent is true, then
                 if from_present {
                     // 1. Let fromValue be ? Get(O, from).
-                    let from_value = get(agent, o, from, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    let from_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), from, gc.reborrow())?;
                     // 2. Perform ? Set(O, to, fromValue, true).
-                    set(agent, o, to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    set(agent, o.get(agent), to, from_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
                 } else {
                     // v. Else,
                     // 1. Assert: fromPresent is false.
                     // 2. Perform ? DeletePropertyOrThrow(O, to).
-                    delete_property_or_throw(agent, o, to, gc.reborrow())?;
+                    delete_property_or_throw(agent, o.get(agent), to, gc.reborrow())?;
                 }
                 // vi. Set k to k - 1.
                 k -= 1;
@@ -3223,14 +3378,21 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             for (j, e) in items.iter().enumerate() {
                 // i. Perform ? Set(O, ! ToString(j), E, true).
                 // ii. Set j to j + 1𝔽.
-                set(agent, o, j.try_into().unwrap(), *e, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+                set(
+                    agent,
+                    o.get(agent),
+                    j.try_into().unwrap(),
+                    *e,
+                    true,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
             }
         }
         // 5. Perform ? Set(O, "length", 𝔽(len + argCount), true).
         let len: Value = (len + arg_count as i64).try_into().unwrap();
         set(
             agent,
-            o,
+            o.get(agent),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.length.into(),
             len,
             true,
@@ -3244,7 +3406,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
         let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(this_value) else {
@@ -3263,7 +3425,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let index = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -3292,9 +3454,9 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
             }
         }
         // 1. Let O be ? ToObject(this value).
-        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
+        let o = to_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 2. Let len be ? LengthOfArrayLike(O).
-        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let len = length_of_array_like(agent, o.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 3. Let relativeIndex be ? ToIntegerOrInfinity(index).
         let relative_index = to_integer_or_infinity(agent, index, gc.reborrow())?.into_i64();
         // 4. If relativeIndex ≥ 0, let actualIndex be relativeIndex.
@@ -3326,7 +3488,7 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
                 value
             // c. Else, let fromValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
             } else {
-                get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?
+                get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?
             };
             // d. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, Pk, fromValue).
             unwrap_try(try_create_data_property_or_throw(
@@ -3459,42 +3621,39 @@ impl ArrayPrototype {
 /// The abstract operation IsConcatSpreadable takes argument O (an ECMAScript
 /// language value) and returns either a normal completion containing a Boolean
 /// or a throw completion.
-///
-/// > Note: Instead of returning a bool, Nova returns an Option<Object>.
 
-fn is_concat_spreadable(
+fn is_concat_spreadable<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     o: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<bool> {
     // 1. If O is not an Object, return false.
-    if let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(o) {
-        // 2. Let spreadable be ? Get(O, @@isConcatSpreadable).
-        let spreadable = get(
-            agent,
-            o,
-            WellKnownSymbolIndexes::IsConcatSpreadable.into(),
-            gc.reborrow(),
-        )?;
-        // 3. If spreadable is not undefined, return ToBoolean(spreadable).
-        if !spreadable.is_undefined() {
-            let spreadable = to_boolean(agent, spreadable);
-            if spreadable {
-                Ok(Some(o))
-            } else {
-                Ok(None)
-            }
+    let Ok(o) = Object::try_from(o) else {
+        return Ok(false);
+    };
+    // 2. Let spreadable be ? Get(O, @@isConcatSpreadable).
+    let spreadable = get(
+        agent,
+        o,
+        WellKnownSymbolIndexes::IsConcatSpreadable.into(),
+        gc.reborrow(),
+    )?;
+    // 3. If spreadable is not undefined, return ToBoolean(spreadable).
+    if !spreadable.is_undefined() {
+        let spreadable = to_boolean(agent, spreadable);
+        if spreadable {
+            Ok(true)
         } else {
-            // 4. Return ? IsArray(O).
-            let o_is_array = is_array(agent, o.into_value(), gc.nogc())?;
-            if o_is_array {
-                Ok(Some(o))
-            } else {
-                Ok(None)
-            }
+            Ok(false)
         }
     } else {
-        Ok(None)
+        // 4. Return ? IsArray(O).
+        let o_is_array = is_array(agent, o.into_value(), gc.nogc())?;
+        if o_is_array {
+            Ok(true)
+        } else {
+            Ok(false)
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -3534,12 +3693,12 @@ fn is_concat_spreadable(
 /// looked up from the prototype or are undefined.
 fn find_via_predicate(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    o: Object,
+    o: Scoped<'_, Object<'static>>,
     len: i64,
     ascending: bool,
     predicate: Value,
     this_arg: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<(i64, Value)> {
     // 1. If IsCallable(predicate) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Some(predicate) = is_callable(predicate, gc.nogc()) else {
@@ -3552,17 +3711,17 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
     let predicate = predicate.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     // 4. For each integer k of indices, do
     let check = |agent: &mut Agent,
-                 o: Object,
+                 o: Scoped<'_, Object<'static>>,
                  predicate: Scoped<'_, Function<'static>>,
                  this_arg: Value,
                  k: i64,
-                 mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>|
+                 mut gc: GcScope|
      -> JsResult<Option<(i64, Value)>> {
         // a. Let Pk be ! ToString(𝔽(k)).
         let pk = PropertyKey::Integer(k.try_into().unwrap());
         // b. NOTE: If O is a TypedArray, the following invocation of Get will return a normal completion.
         // c. Let kValue be ? Get(O, Pk).
-        let k_value = get(agent, o, pk, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let k_value = get(agent, o.get(agent), pk, gc.reborrow())?;
 
         // d. Let testResult be ? Call(predicate, thisArg, « kValue, 𝔽(k), O »).
         let test_result = call_function(
@@ -3571,7 +3730,7 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
             this_arg,
             Some(ArgumentsList(&[
                 Number::try_from(k).unwrap().into_value(),
-                o.into_value(),
+                o.get(agent).into_value(),
             ])),
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?;
@@ -3587,7 +3746,14 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
     if ascending {
         // a. Let indices be a List of the integers in the interval from 0 (inclusive) to len (exclusive), in ascending order.
         for k in 0..len {
-            if let Some(result) = check(agent, o, predicate.clone(), this_arg, k, gc.reborrow())? {
+            if let Some(result) = check(
+                agent,
+                o.clone(),
+                predicate.clone(),
+                this_arg,
+                k,
+                gc.reborrow(),
+            )? {
                 return Ok(result);
             }
         }
@@ -3595,7 +3761,14 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
         // 3. Else,
         // a. Let indices be a List of the integers in the interval from 0 (inclusive) to len (exclusive), in descending order.
         for k in (0..len).rev() {
-            if let Some(result) = check(agent, o, predicate.clone(), this_arg, k, gc.reborrow())? {
+            if let Some(result) = check(
+                agent,
+                o.clone(),
+                predicate.clone(),
+                this_arg,
+                k,
+                gc.reborrow(),
+            )? {
                 return Ok(result);
             }
         }
@@ -3614,14 +3787,14 @@ fn find_via_predicate(
 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn flatten_into_array(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    target: Object,
-    source: Object,
+    target: Scoped<'_, Object<'static>>,
+    source: Scoped<'_, Object<'static>>,
     source_len: usize,
     start: usize,
     depth: Option<usize>,
     mapper_function: Option<Scoped<'_, Function<'static>>>,
     this_arg: Option<Value>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<usize> {
     // 1. Assert: If mapperFunction is present, then IsCallable(mapperFunction) is true, thisArg is present, and depth is 1.
     assert!(mapper_function.is_none() || this_arg.is_some() && depth == Some(1));
@@ -3635,7 +3808,7 @@ fn flatten_into_array(
         let source_index_number = Number::try_from(source_index).unwrap();
         let p = PropertyKey::try_from(source_index).unwrap();
         // b. Let exists be ? HasProperty(source, P).
-        let exists = has_property(agent, source, p, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let exists = has_property(agent, source.get(agent), p, gc.reborrow())?;
         // c. If exists is true, then
         if !exists {
             // d. Set sourceIndex to sourceIndex + 1𝔽.
@@ -3643,7 +3816,7 @@ fn flatten_into_array(
             continue;
         }
         // i. Let element be ? Get(source, P).
-        let element = get(agent, source, p, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let element = get(agent, source.get(agent), p, gc.reborrow())?;
         // ii. If mapperFunction is present, then
         let element = if let Some(mapper_function) = &mapper_function {
             // 1. Set element to ? Call(mapperFunction, thisArg, « element, sourceIndex, source »).
@@ -3654,7 +3827,7 @@ fn flatten_into_array(
                 Some(ArgumentsList(&[
                     element,
                     source_index_number.into_value(),
-                    source.into_value(),
+                    source.get(agent).into_value(),
                 ])),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -3671,14 +3844,18 @@ fn flatten_into_array(
         // v. If shouldFlatten is true, then
         if should_flatten {
             // Note: Element is necessary an Array.
-            let element = Object::try_from(element).unwrap();
+            let element = Object::try_from(element)
+                .unwrap()
+                .bind(gc.nogc())
+                .scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let new_depth = depth.map(|depth| depth - 1);
             // 3. Let elementLen be ? LengthOfArrayLike(element).
-            let element_len = length_of_array_like(agent, element, gc.reborrow())? as usize;
+            let element_len =
+                length_of_array_like(agent, element.get(agent), gc.reborrow())? as usize;
             // 4. Set targetIndex to ? FlattenIntoArray(target, element, elementLen, targetIndex, newDepth).
             target_index = flatten_into_array(
                 agent,
-                target,
+                target.clone(),
                 element,
                 element_len,
                 target_index,
@@ -3700,7 +3877,7 @@ fn flatten_into_array(
             // 2. Perform ? CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(target, ! ToString(𝔽(targetIndex)), element).
             create_data_property_or_throw(
                 agent,
-                target,
+                target.get(agent),
                 target_index.try_into().unwrap(),
                 element,
                 gc.reborrow(),
@@ -3772,7 +3949,7 @@ fn sort_indexed_properties<const SKIP_HOLES: bool, const TYPED_ARRAY: bool>(
     obj: Object,
     len: usize,
     comparator: Option<Scoped<'_, Function<'static>>>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Vec<Value>> {
     // 1. Let items be a new empty List.
     let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(len);
@@ -3840,7 +4017,7 @@ fn compare_array_elements(
     x: Value,
     y: Value,
     comparator: Option<Scoped<'_, Function<'static>>>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Ordering> {
     // 1. If x and y are both undefined, return +0𝔽.
     if x.is_undefined() && y.is_undefined() {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/abstract_operations.rs
index fbf59b888..2af26f130 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/indexed_collections/typed_array_objects/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -350,11 +350,12 @@ pub(crate) fn allocate_typed_array<'a, T: Viewable>(
     let new_target = new_target.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Let proto be ? GetPrototypeFromConstructor(newTarget, defaultProto).
     let proto =
-        get_prototype_from_constructor(agent, new_target.unbind(), default_proto, gc.reborrow())?;
+        get_prototype_from_constructor(agent, new_target.unbind(), default_proto, gc.reborrow())?
+            .map(|p| p.unbind())
+            .map(|p| p.bind(gc.nogc()));
 
     // 2. Let obj be TypedArrayCreate(proto).
-    let gc = gc.into_nogc();
-    let obj = typed_array_create::<T>(agent, proto, gc);
+    let obj = typed_array_create::<T>(agent, proto, gc.nogc());
 
     // NOTE: Steps 3-7 are skipped, it's the defaults for TypedArrayHeapData.
     // 3. Assert: obj.[[ViewedArrayBuffer]] is undefined.
@@ -369,11 +370,11 @@ pub(crate) fn allocate_typed_array<'a, T: Viewable>(
     if let Some(length) = length {
         // 8. Else,
         // a. Perform ? AllocateTypedArrayBuffer(obj, length).
-        allocate_typed_array_buffer::<T>(agent, obj, length, gc)?;
+        allocate_typed_array_buffer::<T>(agent, obj, length, gc.nogc())?;
     }
 
     // 9. Return obj.
-    Ok(obj)
+    Ok(obj.unbind().bind(gc.into_nogc()))
 }
 
 /// ### [23.2.5.1.2 InitializeTypedArrayFromTypedArray ( O, srcArray )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-initializetypedarrayfromtypedarray)
@@ -674,7 +675,14 @@ pub(crate) fn initialize_typed_array_from_list<T: Viewable>(
                 gc.nogc(),
             ))?;
         } else {
-            set(agent, o.into_object(), pk, k_value, true, gc.reborrow())?;
+            set(
+                agent,
+                o.unbind().into_object(),
+                pk,
+                k_value,
+                true,
+                gc.reborrow(),
+            )?;
             o = scoped_o.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         }
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs
index 9906d8ed0..c4a828e9f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_constructor.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ use std::hash::Hasher;
 
 use ahash::AHasher;
 
+use crate::ecmascript::abstract_operations::operations_on_objects::try_get;
 use crate::engine::context::GcScope;
+use crate::engine::TryResult;
 use crate::{
     ecmascript::{
         abstract_operations::{
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ impl MapConstructor {
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
@@ -80,13 +82,15 @@ impl MapConstructor {
         };
         let new_target = Function::try_from(new_target).unwrap();
         // 2. Let map be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget, "%Map.prototype%", « [[MapData]] »).
-        let map = Map::try_from(ordinary_create_from_constructor(
+        let mut map = Map::try_from(ordinary_create_from_constructor(
             agent,
             new_target,
             ProtoIntrinsics::Map,
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?)
-        .unwrap();
+        .unwrap()
+        .unbind()
+        .bind(gc.nogc());
         // 3. Set map.[[MapData]] to a new empty List.
         let iterable = arguments.get(0);
         // 4. If iterable is either undefined or null, return map.
@@ -102,12 +106,24 @@ impl MapConstructor {
             // key.
 
             // 5. Let adder be ? Get(map, "set").
-            let adder = get(
+            let adder = if let TryResult::Continue(adder) = try_get(
                 agent,
-                map.into_object(),
+                map.into_object().unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set.to_property_key(),
-                gc.reborrow(),
-            )?;
+                gc.nogc(),
+            ) {
+                adder
+            } else {
+                let scoped_map = map.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+                let adder = get(
+                    agent,
+                    map.into_object().unbind(),
+                    BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set.to_property_key(),
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
+                map = scoped_map.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+                adder
+            };
             // 6. If IsCallable(adder) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             let Some(adder) = is_callable(adder, gc.nogc()) else {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -119,7 +135,7 @@ impl MapConstructor {
             // 7. Return ? AddEntriesFromIterable(map, iterable, adder).
             add_entries_from_iterable_map_constructor(
                 agent,
-                map,
+                map.unbind(),
                 iterable,
                 adder.unbind(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
@@ -132,7 +148,7 @@ impl MapConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -141,7 +157,7 @@ impl MapConstructor {
         _: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(this_value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator.rs
index aecb119ec..fc67ab890 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator.rs
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ impl IntoValue for MapIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for MapIterator<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for MapIterator<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<MapIterator<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<MapIterator<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: MapIterator) -> Self {
         Self::MapIterator(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for MapIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for MapIterator<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for MapIterator<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::MapIterator(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for MapIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for MapIterator<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for MapIterator<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::MapIterator;
 
     fn get_backing_object(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for MapIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for MapIterator<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for MapIterator<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<MapIterator<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = MapIteratorHeapData;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs
index 8a9e6bdb5..98e59c42f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_iterator_objects/map_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl MapIteratorPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let gc = gc.into_nogc();
         // 27.5.3.2 GeneratorValidate ( generator, generatorBrand )
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl MapIteratorPrototype {
         // 24.1.5.1 CreateMapIterator ( map, kind ), step 2
         // NOTE: We set `map` to None when the generator in the spec text has returned.
         let Some(map) = agent[iterator].map else {
-            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true).into_value());
+            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true, gc).into_value());
         };
 
         // a. Let entries be map.[[MapData]].
@@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ impl MapIteratorPrototype {
             };
 
             // 4. Perform ? GeneratorYield(CreateIteratorResultObject(result, false)).
-            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result, false).into_value());
+            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result, false, gc).into_value());
         }
 
         debug_assert_eq!(agent[iterator].next_index, agent[map].keys().len());
 
         // e. Return undefined.
         agent[iterator].map = None;
-        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true).into_value())
+        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true, gc).into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs
index 6f86e09e4..a670da908 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/map_objects/map_prototype.rs
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? CreateMapIterator(M, KEY+VALUE).
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(M, [[MapData]]).
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? CreateMapIterator(M, KEY).
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let value = arguments.get(1);
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let gc = gc.into_nogc();
         let m = require_map_data_internal_slot(agent, this_value, gc)?;
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ impl MapPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let M be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? CreateMapIterator(M, VALUE).
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs
index e16ddafb9..d2aac0179 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_constructor.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl SetConstructor {
         _: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let iterable = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -79,14 +79,22 @@ impl SetConstructor {
             ProtoIntrinsics::Set,
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?)
-        .unwrap();
+        .unwrap()
+        .unbind()
+        .bind(gc.nogc());
+        let scoped_set = set.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 3. Set set.[[SetData]] to a new empty List.
         // 4. If iterable is either undefined or null, return set.
         if iterable.is_undefined() || iterable.is_null() {
             return Ok(set.into_value());
         }
         // 5. Let adder be ? Get(set, "add").
-        let adder = get(agent, set, BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add.into(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let adder = get(
+            agent,
+            set.into_object().unbind(),
+            BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.add.into(),
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 6. If IsCallable(adder) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(adder) = is_callable(adder, gc.nogc()) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -97,11 +105,13 @@ impl SetConstructor {
         };
         let adder = adder.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         if let Value::Array(iterable) = iterable {
+            let iterable = iterable.bind(gc.nogc());
+            let scoped_iterable = iterable.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             if iterable.is_trivial(agent)
                 && iterable.is_dense(agent)
                 && get_method(
                     agent,
-                    iterable.into_value(),
+                    iterable.unbind().into_value(),
                     PropertyKey::Symbol(WellKnownSymbolIndexes::Iterator.into()),
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )? == Some(
@@ -114,7 +124,8 @@ impl SetConstructor {
             {
                 // Accessorless, holeless array with standard Array values
                 // iterator. We can fast-path this.
-
+                let set = scoped_set.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
+                let iterable = scoped_iterable.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
                 let Heap {
                     elements,
                     arrays,
@@ -177,13 +188,13 @@ impl SetConstructor {
             let next = iterator_step_value(agent, &mut iterator_record, gc.reborrow())?;
             // b. If next is DONE, return set.
             let Some(next) = next else {
-                return Ok(set.into_value());
+                return Ok(scoped_set.get(agent).into_value());
             };
             // c. Let status be Completion(Call(adder, set, « next »)).
             let status = call_function(
                 agent,
                 adder.get(agent),
-                set.into_value(),
+                scoped_set.get(agent).into_value(),
                 Some(ArgumentsList(&[next])),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             );
@@ -196,7 +207,7 @@ impl SetConstructor {
         _: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(this_value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator.rs
index 0375ef91b..6e802813b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator.rs
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ impl IntoValue for SetIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for SetIterator<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for SetIterator<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
 
-impl From<SetIterator<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<SetIterator<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: SetIterator) -> Self {
         Self::SetIterator(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for SetIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for SetIterator<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for SetIterator<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::SetIterator(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for SetIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for SetIterator<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for SetIterator<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::SetIterator;
 
     fn get_backing_object(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for SetIterator<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for SetIterator<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for SetIterator<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<SetIterator<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = SetIteratorHeapData;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs
index f905adf49..000f00479 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_iterator_objects/set_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl SetIteratorPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let gc = gc.into_nogc();
         // 27.5.3.2 GeneratorValidate ( generator, generatorBrand )
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl SetIteratorPrototype {
         // 24.2.6.1 CreateSetIterator ( set, kind )
         // NOTE: We set `set` to None when the generator in the spec text has returned.
         let Some(set) = agent[iterator].set else {
-            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true).into_value());
+            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true, gc).into_value());
         };
 
         // b. Let entries be set.[[SetData]].
@@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ impl SetIteratorPrototype {
                 }
             };
 
-            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result, false).into_value());
+            return Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, result, false, gc).into_value());
         }
 
         debug_assert_eq!(agent[iterator].next_index, agent[set].values().len());
 
         // e. Return undefined.
         agent[iterator].set = None;
-        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true).into_value())
+        Ok(create_iter_result_object(agent, Value::Undefined, true, gc).into_value())
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn create_intrinsic(agent: &mut Agent, realm: RealmIdentifier) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs
index bfbaf3bcf..32aa115ae 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/set_objects/set_prototype.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? CreateSetIterator(S, KEY+VALUE).
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let callback_fn = arguments.get(0);
         let this_arg = arguments.get(1);
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(S, [[SetData]]).
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ impl SetPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? CreateSetIterator(S, VALUE).
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs
index 7f4711800..e5e8b44b5 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_constructor.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl WeakMapConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs
index 3df81cb91..4699205ef 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_map_objects/weak_map_prototype.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl WeakMapPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs
index 424c817ac..6bd45b3c8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_constructor.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl WeakSetConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs
index 0ec1a5ada..6ec345070 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/keyed_collections/weak_set_objects/weak_set_prototype.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl WeakSetPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl WeakSetPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ impl WeakSetPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs
index 161811813..6bb19b6ea 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_constructor.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl FinalizationRegistryConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs
index f72d64d91..518bd399f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/finalization_registry_objects/finalization_registry_prototype.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl FinalizationRegistryPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl FinalizationRegistryPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs
index b7fdffd55..cf86aa805 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_constructor.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl WeakRefConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs
index c6a85a3b8..1cb80851a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/managing_memory/weak_ref_objects/weak_ref_prototype.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ impl WeakRefPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/map.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/map.rs
index 1fb339cd0..558c253cf 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/map.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/map.rs
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Map<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Map<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Map<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -86,16 +86,16 @@ impl From<Map<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Map<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Map<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: Map) -> Self {
         Object::Map(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for Map<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for Map<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::Map(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for Map<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Map<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Map<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Map;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Map<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Map<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Map<'a> {}
 
 impl HeapMarkAndSweep for Map<'static> {
     fn mark_values(&self, queues: &mut WorkQueues) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs
index f34937b8b..6424f8db2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/module.rs
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Module<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Module<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Module<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl From<Module<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Module<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Module<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: Module) -> Self {
         Object::Module(val.unbind())
     }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl Module<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Module<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Module<'a> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn get_backing_object(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
         agent[self].object_index
@@ -164,20 +164,20 @@ impl InternalSlots for Module<'_> {
 
     fn internal_set_extensible(self, _agent: &mut Agent, _value: bool) {}
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         None
     }
 
     fn internal_set_prototype(self, _agent: &mut Agent, _prototype: Option<Object>) {}
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Module<'a> {
     /// ### [10.4.6.1 \[\[GetPrototypeOf\]\] ( )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-module-namespace-exotic-objects-getprototypeof)
-    fn try_get_prototype_of(
+    fn try_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
         self,
         _: &mut Agent,
-        _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object>> {
+        _: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(None)
     }
 
@@ -186,19 +186,19 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         self,
         _: &mut Agent,
         prototype: Option<Object>,
-        _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         // This is what it all comes down to in the end.
         TryResult::Continue(prototype.is_none())
     }
 
     /// ### [10.4.6.3 \[\[IsExtensible\]\] ( )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-module-namespace-exotic-objects-isextensible)
-    fn try_is_extensible(self, _: &mut Agent, _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> TryResult<bool> {
+    fn try_is_extensible(self, _: &mut Agent, _: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(false)
     }
 
     /// ### [10.4.6.4 \[\[PreventExtensions\]\] ( )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-module-namespace-exotic-objects-preventextensions)
-    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, _: &mut Agent, _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> TryResult<bool> {
+    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, _: &mut Agent, _: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(true)
     }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match property_key {
             PropertyKey::Symbol(_) => {
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         match property_key {
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match property_key {
             PropertyKey::Symbol(_) => {
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         match property_key {
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match property_key {
             PropertyKey::Integer(_) | PropertyKey::SmallString(_) | PropertyKey::String(_) => {
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         // NOTE: ResolveExport is side-effect free. Each time this operation
         // is called with a specific exportName, resolveSet pair as arguments
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
 
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         _: PropertyKey,
         _: Value,
         _: Value,
-        _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(false)
     }
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Module<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match property_key {
             PropertyKey::Symbol(_) => {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs
index 8148b69b2..61df0d03a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_constructor.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl BigIntConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if new_target.is_some() {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl BigIntConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let bits = to_index(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
         let Ok(bits) = u32::try_from(bits) else {
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ impl BigIntConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let bits = to_index(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
         let Ok(bits) = u32::try_from(bits) else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs
index 9a2023345..e99860ef4 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/bigint_objects/bigint_prototype.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl BigIntPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::to_string(agent, this_value, arguments, gc)
     }
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl BigIntPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _x = this_big_int_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         let radix = arguments.get(0);
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl BigIntPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         this_big_int_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).map(|result| result.into_value())
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs
index 884fb6430..cccc7fb40 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_constructor.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl DateConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, then
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl DateConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let time_value = SystemTime::now()
             .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ impl DateConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl DateConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _ns = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let y be ? ToNumber(year).
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs
index 873e6e4ad..ca0613697 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/date_objects/date_prototype.rs
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -642,7 +642,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let _date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         todo!()
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let date_object = check_date_object(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         let data = &agent[date_object].date;
@@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ impl DatePrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let hint = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs
index 0993c881b..c0aaa5082 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/math_object.rs
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
         Ok(n.abs(agent).into_value())
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?.into_f64(agent);
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let ny be ? ToNumber(y).
         let ny = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?.into_f64(agent);
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?.unbind();
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let n = arguments.get(0);
         // 4. If n is an integral Number, return n.
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToUint32(x).
         let n = to_uint32(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -713,7 +713,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?.into_f64(agent);
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?.into_f64(agent);
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         //1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let n = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -860,7 +860,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let coerced be a new empty List.
 
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let a be ℝ(? ToUint32(x)).
         let a = to_uint32(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1088,7 +1088,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if arguments.is_empty() {
             return Ok(Value::neg_inf());
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if arguments.is_empty() {
             return Ok(Value::pos_inf());
@@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let base = arguments.get(0);
         let exponent = arguments.get(1);
@@ -1345,7 +1345,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(Value::from_f64(
             agent,
@@ -1358,7 +1358,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let n = arguments.get(0);
         if n.is_integer() {
@@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1433,7 +1433,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1492,7 +1492,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -1517,7 +1517,7 @@ impl MathObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let n be ? ToNumber(x).
         let n_number = to_number(agent, arguments.get(0), gc.reborrow())?;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs
index 245031448..172d2ffd3 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_constructor.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let value = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let maybe_number = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let maybe_number = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let maybe_number = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl NumberConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let maybe_number = arguments.get(0);
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs
index a24cb1e26..3103f25be 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/numbers_and_dates/number_objects/number_prototype.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let fraction_digits = arguments.get(0);
         // Let x be ? ThisNumberValue(this value).
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let fraction_digits = arguments.get(0);
         // Let x be ? ThisNumberValue(this value).
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Self::to_string(agent, this_value, arguments, gc)
     }
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let precision = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let x = this_number_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
         let radix = arguments.get(0);
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ impl NumberPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         this_number_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).map(|result| result.into_value())
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs
index aeac0445e..ff5c28e6b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/ordinary.rs
@@ -98,14 +98,14 @@ impl IndexMut<OrdinaryObject<'_>> for Vec<Option<ObjectHeapData>> {
 }
 
 /// ### [10.1 Ordinary Object Internal Methods and Internal Slots](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ordinary-object-internal-methods-and-internal-slots)
-impl InternalMethods for OrdinaryObject<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for OrdinaryObject<'a> {}
 
 /// ### [10.1.1.1 OrdinaryGetPrototypeOf ( O )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ordinarygetprototypeof)
-pub(crate) fn ordinary_get_prototype_of(
+pub(crate) fn ordinary_get_prototype_of<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     object: OrdinaryObject,
-    _: NoGcScope,
-) -> Option<Object> {
+    _: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> Option<Object<'a>> {
     // 1. Return O.[[Prototype]].
     object.internal_prototype(agent)
 }
@@ -552,12 +552,17 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_property(
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
+    let object = object.bind(gc.nogc());
     let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
     // Note: We scope here because it's likely we've already tried.
+    let scoped_object = object.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     let scoped_property_key = property_key.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     // 1. Let hasOwn be ? O.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
 
-    let has_own = object.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+    let has_own =
+        object
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
 
     // 2. If hasOwn is not undefined, return true.
     if has_own.is_some() {
@@ -565,13 +570,17 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_property(
     }
 
     // 3. Let parent be ? O.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
+    let object = scoped_object.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
     let (parent, property_key) =
         if let TryResult::Continue(parent) = object.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.nogc()) {
             (parent, scoped_property_key.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()))
         } else {
-            // Note: We should root property_key here.
             (
-                object.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?,
+                object
+                    .unbind()
+                    .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?
+                    .map(|f| f.unbind())
+                    .map(|f| f.bind(gc.nogc())),
                 scoped_property_key.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc()),
             )
         };
@@ -579,7 +588,9 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_has_property(
     // 4. If parent is not null, then
     if let Some(parent) = parent {
         // a. Return ? parent.[[HasProperty]](P).
-        return parent.internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
+        return parent
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
     }
 
     // 5. Return false.
@@ -643,16 +654,21 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_get(
     receiver: Value,
     mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
+    let object = object.bind(gc.nogc());
     let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
     // Note: We scope here because it's likely we've already tried.
+    let scoped_object = object.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     let scoped_property_key = property_key.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     // 1. Let desc be ? O.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
     let Some(descriptor) =
-        object.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?
+        object
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?
     else {
         // 2. If desc is undefined, then
 
         // a. Let parent be ? O.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
+        let object = scoped_object.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         let (parent, property_key, receiver) =
             if let TryResult::Continue(parent) = object.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.nogc()) {
                 let Some(parent) = parent else {
@@ -666,9 +682,13 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_get(
             } else {
                 // Note: We should root property_key and receiver here.
                 let receiver = receiver.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
-                let Some(parent) = object.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())? else {
+                let Some(parent) = object
+                    .unbind()
+                    .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?
+                else {
                     return Ok(Value::Undefined);
                 };
+                let parent = parent.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
                 let receiver = receiver.get(agent);
                 (
                     parent,
@@ -678,7 +698,9 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_get(
             };
 
         // c. Return ? parent.[[Get]](P, Receiver).
-        return parent.internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc);
+        return parent
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc.reborrow());
     };
 
     // 3. If IsDataDescriptor(desc) is true, return desc.[[Value]].
@@ -868,7 +890,7 @@ fn ordinary_try_set_with_own_descriptor(
 fn ordinary_set_with_own_descriptor(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     object: Object,
-    scoped_property_key: Scoped<'_, PropertyKey>,
+    scoped_property_key: Scoped<'_, PropertyKey<'static>>,
     value: Value,
     receiver: Value,
     own_descriptor: Option<PropertyDescriptor>,
@@ -887,7 +909,9 @@ fn ordinary_set_with_own_descriptor(
         if let Some(parent) = parent {
             // i. Return ? parent.[[Set]](P, V, Receiver).
             // Note: Prototype might be a Proxy or contain a setter.
-            return parent.internal_set(agent, property_key.unbind(), value, receiver, gc);
+            return parent
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_set(agent, property_key.unbind(), value, receiver, gc);
         }
         // c. Else,
         else {
@@ -1094,11 +1118,12 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_own_property_keys<'a>(
 /// default prototype from the intrinsics, otherwise with the given prototype.
 /// To create an object with null prototype, both `proto_intrinsics` and
 /// `prototype` must be None.
-pub(crate) fn ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
+pub(crate) fn ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     proto_intrinsics: Option<ProtoIntrinsics>,
     prototype: Option<Object>,
-) -> Object {
+    gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> Object<'a> {
     let Some(proto_intrinsics) = proto_intrinsics else {
         assert!(prototype.is_none());
         return agent.heap.create_null_object(&[]).into();
@@ -1291,7 +1316,7 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
         object.internal_set_prototype(agent, Some(prototype));
     }
 
-    object
+    object.bind(gc)
 }
 
 /// ### [10.1.13 OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor ( constructor, intrinsicDefaultProto \[ , internalSlotsList \] )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ordinarycreatefromconstructor)
@@ -1310,27 +1335,32 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
 /// NOTE: In this implementation, `intrinsic_default_proto` also defines which
 /// kind of heap data type the created object uses, and therefore which internal
 /// slots it has. Therefore the `internalSlotsList` property isn't present.
-pub(crate) fn ordinary_create_from_constructor(
+pub(crate) fn ordinary_create_from_constructor<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     constructor: Function,
     intrinsic_default_proto: ProtoIntrinsics,
-    gc: GcScope,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
     let constructor = constructor.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Assert: intrinsicDefaultProto is this specification's name of an
     // intrinsic object. The corresponding object must be an intrinsic that is
     // intended to be used as the [[Prototype]] value of an object.
 
     // 2. Let proto be ? GetPrototypeFromConstructor(constructor, intrinsicDefaultProto).
-    let proto =
-        get_prototype_from_constructor(agent, constructor.unbind(), intrinsic_default_proto, gc)?;
+    let proto = get_prototype_from_constructor(
+        agent,
+        constructor.unbind(),
+        intrinsic_default_proto,
+        gc.reborrow(),
+    )?;
     // 3. If internalSlotsList is present, let slotsList be internalSlotsList.
     // 4. Else, let slotsList be a new empty List.
     // 5. Return OrdinaryObjectCreate(proto, slotsList).
     Ok(ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
         agent,
         Some(intrinsic_default_proto),
-        proto,
+        proto.map(|f| f.unbind()),
+        gc.into_nogc(),
     ))
 }
 
@@ -1348,12 +1378,12 @@ pub(crate) fn ordinary_create_from_constructor(
 /// NOTE: In this implementation, the function returns None if the prototype it
 /// would otherwise return is the prototype that corresponds to
 /// `intrinsic_default_proto`.
-pub(crate) fn get_prototype_from_constructor(
+pub(crate) fn get_prototype_from_constructor<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     constructor: Function,
     intrinsic_default_proto: ProtoIntrinsics,
-    gc: GcScope,
-) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
+    gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Option<Object<'a>>> {
     let constructor = constructor.bind(gc.nogc());
     let function_realm = get_function_realm(agent, constructor);
     // NOTE: %Constructor%.prototype is an immutable property; we can thus
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs
index 5524bba7c..416ef2bc5 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/primitive_objects.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl<'a> From<PrimitiveObjectIndex<'a>> for PrimitiveObject<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<PrimitiveObject<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<PrimitiveObject<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: PrimitiveObject) -> Self {
         Self::PrimitiveObject(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ impl From<PrimitiveObject<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for PrimitiveObject<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ impl IntoValue for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for PrimitiveObject<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::PrimitiveObject(obj) => Ok(obj),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl<'a> PrimitiveObject<'a> {
     /// the PrimitiveObject as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
     /// collection.
     pub fn unbind(self) -> PrimitiveObject<'static> {
-        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<PrimitiveObject<'_>, PrimitiveObject<'static>>(self) }
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<PrimitiveObject, PrimitiveObject<'static>>(self) }
     }
 
     // Bind this PrimitiveObject to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ impl<'a> PrimitiveObject<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for PrimitiveObject<'a> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn get_backing_object(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
         agent[self].object_index
@@ -204,10 +204,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
             .is_none());
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(
-        self,
-        agent: &crate::ecmascript::execution::Agent,
-    ) -> Option<crate::ecmascript::types::Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(obj) => obj.internal_prototype(agent),
             None => {
@@ -237,12 +234,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for PrimitiveObject<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         // For non-string primitive objects:
         // 1. Return OrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O, P).
@@ -270,7 +267,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
             // For string exotic objects:
@@ -306,7 +303,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
             if string
@@ -342,7 +339,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
@@ -367,7 +364,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
                 // 4. If parent is not null, then
                 if let Some(parent) = parent {
                     // a. Return ? parent.[[HasProperty]](P).
-                    parent.internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc)
+                    parent
+                        .unbind()
+                        .internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc)
                 } else {
                     // 5. Return false.
                     Ok(false)
@@ -381,7 +380,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
             if let Some(string_desc) = string.get_property_descriptor(agent, property_key) {
@@ -412,7 +411,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
@@ -434,7 +433,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
                 };
 
                 // c. Return ? parent.[[Get]](P, Receiver).
-                parent.internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc)
+                parent
+                    .unbind()
+                    .internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -445,7 +446,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
             if string
@@ -466,7 +467,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
@@ -493,7 +494,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
             // A String will return unconfigurable descriptors for length and
@@ -517,11 +518,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for PrimitiveObject<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         if let Ok(string) = String::try_from(agent[self].data) {
             let len = string.utf16_len(agent);
             let mut keys = Vec::with_capacity(len + 1);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/promise.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/promise.rs
index fccf88e1d..86eb24492 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/promise.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/promise.rs
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Promise<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Promise<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Promise<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -104,13 +104,13 @@ impl From<Promise<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Promise<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Promise<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: Promise) -> Self {
         Object::Promise(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Promise<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Promise<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Promise;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Promise<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Promise<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Promise<'a> {}
 
 impl CreateHeapData<PromiseHeapData, Promise<'static>> for Heap {
     fn create(&mut self, data: PromiseHeapData) -> Promise<'static> {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs
index 9e0079d5c..b5bc35b20 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy.rs
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Proxy<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Proxy<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Proxy<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ impl From<Proxy<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Proxy<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Proxy<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: Proxy) -> Self {
         Object::Proxy(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Proxy<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Proxy<'a> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn get_backing_object(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
         todo!()
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Proxy<'_> {
         todo!();
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, _agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         todo!();
     }
 
@@ -137,16 +137,20 @@ impl InternalSlots for Proxy<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
-    fn try_get_prototype_of(self, _: &mut Agent, _: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<Option<Object>> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Proxy<'a> {
+    fn try_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
+        self,
+        _: &mut Agent,
+        _: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Break(())
     }
 
-    fn internal_get_prototype_of(
+    fn internal_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        mut gc: GcScope,
-    ) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
+        mut gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         // 1. Perform ? ValidateNonRevokedProxy(O).
         // 2. Let target be O.[[ProxyTarget]].
         // 3. Let handler be O.[[ProxyHandler]].
@@ -169,7 +173,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getPrototypeOf.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -261,6 +265,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             mut target,
             mut handler,
         } = validate_non_revoked_proxy(agent, self, gc.nogc())?;
+        let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 5. Let trap be ? GetMethod(handler, "setPrototypeOf").
         let trap = if let TryResult::Continue(trap) = try_get_object_method(
             agent,
@@ -270,11 +275,10 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         ) {
             trap?
         } else {
-            let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.setPrototypeOf.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -288,7 +292,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         // 6. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // a. Return ? target.[[SetPrototypeOf]](V).
-            return target.internal_set_prototype_of(agent, prototype, gc);
+            return target
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_set_prototype_of(agent, prototype, gc);
         };
         // 7. Let booleanTrapResult be ToBoolean(? Call(trap, handler, « target, V »)).
         let argument = call_function(
@@ -304,13 +310,15 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             return Ok(false);
         }
         // 9. Let extensibleTarget be ? IsExtensible(target).
-        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, target, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, scoped_target.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 10. If extensibleTarget is true, return true.
         if extensible_target {
             return Ok(true);
         }
         // 11. Let targetProto be ? target.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
-        let target_proto = target.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let target_proto = scoped_target
+            .get(agent)
+            .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
         // 12. If SameValue(V, targetProto) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         if prototype != target_proto {
             return  Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
@@ -350,7 +358,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.isExtensible.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -419,7 +427,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.preventExtensions.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -493,6 +501,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             mut target,
             mut handler,
         } = validate_non_revoked_proxy(agent, self, gc.nogc())?;
+        let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         // 5. Let trap be ? GetMethod(handler, "getOwnPropertyDescriptor").
         let trap = if let TryResult::Continue(trap) = try_get_object_method(
             agent,
@@ -502,11 +511,10 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         ) {
             trap?
         } else {
-            let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.getOwnPropertyDescriptor.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -520,7 +528,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         // 6. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // a. Return ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
-            return target.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc);
+            return target
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
         };
         // 7. Let trapResultObj be ? Call(trap, handler, « target, P »).
 
@@ -541,7 +551,10 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             ));
         };
         // 9. Let targetDesc be ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
-        let target_desc = target.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let target_desc = scoped_target
+            .get(agent)
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 10. If trapResultObj is undefined, then
         if trap_result_obj.is_undefined() {
             if let Some(target_desc) = target_desc {
@@ -561,7 +574,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
             // c. Let extensibleTarget be ? IsExtensible(target).
-            let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, target, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, scoped_target.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
             // d. If extensibleTarget is false, throw a TypeError exception.
             if !extensible_target {
                 return Err(agent.throw_exception(
@@ -577,7 +590,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             return Ok(None);
         };
         // 11. Let extensibleTarget be ? IsExtensible(target).
-        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, target, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, scoped_target.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 12. Let resultDesc be ? ToPropertyDescriptor(trapResultObj).
         let mut result_desc =
             PropertyDescriptor::to_property_descriptor(agent, trap_result_obj, gc.reborrow())?;
@@ -663,6 +676,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             mut target,
             mut handler,
         } = validate_non_revoked_proxy(agent, self, gc.nogc())?;
+        let mut scoped_target = None;
         // 5. Let trap be ? GetMethod(handler, "defineProperty").
         let trap = if let TryResult::Continue(trap) = try_get_object_method(
             agent,
@@ -673,10 +687,10 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             trap?
         } else {
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
-            let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            scoped_target = Some(target.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.defineProperty.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -684,19 +698,20 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let gc = gc.nogc();
             let trap = trap.map(|f| f.bind(gc));
             handler = scoped_handler.get(agent).bind(gc);
-            target = scoped_target.get(agent).bind(gc);
+            target = scoped_target.as_ref().unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc);
             trap
         };
         // 6. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // a. Return ? target.[[DefineOwnProperty]](P, Desc).
-            return target.internal_define_own_property(
+            return target.unbind().internal_define_own_property(
                 agent,
                 property_key.unbind(),
                 property_descriptor,
                 gc,
             );
         };
+        let scoped_target = scoped_target.unwrap_or_else(|| target.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
         // 7. Let descObj be FromPropertyDescriptor(Desc).
         let desc_obj = PropertyDescriptor::from_property_descriptor(
             property_descriptor.clone().into(),
@@ -718,9 +733,13 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             return Ok(false);
         };
         // 10. Let targetDesc be ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
-        let target_desc = target.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let target_desc = scoped_target.get(agent).internal_get_own_property(
+            agent,
+            property_key.unbind(),
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 11. Let extensibleTarget be ? IsExtensible(target).
-        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, target, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, scoped_target.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 12. If Desc has a [[Configurable]] field and Desc.[[Configurable]] is false, then
         let setting_config_false = property_descriptor.configurable == Some(false);
         // 14. If targetDesc is undefined, then
@@ -769,7 +788,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             };
             // b. If settingConfigFalse is true and targetDesc.[[Configurable]] is true, throw a TypeError exception.
             if setting_config_false {
-                if let Some(ref target_desc) = target_desc {
+                if let Some(target_desc) = &target_desc {
                     if target_desc.configurable == Some(true) {
                         return Err(agent.throw_exception(
                             ExceptionType::TypeError,
@@ -840,7 +859,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.has.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -855,7 +874,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         // 6. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // Return ? target.[[HasProperty]](P).
-            return target.internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
+            return target
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
         };
 
         // 7. Let booleanTrapResult be ToBoolean(? Call(trap, handler, « target, P »)).
@@ -874,8 +895,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             // a. Let targetDesc be ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
             let target = scoped_target.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
             let property_key = scoped_property_key.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
-            let target_desc =
-                target.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+            let target_desc = target.unbind().internal_get_own_property(
+                agent,
+                property_key.unbind(),
+                gc.reborrow(),
+            )?;
             //    b. If targetDesc is not undefined, then
             if let Some(target_desc) = target_desc {
                 //  i. If targetDesc.[[Configurable]] is false, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -954,7 +978,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let scoped_receiver = receiver.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.get.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -970,7 +994,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         // 6. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // a. Return ? target.[[Get]](P, Receiver).
-            return target.internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc);
+            return target
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc);
         };
         // 7. Let trapResult be ? Call(trap, handler, « target, P, Receiver »).
         let p = property_key.convert_to_value(agent, gc.nogc());
@@ -984,8 +1010,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         // 8. Let targetDesc be ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
         let target = scoped_target.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         let property_key = scoped_property_key.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
-        let target_desc =
-            target.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let target_desc = target.unbind().internal_get_own_property(
+            agent,
+            property_key.unbind(),
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 9. If targetDesc is not undefined and targetDesc.[[Configurable]] is false, then
         if let Some(target_desc) = target_desc {
             if target_desc.configurable == Some(false) {
@@ -1065,7 +1094,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let scoped_receiver = receiver.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.set.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -1081,7 +1110,9 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         // 6. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // a. Return ? target.[[Set]](P, V, Receiver).
-            return target.internal_set(agent, property_key.unbind(), value, receiver, gc);
+            return target
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_set(agent, property_key.unbind(), value, receiver, gc);
         };
         // 7. Let booleanTrapResult be ToBoolean(? Call(trap, handler, « target, P, V, Receiver »)).
         let p = property_key.convert_to_value(agent, gc.nogc());
@@ -1102,8 +1133,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         // 9. Let targetDesc be ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
         let target = scoped_target.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
         let property_key = scoped_property_key.get(agent).bind(gc.nogc());
-        let target_desc =
-            target.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let target_desc = target.unbind().internal_get_own_property(
+            agent,
+            property_key.unbind(),
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 10. If targetDesc is not undefined and targetDesc.[[Configurable]] is false, then
         if let Some(target_desc) = target_desc {
             if target_desc.configurable == Some(false) {
@@ -1150,6 +1184,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             mut target,
             mut handler,
         } = validate_non_revoked_proxy(agent, self, gc.nogc())?;
+        let mut scoped_target = None;
         // 5. Let trap be ? GetMethod(handler, "deleteProperty").
         let trap = if let TryResult::Continue(trap) = try_get_object_method(
             agent,
@@ -1160,11 +1195,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             trap?
         } else {
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
-            let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
+            scoped_target = Some(target.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
             let scoped_property_key = property_key.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.deleteProperty.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -1172,15 +1207,18 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let gc = gc.nogc();
             let trap = trap.map(|f| f.bind(gc));
             handler = scoped_handler.get(agent).bind(gc);
-            target = scoped_target.get(agent).bind(gc);
+            target = scoped_target.as_ref().unwrap().get(agent).bind(gc);
             property_key = scoped_property_key.get(agent);
             trap
         };
         // 6. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // a. Return ? target.[[Delete]](P).
-            return target.internal_delete(agent, property_key, gc);
+            return target
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_delete(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc);
         };
+        let scoped_target = scoped_target.unwrap_or_else(|| target.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
         // 7. Let booleanTrapResult be ToBoolean(? Call(trap, handler, « target, P »)).
         let p = property_key.convert_to_value(agent, gc.nogc());
         let argument = call_function(
@@ -1196,7 +1234,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             return Ok(false);
         };
         // 9. Let targetDesc be ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
-        let target_desc = target.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let target_desc = scoped_target.get(agent).internal_get_own_property(
+            agent,
+            property_key.unbind(),
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
         // 10. If targetDesc is undefined, return true.
         let Some(target_desc) = target_desc else {
             return Ok(true);
@@ -1213,7 +1255,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             ));
         };
         // 12. Let extensibleTarget be ? IsExtensible(target).
-        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, target, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let extensible_target = is_extensible(agent, scoped_target.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 13. If extensibleTarget is false, throw a TypeError exception.
         if !extensible_target {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception(
@@ -1229,19 +1271,19 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         Ok(true)
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         _: &mut Agent,
-        _: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        _: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Break(())
     }
 
-    fn internal_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn internal_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
-        _gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        _gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         todo!();
     }
 
@@ -1282,7 +1324,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.apply.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
@@ -1320,13 +1362,13 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         );
     }
 
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        mut gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
         // 1. Perform ? ValidateNonRevokedProxy(O).
         // 2. Let target be O.[[ProxyTarget]].
         // 4. Let handler be O.[[ProxyHandler]].
@@ -1336,7 +1378,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
             mut handler,
         } = validate_non_revoked_proxy(agent, self, gc.nogc())?;
         // 3. Assert: IsConstructor(target) is true.
-        let target = is_constructor(agent, target).unwrap();
+        let mut target = is_constructor(agent, target).unwrap();
         // 6. Let trap be ? GetMethod(handler, "construct").
         let trap = if let TryResult::Continue(trap) = try_get_object_method(
             agent,
@@ -1346,23 +1388,31 @@ impl InternalMethods for Proxy<'_> {
         ) {
             trap?
         } else {
+            let scoped_target = target.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let scoped_handler = handler.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
             let trap = get_object_method(
                 agent,
-                handler,
+                handler.unbind(),
                 BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.construct.into(),
                 gc.reborrow(),
             )?
             .map(Function::unbind);
             let gc = gc.nogc();
             let trap = trap.map(|f| f.bind(gc));
+            target = scoped_target.get(agent).bind(gc);
             handler = scoped_handler.get(agent).bind(gc);
             trap
         };
         // 7. If trap is undefined, then
         let Some(trap) = trap else {
             // a. Return ? Construct(target, argumentsList, newTarget).
-            return construct(agent, target, Some(arguments_list), Some(new_target), gc);
+            return construct(
+                agent,
+                target.unbind(),
+                Some(arguments_list),
+                Some(new_target),
+                gc,
+            );
         };
         // 8. Let argArray be CreateArrayFromList(argumentsList).
         let arg_array = create_array_from_list(agent, arguments_list.0, gc.nogc());
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/abstract_operations.rs
index 9486d3fd8..61b95647b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ use crate::{
 use super::Proxy;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub(crate) struct NonRevokedProxy {
-    pub(crate) target: Object,
-    pub(crate) handler: Object,
+pub(crate) struct NonRevokedProxy<'a> {
+    pub(crate) target: Object<'a>,
+    pub(crate) handler: Object<'a>,
 }
 
 /// ### [10.5.14 ValidateNonRevokedProxy ( proxy )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-validatenonrevokedproxy)
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ pub(crate) struct NonRevokedProxy {
 /// The abstract operation ValidateNonRevokedProxy takes argument
 /// proxy (a Proxy exotic object) and returns either a normal completion containing unused or a throw completion.
 /// It throws a TypeError exception if proxy has been revoked.
-pub(crate) fn validate_non_revoked_proxy(
+pub(crate) fn validate_non_revoked_proxy<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     proxy: Proxy,
-    gc: NoGcScope,
-) -> JsResult<NonRevokedProxy> {
+    gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<NonRevokedProxy<'a>> {
     let proxy_data = &agent[proxy];
 
     // 1. If proxy.[[ProxyTarget]] is null, throw a TypeError exception.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/data.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/data.rs
index e3f9577e8..4e809a0e7 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/data.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/proxy/data.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ use crate::{
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct ProxyHeapData {
     /// [[ProxyTarget]]
-    pub(crate) proxy_target: Option<Object>,
+    pub(crate) proxy_target: Option<Object<'static>>,
     /// [[ProxyHandler]]
-    pub(crate) proxy_handler: Option<Object>,
+    pub(crate) proxy_handler: Option<Object<'static>>,
 }
 
 impl HeapMarkAndSweep for ProxyHeapData {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs
index 177f99273..9773285f9 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/proxy_constructor.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl ProxyConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let gc = gc.into_nogc();
         let target = arguments.get(0);
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl ProxyConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs
index 0b6d09d56..d8b9d839f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/reflection/reflect_object.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let this_argument = arguments.get(1);
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let arguments_list = arguments.get(1);
@@ -236,20 +236,21 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let property_key = arguments.get(1);
         let mut attributes = arguments.get(2);
 
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
-        let Ok(mut target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
+        let Ok(target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
                 gc.nogc(),
             ));
         };
+        let mut target = target.bind(gc.nogc());
 
         let mut scoped_target = None;
 
@@ -286,7 +287,12 @@ impl ReflectObject {
             desc
         };
         // 4. Return ? target.[[DefineOwnProperty]](key, desc).
-        let ret = target.internal_define_own_property(agent, key.unbind(), desc, gc.reborrow())?;
+        let ret = target.unbind().internal_define_own_property(
+            agent,
+            key.unbind(),
+            desc,
+            gc.reborrow(),
+        )?;
 
         Ok(ret.into())
     }
@@ -296,7 +302,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let property_key = arguments.get(1);
@@ -334,7 +340,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let property_key = arguments.get(1);
@@ -345,13 +351,14 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         };
 
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
-        let Ok(mut target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
+        let Ok(target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
                 gc.nogc(),
             ));
         };
+        let mut target = target.bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 2. Let key be ? ToPropertyKey(propertyKey).
         let key = if let TryResult::Continue(key) =
@@ -372,7 +379,9 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         //   a. Set receiver to target.
         let receiver = receiver.unwrap_or(target.into_value());
         // 4. Return ? target.[[Get]](key, receiver).
-        target.internal_get(agent, key.unbind(), receiver, gc.reborrow())
+        target
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get(agent, key.unbind(), receiver, gc.reborrow())
     }
 
     /// [28.1.6 Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor ( target, propertyKey )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-reflect.getownpropertydescriptor)
@@ -380,19 +389,20 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let property_key = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
-        let Ok(mut target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
+        let Ok(target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
                 gc.nogc(),
             ));
         };
+        let mut target = target.bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 2. Let key be ? ToPropertyKey(propertyKey).
         let key = if let TryResult::Continue(key) =
@@ -408,7 +418,9 @@ impl ReflectObject {
             key
         };
         // 3. Let desc be ? target.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
-        let desc = target.internal_get_own_property(agent, key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let desc = target
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_get_own_property(agent, key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
         // 4. Return FromPropertyDescriptor(desc).
         match PropertyDescriptor::from_property_descriptor(desc, agent, gc.nogc()) {
             Some(ret) => Ok(ret.into_value()),
@@ -421,7 +433,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -446,19 +458,20 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let property_key = arguments.get(1);
 
         // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
-        let Ok(mut target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
+        let Ok(target) = Object::try_from(target) else {
             return Err(agent.throw_exception_with_static_message(
                 ExceptionType::TypeError,
                 "Value is not an object",
                 gc.nogc(),
             ));
         };
+        let mut target = target.bind(gc.nogc());
 
         // 2. Let key be ? ToPropertyKey(propertyKey).
         let key = if let TryResult::Continue(key) =
@@ -474,7 +487,9 @@ impl ReflectObject {
             key
         };
         // 3. Return ? target.[[HasProperty]](key).
-        let ret = target.internal_has_property(agent, key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+        let ret = target
+            .unbind()
+            .internal_has_property(agent, key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
         Ok(ret.into())
     }
 
@@ -483,7 +498,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -506,7 +521,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -538,7 +553,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -561,7 +576,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let property_key = arguments.get(1);
@@ -613,7 +628,7 @@ impl ReflectObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let target = arguments.get(0);
         let proto = arguments.get(1);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp.rs
index 4aec5301f..6e374cda5 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp.rs
@@ -80,16 +80,16 @@ impl From<RegExp<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<RegExp<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<RegExp<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: RegExp) -> Self {
         Self::RegExp(value.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for RegExp<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for RegExp<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::RegExp(regexp) => Ok(regexp),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ impl IntoValue for RegExp<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for RegExp<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for RegExp<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for RegExp<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for RegExp<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::RegExp;
 
     fn create_backing_object(self, agent: &mut Agent) -> OrdinaryObject<'static> {
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for RegExp<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for RegExp<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for RegExp<'a> {
     fn try_get_own_property(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
@@ -362,11 +362,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for RegExp<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(
             if let Some(backing_object) = self.get_backing_object(agent) {
                 // Note: If backing object exists, it also contains the
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs
index d9218a109..b94dc5702 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/regexp/abstract_operations.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) fn reg_exp_initialize_from_string<'a>(
     gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
 ) -> JsResult<RegExp<'a>> {
     let obj = obj.bind(gc.nogc());
+    let p = p.bind(gc.nogc());
     //     3. If flags is undefined, let F be the empty String.
     let f = flags.unwrap_or(RegExpFlags::empty());
     //     4. Else, let F be ? ToString(flags).
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ pub(crate) fn reg_exp_initialize_from_string<'a>(
         let scoped_obj = obj.into_object().scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         set(
             agent,
-            obj.into_object(),
+            obj.unbind().into_object(),
             BUILTIN_STRING_MEMORY.lastIndex.into(),
             0.into(),
             true,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/set.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/set.rs
index 162c0d04d..919ea30af 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/set.rs
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Set<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Set<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Set<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl From<Set<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Set<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<Set<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: Set) -> Self {
         Object::Set(val.unbind())
     }
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Set<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for Set<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for Set<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         if let Object::Set(set) = value {
             Ok(set)
         } else {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for Set<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Set<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Set<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Set;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Set<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Set<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Set<'a> {}
 
 impl HeapMarkAndSweep for Set<'static> {
     fn mark_values(&self, queues: &mut WorkQueues) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/shared_array_buffer.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/shared_array_buffer.rs
index 8543cf0ff..3a8ddbcf5 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/shared_array_buffer.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/shared_array_buffer.rs
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ impl IntoValue for SharedArrayBuffer<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for SharedArrayBuffer<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for SharedArrayBuffer<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl From<SharedArrayBuffer<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<SharedArrayBuffer<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<SharedArrayBuffer<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: SharedArrayBuffer) -> Self {
         Object::SharedArrayBuffer(val.unbind())
     }
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl IndexMut<SharedArrayBuffer<'_>> for Vec<Option<SharedArrayBufferHeapData>>
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for SharedArrayBuffer<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for SharedArrayBuffer<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::SharedArrayBuffer;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for SharedArrayBuffer<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for SharedArrayBuffer<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for SharedArrayBuffer<'a> {}
 
 impl TryFrom<HeapRootData> for SharedArrayBuffer<'_> {
     type Error = ();
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs
index 7d266b8a3..ff09f9840 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_constructor.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If arg is not an Object, return false.
         // 2. If arg has a [[ViewedArrayBuffer]] internal slot, return true.
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Return the this value.
         // The value of the "name" property of this function is "get [Symbol.species]".
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferConstructor {
 fn get_array_buffer_max_byte_length_option(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     options: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Option<u64>> {
     // 1. If options is not an Object, return empty.
     let Ok(options) = Object::try_from(options) else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs
index 4458887e3..f98d8c06e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/array_buffer_objects/array_buffer_prototype.rs
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[ArrayBufferData]]).
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let new_length = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let start = arguments.get(0);
         let end = arguments.get(1);
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
             None,
             gc.reborrow(),
         )?
-        else {
+        .unbind() else {
             unreachable!();
         };
         let gc = gc.into_nogc();
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? ArrayBufferCopyAndDetach(O, newLength, preserve-resizability).
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl ArrayBufferPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? ArrayBufferCopyAndDetach(O, newLength, fixed-length).
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs
index 7bdb16e6d..e50e86675 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/atomics_object.rs
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ impl AtomicsObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs
index f2d21199b..2816a1961 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_constructor.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Some(new_target) = new_target else {
@@ -133,9 +133,11 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
             new_target,
             ProtoIntrinsics::DataView,
             gc.reborrow(),
-        )?;
+        )?
+        .unbind();
 
         let gc = gc.into_nogc();
+        let o = o.bind(gc);
         let buffer = scoped_buffer.get(agent).bind(gc);
         // 11. If IsDetachedBuffer(buffer) is true, throw a TypeError exception.
         if is_detached_buffer(agent, buffer) {
@@ -187,11 +189,11 @@ impl DataViewConstructor {
             agent
                 .heap
                 .data_view_byte_lengths
-                .insert(o, view_byte_length.unwrap());
+                .insert(o.unbind(), view_byte_length.unwrap());
         }
 
         if byte_offset == ViewedArrayBufferByteOffset::heap() {
-            agent.heap.data_view_byte_offsets.insert(o, offset);
+            agent.heap.data_view_byte_offsets.insert(o.unbind(), offset);
         }
 
         // 18. Return O.
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs
index d7aaa164b..3f8aaedc6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/data_view_objects/data_view_prototype.rs
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[DataView]]).
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[DataView]]).
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be the this value.
         // 2. Perform ? RequireInternalSlot(O, [[DataView]]).
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let little_endian = to_boolean(agent, arguments.get(1));
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let little_endian = to_boolean(agent, arguments.get(1));
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 2. If littleEndian is not present, set littleEndian to false.
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 2. If littleEndian is not present, set littleEndian to false.
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let v be the this value.
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 2. If littleEndian is not present, set littleEndian to false.
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 2. If littleEndian is not present, set littleEndian to false.
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 1. Let v be the this value.
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 2. If littleEndian is not present, set littleEndian to false.
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         // 2. If littleEndian is not present, set littleEndian to false.
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ impl DataViewPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let byte_offset = arguments.get(0);
         let value = arguments.get(1);
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs
index 38f61df0b..f34563a0e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/json_object.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl JSONObject {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let text = arguments.get(0);
         let reviver = arguments.get(1);
@@ -136,9 +136,12 @@ impl JSONObject {
         if let Some(reviver) = is_callable(reviver, gc.nogc()) {
             let reviver = reviver.bind(gc.nogc());
             // a. Let root be OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%).
-            let Object::Object(root) =
-                ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None)
-            else {
+            let Object::Object(root) = ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
+                agent,
+                Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object),
+                None,
+                gc.nogc(),
+            ) else {
                 unreachable!()
             };
 
@@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ impl JSONObject {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -213,7 +216,7 @@ impl JSONObject {
 /// > lexically preceding values for the same key shall be overwritten.
 fn internalize_json_property<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    holder: Scoped<'a, Object>,
+    holder: Scoped<'a, Object<'static>>,
     name: Scoped<'a, PropertyKey<'static>>,
     reviver: Scoped<'a, Function<'static>>,
     mut gc: GcScope<'_, 'a>,
@@ -317,11 +320,7 @@ fn internalize_json_property<'a>(
     )
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn value_from_json(
-    agent: &mut Agent,
-    json: &sonic_rs::Value,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> Value {
+pub(crate) fn value_from_json(agent: &mut Agent, json: &sonic_rs::Value, gc: NoGcScope) -> Value {
     match json.get_type() {
         sonic_rs::JsonType::Null => Value::Null,
         sonic_rs::JsonType::Boolean => Value::Boolean(json.is_true()),
@@ -342,9 +341,12 @@ pub(crate) fn value_from_json(
         }
         sonic_rs::JsonType::Object => {
             let json_object = json.as_object().unwrap();
-            let Object::Object(object) =
-                ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(agent, Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object), None)
-            else {
+            let Object::Object(object) = ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
+                agent,
+                Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object),
+                None,
+                gc,
+            ) else {
                 unreachable!()
             };
             for (key, value) in json_object.iter() {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs
index 574898642..81f37b573 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_constructor.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs
index f53d1d5be..61a23ab64 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/structured_data/shared_array_buffer_objects/shared_array_buffer_prototype.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ impl SharedArrayBufferPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs
index 93060e6d3..a8913482d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_constructor.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl RegExpConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl RegExpConstructor {
         _: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         Ok(this_value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs
index 64ca39aa4..4946435da 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_prototype.rs
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let R be the this value.
         let r = this_value;
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let R be the this value.
         // 2. If R is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ impl RegExpPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs
index 1bb7e0482..020d0ea93 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/regexp_objects/regexp_string_iterator_prototype.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl RegExpStringIteratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs
index 964c0ba8a..c96900ca2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_constructor.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl StringConstructor {
         _this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Option<Object>,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. If value is not present, then
         let s = if arguments.is_empty() {
@@ -93,13 +93,16 @@ impl StringConstructor {
             Function::try_from(new_target).unwrap(),
             ProtoIntrinsics::String,
             gc.reborrow(),
-        )?;
+        )?
+        .map(|p| p.unbind())
+        .map(|p| p.bind(gc.nogc()));
         // StringCreate: Returns a String exotic object.
         // 1. Let S be MakeBasicObject(« [[Prototype]], [[Extensible]], [[StringData]] »).
         let s = PrimitiveObject::try_from(ordinary_object_create_with_intrinsics(
             agent,
             Some(ProtoIntrinsics::String),
             prototype,
+            gc.nogc(),
         ))
         .unwrap();
 
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ impl StringConstructor {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         code_units: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let result be the empty String.
         // 2. For each element next of codeUnits, do
@@ -166,7 +169,7 @@ impl StringConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let result be the empty String.
         // 2. For each element next of codePoints, do
@@ -184,7 +187,7 @@ impl StringConstructor {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs
index 29a9e4986..504dbaaef 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_iterator_objects.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl StringIteratorPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!();
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs
index e965ed95b..20a304a92 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/text_processing/string_objects/string_prototype.rs
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let pos = args.get(0);
         let (s, relative_index) =
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let pos = args.get(0);
         let (s, position) = if let (Ok(s), Value::Integer(position)) =
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let pos = args.get(0);
         let (s, position) = if let (Ok(s), Value::Integer(position)) =
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let pos = args.get(0);
         let (s, position) = if let (Ok(s), Value::Integer(position)) =
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let nogc = gc.nogc();
         let (s, args) = if let Ok(s) = String::try_from(this_value) {
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_string = args.get(0);
         let end_position = args.get(1);
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_string = args.get(0);
         let position = args.get(1);
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_string = args.get(0);
         let position = args.get(1);
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let search_string = args.get(0);
         let position = args.get(1);
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let form = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -902,7 +902,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let max_length = arguments.get(0);
         let fill_string = arguments.get(1);
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let max_length = arguments.get(0);
         let fill_string = arguments.get(1);
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let count = arguments.get(0);
 
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -1249,7 +1249,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1445,7 +1445,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1509,7 +1509,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let nogc = gc.nogc();
         let start = args.get(0).bind(nogc);
@@ -1585,7 +1585,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o: Value = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1604,7 +1604,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1624,7 +1624,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1663,7 +1663,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let O be ? RequireObjectCoercible(this value).
         let o = require_object_coercible(agent, this_value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1693,7 +1693,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? TrimString(S, start+end).
@@ -1705,7 +1705,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         value: Value,
         trim_where: TrimWhere,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let str be ? RequireObjectCoercible(string).
         let str = require_object_coercible(agent, value, gc.nogc())?;
@@ -1744,7 +1744,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? TrimString(S, end).
@@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Let S be the this value.
         // 2. Return ? TrimString(S, start).
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         // 1. Return ? ThisStringValue(this value).
         this_string_value(agent, this_value, gc.nogc()).map(|string| string.into_value())
@@ -1782,7 +1782,7 @@ impl StringPrototype {
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         todo!()
     }
@@ -1861,7 +1861,7 @@ fn string_padding_builtins_impl(
     max_length: Value,
     fill_string: Value,
     placement_start: bool,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     // 1. Let S be ? ToString(O).
     let mut s = to_string(agent, o, gc.reborrow())?.unbind().bind(gc.nogc());
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/typed_array.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/typed_array.rs
index 1e8ca78f5..68093f3b3 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/typed_array.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/typed_array.rs
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ impl IntoValue for TypedArray<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for TypedArray<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for TypedArray<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ impl From<TypedArray<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<TypedArray<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<TypedArray<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: TypedArray) -> Self {
         match val.unbind() {
             TypedArray::Int8Array(idx) => Object::Int8Array(idx),
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ impl IndexMut<TypedArray<'_>> for Vec<Option<TypedArrayHeapData>> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for TypedArray<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for TypedArray<'a> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn get_backing_object(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
         agent[self].object_index
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for TypedArray<'_> {
             .is_none());
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         if let Some(object_index) = agent[self].object_index {
             object_index.internal_prototype(agent)
         } else {
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for TypedArray<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for TypedArray<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for TypedArray<'a> {}
 
 impl TryFrom<HeapRootData> for TypedArray<'_> {
     type Error = ();
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_map.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_map.rs
index b909924fa..c91571216 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_map.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_map.rs
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ impl IntoValue for WeakMap<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for WeakMap<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for WeakMap<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ impl From<WeakMap<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<WeakMap<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<WeakMap<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: WeakMap) -> Self {
         Object::WeakMap(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for WeakMap<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for WeakMap<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::WeakMap;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for WeakMap<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for WeakMap<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for WeakMap<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<WeakMap<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = WeakMapHeapData;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_ref.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_ref.rs
index e3f57ca5b..338dc74d6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_ref.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_ref.rs
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ impl IntoValue for WeakRef<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for WeakRef<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for WeakRef<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ impl From<WeakRef<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<WeakRef<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<WeakRef<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: WeakRef) -> Self {
         Object::WeakRef(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for WeakRef<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for WeakRef<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::WeakRef;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for WeakRef<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for WeakRef<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for WeakRef<'a> {}
 
 impl Index<WeakRef<'_>> for Agent {
     type Output = WeakRefHeapData;
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_set.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_set.rs
index 1fd64e39c..4afc2a4d2 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_set.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/builtins/weak_set.rs
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ impl IntoValue for WeakSet<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for WeakSet<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for WeakSet<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ impl From<WeakSet<'_>> for Value {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<WeakSet<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<WeakSet<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(val: WeakSet) -> Self {
         Object::WeakSet(val.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for WeakSet<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for WeakSet<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::WeakSet;
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for WeakSet<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for WeakSet<'_> {}
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for WeakSet<'a> {}
 
 impl HeapMarkAndSweep for WeakSetHeapData {
     fn mark_values(&self, queues: &mut WorkQueues) {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs
index 791f10e5a..bd46fc7d1 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/agent.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl Job {
         self.realm
     }
 
-    pub fn run(&self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<()> {
+    pub fn run(&self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<()> {
         let mut pushed_context = false;
         if let Some(realm) = self.realm {
             if agent.current_realm_id() != realm {
@@ -184,8 +184,12 @@ impl GcAgent {
     /// [`GcAgent::remove_realm`] is called.
     pub fn create_realm(
         &mut self,
-        create_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope) -> Object>,
-        create_global_this_value: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope) -> Object>,
+        create_global_object: Option<
+            impl for<'a> FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+        >,
+        create_global_this_value: Option<
+            impl for<'a> FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+        >,
         initialize_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, Object, GcScope)>,
     ) -> RealmRoot {
         let realm = self.agent.create_realm(
@@ -294,8 +298,12 @@ impl Agent {
     /// This is intended for usage within BuiltinFunction calls.
     pub fn create_realm(
         &mut self,
-        create_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope) -> Object>,
-        create_global_this_value: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope) -> Object>,
+        create_global_object: Option<
+            impl for<'a> FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+        >,
+        create_global_this_value: Option<
+            impl for<'a> FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+        >,
         initialize_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, Object, GcScope)>,
     ) -> RealmIdentifier {
         let (mut gc, mut scope) = unsafe { GcScope::create_root() };
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs
index a5c01e7a4..d5b87e938 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments.rs
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => TryResult::Continue(idx.has_binding(agent, name)),
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => Ok(idx.has_binding(agent, name)),
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         is_deletable: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         is_deletable: bool,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         value: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         value: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         is_strict: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         is_strict: bool,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         is_strict: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<Value>> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         is_strict: bool,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<bool>> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => {
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ impl EnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(idx) => Ok(idx.delete_binding(agent, name)),
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs
index b25e71d55..6a5521f6c 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/declarative_environment.rs
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ impl DeclarativeEnvironmentIndex {
     ///
     /// The WithBaseObject concrete method of a Declarative Environment Record
     /// envRec takes no arguments and returns undefined.
-    pub(crate) fn with_base_object(self) -> Option<Object> {
+    pub(crate) fn with_base_object(self) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         // 1. Return undefined.
         None
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs
index b974b0027..39525608b 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/function_environment.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ pub(crate) struct FunctionEnvironment {
     /// internal method, \[\[NewTarget\]\] is the value of the
     /// \[\[Construct\]\] newTarget parameter. Otherwise, its value is
     /// undefined.
-    pub(crate) new_target: Option<Object>,
+    pub(crate) new_target: Option<Object<'static>>,
 
     /// Function Environment Records support all of the Declarative Environment
     /// Record methods listed in Table 16 and share the same specifications for
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pub(crate) fn new_function_environment(
         this_binding_status,
 
         // 5. Set env.[[NewTarget]] to newTarget.
-        new_target,
+        new_target: new_target.map(|f| f.unbind()),
 
         // 6. Set env.[[OuterEnv]] to F.[[Environment]].
         declarative_environment,
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
     }
 
     /// ### [9.1.1.1.10 WithBaseObject ( )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-declarative-environment-records-withbaseobject)
-    pub(crate) fn with_base_object(self) -> Option<Object> {
+    pub(crate) fn with_base_object(self) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         // 1. Return undefined.
         None
     }
@@ -445,11 +445,11 @@ impl FunctionEnvironmentIndex {
     /// The GetSuperBase concrete method of a Function Environment Record
     /// envRec takes no arguments and returns either a normal completion
     /// containing either an Object, null, or undefined.
-    pub(crate) fn get_super_base(
+    pub(crate) fn get_super_base<'a>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> Option<Option<Object>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
+    ) -> Option<Option<Object<'a>>> {
         let env_rec: &FunctionEnvironment = &agent[self];
 
         // 1. Let home be envRec.[[FunctionObject]].[[HomeObject]].
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs
index 711622208..c91d25aca 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/global_environment.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub struct GlobalEnvironment {
     ///
     /// The value returned by this in global scope. Hosts may provide any
     /// ECMAScript Object value.
-    pub(crate) global_this_value: Object,
+    pub(crate) global_this_value: Object<'static>,
 
     /// ### \[\[DeclarativeRecord\]\]
     ///
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironment {
             object_record,
 
             // 5. Set env.[[GlobalThisValue]] to thisValue.
-            global_this_value: this_value,
+            global_this_value: this_value.unbind(),
 
             // 6. Set env.[[DeclarativeRecord]] to dclRec.
             declarative_record,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         value: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         value: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         is_strict: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         is_strict: bool,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         s: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<Value>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         s: bool,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<bool>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let DclRec be envRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
     ///
     /// The WithBaseObject concrete method of a Global Environment Record
     /// envRec takes no arguments and returns undefined.
-    pub(crate) fn with_base_object(self) -> Option<Object> {
+    pub(crate) fn with_base_object(self) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         // 1. Return undefined.
         None
     }
@@ -583,10 +583,10 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
     /// The GetThisBinding concrete method of a Global Environment Record
     /// envRec takes no arguments and returns a normal completion containing an
     /// Object.
-    pub(crate) fn get_this_binding(self, agent: &Agent) -> Object {
+    pub(crate) fn get_this_binding<'a>(self, agent: &Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Return envRec.[[GlobalThisValue]].
-        env_rec.global_this_value
+        env_rec.global_this_value.bind(gc)
     }
 
     /// ### [9.1.1.4.12 HasVarDeclaration ( N )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-hasvardeclaration)
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -692,7 +692,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         is_deletable: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
         is_deletable: bool,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         d: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ impl GlobalEnvironmentIndex {
         name: String,
         value: Value,
         d: bool,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let ObjRec be envRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs
index a38485daf..f709f79c8 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/environments/object_environment.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ pub struct ObjectEnvironment {
     /// ### \[\[BindingObject\]\]
     ///
     /// The binding object of this Environment Record.
-    pub(crate) binding_object: Object,
+    pub(crate) binding_object: Object<'static>,
 
     /// ### \[\[IsWithEnvironment\]\]
     ///
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironment {
         // 1. Let env be a new Object Environment Record.
         ObjectEnvironment {
             // 2. Set env.[[BindingObject]] to O.
-            binding_object,
+            binding_object: binding_object.unbind(),
             // 3. Set env.[[IsWithEnvironment]] to W.
             is_with_environment,
             // 4. Set env.[[OuterEnv]] to E.
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         d: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         d: bool,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         v: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         // 1. Perform ? envRec.SetMutableBinding(N, V, false).
         // 2. Return UNUSED.
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         v: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         // 1. Perform ? envRec.SetMutableBinding(N, V, false).
         self.set_mutable_binding(agent, n, v, false, gc)?;
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         n: String,
         v: Value,
         s: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<()>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         n: String,
         v: Value,
         s: bool,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<()> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         s: bool,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<Value>> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         n: String,
         s: bool,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ impl ObjectEnvironmentIndex {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         name: String,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let env_rec = &agent[self];
         // 1. Let bindingObject be envRec.[[BindingObject]].
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/execution_context.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/execution_context.rs
index b4f92293a..3c6afd276 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/execution_context.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/execution_context.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
         scripts_and_modules::{source_code::SourceCode, ScriptOrModule},
         types::*,
     },
+    engine::context::NoGcScope,
     heap::{CompactionLists, HeapMarkAndSweep, WorkQueues},
 };
 
@@ -159,9 +160,9 @@ impl HeapMarkAndSweep for ExecutionContext {
 /// The abstract operation GetGlobalObject takes no arguments and returns an
 /// Object. It returns the global object used by the currently running
 /// execution context.
-pub(crate) fn get_global_object(agent: &Agent) -> Object {
+pub(crate) fn get_global_object<'a>(agent: &Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a> {
     // 1. Let currentRealm be the current Realm Record.
     let current_realm = agent.current_realm();
     // 2. Return currentRealm.[[GlobalObject]].
-    current_realm.global_object
+    current_realm.global_object.bind(gc)
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs
index d1fd4f735..17872a754 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ pub struct Realm {
     /// ### \[\[GlobalObject]]
     ///
     /// The global object for this realm.
-    pub(crate) global_object: Object,
+    pub(crate) global_object: Object<'static>,
 
     /// ### \[\[GlobalEnv]]
     ///
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ pub(crate) fn set_realm_global_object(
     let this_value = this_value.unwrap_or(global_object);
 
     // 4. Set realmRec.[[GlobalObject]] to globalObj.
-    agent[realm_id].global_object = global_object;
+    agent[realm_id].global_object = global_object.unbind();
 
     // 5. Let newGlobalEnv be NewGlobalEnvironment(globalObj, thisValue).
     let new_global_env = GlobalEnvironment::new(agent, global_object, this_value);
@@ -318,11 +318,11 @@ pub(crate) fn set_realm_global_object(
 /// The abstract operation SetDefaultGlobalBindings takes argument realmRec (a
 /// Realm Record) and returns either a normal completion containing an Object
 /// or a throw completion.
-pub(crate) fn set_default_global_bindings(
+pub(crate) fn set_default_global_bindings<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     realm_id: RealmIdentifier,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
     // 1. Let global be realmRec.[[GlobalObject]].
     let global = agent[realm_id].global_object;
 
@@ -340,7 +340,12 @@ pub(crate) fn set_default_global_bindings(
 
         let global_env = agent[realm_id].global_env;
         let desc = PropertyDescriptor {
-            value: Some(global_env.unwrap().get_this_binding(agent).into_value()),
+            value: Some(
+                global_env
+                    .unwrap()
+                    .get_this_binding(agent, gc.nogc())
+                    .into_value(),
+            ),
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
@@ -1067,10 +1072,12 @@ pub(crate) fn set_default_global_bindings(
 /// ### [9.6 InitializeHostDefinedRealm ( )](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-initializehostdefinedrealm)
 pub(crate) fn initialize_host_defined_realm(
     agent: &mut Agent,
-    create_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object>,
-    create_global_this_value: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object>,
-    initialize_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, Object, GcScope<'_, '_>)>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    create_global_object: Option<impl for<'a> FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>>,
+    create_global_this_value: Option<
+        impl for<'a> FnOnce(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>,
+    >,
+    initialize_global_object: Option<impl FnOnce(&mut Agent, Object, GcScope)>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) {
     // 1. Let realm be CreateRealm().
     let realm = create_realm(agent, gc.nogc());
@@ -1098,7 +1105,9 @@ pub(crate) fn initialize_host_defined_realm(
     // let global be such an object created in a host-defined manner.
     // Otherwise, let global be undefined, indicating that an ordinary object should be created as the global object.
     let global = create_global_this_value
-        .map(|create_global_this_value| create_global_this_value(agent, gc.reborrow()));
+        .map(|create_global_this_value| create_global_this_value(agent, gc.reborrow()))
+        .map(|g| g.unbind())
+        .map(|g| g.scope(agent, gc.nogc()));
 
     // 8. If the host requires that the this binding in realm's global scope return an object other than the global object,
     // let thisValue be such an object created in a host-defined manner.
@@ -1107,23 +1116,27 @@ pub(crate) fn initialize_host_defined_realm(
         create_global_object.map(|create_global_object| create_global_object(agent, gc.reborrow()));
 
     // 9. Perform SetRealmGlobalObject(realm, global, thisValue).
-    set_realm_global_object(agent, realm, global, this_value);
+    set_realm_global_object(agent, realm, global.map(|g| g.get(agent)), this_value);
 
     // 10. Let globalObj be ? SetDefaultGlobalBindings(realm).
-    let global_object = set_default_global_bindings(agent, realm, gc.reborrow()).unwrap();
+    let global_object = set_default_global_bindings(agent, realm, gc.reborrow())
+        .unwrap()
+        .unbind()
+        .bind(gc.nogc());
 
     // 11. Create any host-defined global object properties on globalObj.
     if let Some(initialize_global_object) = initialize_global_object {
-        initialize_global_object(agent, global_object, gc.reborrow());
+        initialize_global_object(agent, global_object.unbind(), gc.reborrow());
     };
 
     // 12. Return UNUSED.
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn initialize_default_realm(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) {
-    let create_global_object: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
-    let create_global_this_value: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
-    let initialize_global_object: Option<fn(&mut Agent, Object, GcScope<'_, '_>)> = None;
+pub(crate) fn initialize_default_realm(agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) {
+    let create_global_object: Option<for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>> = None;
+    let create_global_this_value: Option<for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>> =
+        None;
+    let initialize_global_object: Option<fn(&mut Agent, Object, GcScope)> = None;
     initialize_host_defined_realm(
         agent,
         create_global_object,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm/intrinsics.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm/intrinsics.rs
index 1aa3ae73c..3d48b7c72 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm/intrinsics.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/execution/realm/intrinsics.rs
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ impl Intrinsics {
     pub(crate) fn get_intrinsic_default_proto(
         &self,
         intrinsic_default_proto: ProtoIntrinsics,
-    ) -> Object {
+    ) -> Object<'static> {
         match intrinsic_default_proto {
             ProtoIntrinsics::Array => self.array_prototype().into(),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs
index 999785522..fdd7fba73 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/script.rs
@@ -248,11 +248,7 @@ pub fn parse_script(
 /// The abstract operation ScriptEvaluation takes argument scriptRecord (a
 /// Script Record) and returns either a normal completion containing an
 /// ECMAScript language value or an abrupt completion.
-pub fn script_evaluation(
-    agent: &mut Agent,
-    script: Script,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Value> {
+pub fn script_evaluation(agent: &mut Agent, script: Script, mut gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let realm_id = script.realm;
     let is_strict_mode = script.ecmascript_code.is_strict();
     let source_code = script.source_code;
@@ -342,7 +338,7 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     script: ScriptIdentifier,
     env: GlobalEnvironmentIndex,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     // 11. Let script be scriptRecord.[[ECMAScriptCode]].
     // SAFETY: Analysing the script cannot cause the environment to move even though we change other parts of the Heap.
@@ -356,8 +352,7 @@ pub(crate) fn global_declaration_instantiation(
         // long as the Script is alive in the heap as they are not reallocated.
         // Thus in effect VarScopedDeclaration<'_> is valid for the duration
         // of the global_declaration_instantiation call.
-        let script =
-            unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&Program<'_>, &'static Program<'static>>(script) };
+        let script = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&Program, &'static Program<'static>>(script) };
         // 1. Let lexNames be the LexicallyDeclaredNames of script.
         let lex_names = script_lexically_declared_names(script);
         // 2. Let varNames be the VarDeclaredNames of script.
@@ -1060,7 +1055,7 @@ mod test {
             const LENGTH: u8 = 1;
 
             const BEHAVIOUR: Behaviour = Behaviour::Regular(
-                |_: &mut Agent, _: Value, arguments_list: ArgumentsList, _: GcScope<'_, '_>| {
+                |_: &mut Agent, _: Value, arguments_list: ArgumentsList, _: GcScope| {
                     let arg_0 = arguments_list.get(0);
                     if Value::Boolean(true) == arg_0 {
                         Ok(Value::from(3))
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs
index 6528ce850..181604f9f 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/scripts_and_modules/source_code.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ impl SourceCode {
         }
         // SAFETY: Caller guarantees that they will drop the Program before
         // SourceCode can be garbage collected.
-        let program = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<Program<'_>, Program<'static>>(program) };
+        let program = unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<Program, Program<'static>>(program) };
         let source_code = agent.heap.create(SourceCodeHeapData {
             source: source.unbind(),
             allocator,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs
index 3943844d5..1a4aeab0a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/class_definitions.rs
@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@ use crate::{
     engine::{context::GcScope, unwrap_try},
 };
 
-pub(crate) fn base_class_default_constructor(
+pub(crate) fn base_class_default_constructor<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     new_target: Object,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
+    let new_target = new_target.bind(gc.nogc());
     // ii. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
     // Note: We've already checked this at an earlier level.
 
@@ -36,23 +37,27 @@ pub(crate) fn base_class_default_constructor(
     // 2. Let result be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget, "%Object.prototype%").
     let result = ordinary_create_from_constructor(
         agent,
-        Function::try_from(new_target).unwrap(),
+        Function::try_from(new_target.unbind()).unwrap(),
         ProtoIntrinsics::Object,
         gc.reborrow(),
-    )?;
+    )?
+    .unbind()
+    .bind(gc.nogc());
+    let scoped_result = result.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     // vi. Perform ? InitializeInstanceElements(result, F).
-    initialize_instance_elements(agent, result, f.get(agent), gc)?;
+    initialize_instance_elements(agent, result.unbind(), f.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
 
     // vii. Return result.
-    Ok(result)
+    Ok(scoped_result.get(agent).bind(gc.into_nogc()))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn derived_class_default_constructor(
+pub(crate) fn derived_class_default_constructor<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     args: ArgumentsList,
     new_target: Object,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-) -> JsResult<Object> {
+    mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
+) -> JsResult<Object<'a>> {
+    let new_target = new_target.bind(gc.nogc());
     // i. Let args be the List of arguments that was passed to this function by [[Call]] or [[Construct]].
     // ii. If NewTarget is undefined, throw a TypeError exception.
     // Note: We've already checked this at an earlier level.
@@ -80,14 +85,17 @@ pub(crate) fn derived_class_default_constructor(
     // 4. Let result be ? Construct(func, args, NewTarget).
     let result = construct(
         agent,
-        func,
+        func.unbind(),
         Some(args),
-        Some(Function::try_from(new_target).unwrap()),
+        Some(Function::try_from(new_target.unbind()).unwrap()),
         gc.reborrow(),
-    )?;
+    )?
+    .unbind()
+    .bind(gc.nogc());
+    let scoped_result = result.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     // vi. Perform ? InitializeInstanceElements(result, F).
-    initialize_instance_elements(agent, result, f.get(agent), gc)?;
+    initialize_instance_elements(agent, result.unbind(), f.get(agent), gc.reborrow())?;
 
     // vii. Return result.
-    Ok(result)
+    Ok(scoped_result.get(agent).bind(gc.into_nogc()))
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs
index c0f53a4fa..f46e74cbb 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/syntax_directed_operations/function_definitions.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_object<'a>(
     set_function_name(agent, f, pk_name, None, gc);
     // 5. Perform MakeConstructor(F).
     if !function.r#async && !function.generator {
-        make_constructor(agent, f, None, None);
+        make_constructor(agent, f, None, None, gc);
     }
 
     if function.generator {
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_object<'a>(
                     .generator_prototype()
                     .into_object()
             }),
+            gc,
         );
         // 6. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor {
         unwrap_try(try_define_property_or_throw(
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instantiate_ordinary_function_expression<'a>(
         set_function_name(agent, closure, name, None, gc);
         // 7. Perform MakeConstructor(closure).
         if !function.expression.get().r#async && !function.expression.get().generator {
-            make_constructor(agent, closure, None, None);
+            make_constructor(agent, closure, None, None, gc);
         }
         // 8. Return closure.
         closure
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_function_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     function_object: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let function_object = function_object.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Perform ? FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
@@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_generator_body(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     function_object: ECMAScriptFunction,
     arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let function_object = function_object.bind(gc.nogc());
     // 1. Perform ? FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
@@ -401,7 +402,10 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_generator_body(
         function_object.into_function().unbind(),
         ProtoIntrinsics::Generator,
         gc.reborrow(),
-    )?;
+    )?
+    .unbind();
+    let gc = gc.into_nogc();
+    let generator = generator.bind(gc);
     let Object::Generator(generator) = generator else {
         unreachable!()
     };
@@ -409,7 +413,7 @@ pub(crate) fn evaluate_generator_body(
     // 4. Perform GeneratorStart(G, FunctionBody).
     // SAFETY: We're alive so SourceCode must be too.
     let data = CompileFunctionBodyData::new(agent, scoped_function_object.get(agent));
-    let executable = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, data, gc.nogc());
+    let executable = Executable::compile_function_body(agent, data, gc);
     agent[generator].generator_state = Some(GeneratorState::Suspended {
         vm_or_args: VmOrArguments::Arguments(arguments_list.0.into()),
         executable,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs
index b764d81a9..dc1653b4a 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function.rs
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ impl IntoValue for Function<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Function<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Function<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ impl<'a> From<BoundFunction<'a>> for Function<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for Function<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for Function<'a> {
     type Error = ();
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::BoundFunction(d) => Ok(Function::BoundFunction(d)),
             Object::BuiltinFunction(d) => Ok(Function::BuiltinFunction(d)),
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Function<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Function<'_>> for Object {
-    fn from(value: Function) -> Self {
+impl<'a> From<Function<'a>> for Object<'a> {
+    fn from(value: Function<'a>) -> Self {
         match value {
             Function::BoundFunction(d) => Object::from(d),
             Function::BuiltinFunction(d) => Object::from(d),
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ impl<'a> Function<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Function<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Function<'a> {
     const DEFAULT_PROTOTYPE: ProtoIntrinsics = ProtoIntrinsics::Function;
 
     fn create_backing_object(self, _: &mut Agent) -> OrdinaryObject<'static> {
@@ -271,12 +271,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for Function<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
-    fn try_get_prototype_of(
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Function<'a> {
+    fn try_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc),
             Function::BuiltinFunction(x) => x.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc),
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         prototype: Option<Object>,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_set_prototype_of(agent, prototype, gc),
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_is_extensible(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> TryResult<bool> {
+    fn try_is_extensible(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_is_extensible(agent, gc),
             Function::BuiltinFunction(x) => x.try_is_extensible(agent, gc),
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> TryResult<bool> {
+    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_prevent_extensions(agent, gc),
             Function::BuiltinFunction(x) => x.try_prevent_extensions(agent, gc),
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => {
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_has_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.internal_has_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_get(agent, property_key, receiver, gc),
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.internal_get(agent, property_key, receiver, gc),
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_set(agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc),
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.internal_set(agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc),
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_delete(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -542,11 +542,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc),
             Function::BuiltinFunction(x) => x.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc),
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_argument: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => x.internal_call(agent, this_argument, arguments_list, gc),
@@ -586,13 +586,13 @@ impl InternalMethods for Function<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
         match self {
             Function::BoundFunction(x) => {
                 x.internal_construct(agent, arguments_list, new_target, gc)
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ impl Function<'_> {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_argument: Value,
         args: &[Value],
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         self.internal_call(agent, this_argument, ArgumentsList(args), gc)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs
index eb9c063f4..2c596ad30 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/function/into_function.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub trait IntoFunction<'a>
 where
-    Self: Sized + Copy + IntoObject,
+    Self: 'a + Sized + Copy + IntoObject<'a>,
 {
     fn into_function(self) -> Function<'a>;
 }
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ where
 /// These are used when the function hasn't had a backing object created.
 pub(crate) trait FunctionInternalProperties<'a>
 where
-    Self: IntoObject + IntoFunction<'a> + InternalSlots + InternalMethods,
+    Self: IntoObject<'a> + IntoFunction<'a> + InternalSlots<'a> + InternalMethods<'a>,
 {
     /// Value of the 'name' property.
     fn get_name(self, agent: &Agent) -> String<'static>;
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_define_own_property<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> bool {
     let backing_object = func
         .get_backing_object(agent)
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_try_has_property<'a>(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties<'a>,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> TryResult<bool> {
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
         backing_object.try_has_property(agent, property_key, gc)
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_has_property<'a>(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties<'a>,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -156,7 +156,9 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_has_property<'a>(
     } else {
         let parent = unwrap_try(func.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.nogc()));
         if let Some(parent) = parent {
-            parent.internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc)
+            parent
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_has_property(agent, property_key.unbind(), gc)
         } else {
             Ok(false)
         }
@@ -168,7 +170,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_try_get<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     receiver: Value,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> TryResult<Value> {
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
         backing_object.try_get(agent, property_key, receiver, gc)
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_get<'a>(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     receiver: Value,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -202,7 +204,9 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_get<'a>(
         // Note: Getting a function's prototype never calls JavaScript.
         let parent = unwrap_try(func.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.nogc()));
         if let Some(parent) = parent {
-            parent.internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc)
+            parent
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_get(agent, property_key.unbind(), receiver, gc)
         } else {
             Ok(Value::Undefined)
         }
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_try_set<'a>(
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
     receiver: Value,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> TryResult<bool> {
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
         backing_object.try_set(agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc)
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_set<'a>(
     property_key: PropertyKey,
     value: Value,
     receiver: Value,
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -261,7 +265,7 @@ pub(crate) fn function_internal_delete<'a>(
     func: impl FunctionInternalProperties<'a>,
     agent: &mut Agent,
     property_key: PropertyKey,
-    gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: NoGcScope,
 ) -> bool {
     if let Some(backing_object) = func.get_backing_object(agent) {
         unwrap_try(backing_object.try_delete(agent, property_key, gc))
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs
index deddf5e95..797833f23 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object.rs
@@ -108,162 +108,164 @@ pub use property_storage::PropertyStorage;
 /// In Nova
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[repr(u8)]
-pub enum Object {
-    Object(OrdinaryObject<'static>) = OBJECT_DISCRIMINANT,
-    BoundFunction(BoundFunction<'static>) = BOUND_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
-    BuiltinFunction(BuiltinFunction<'static>) = BUILTIN_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
-    ECMAScriptFunction(ECMAScriptFunction<'static>) = ECMASCRIPT_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
+pub enum Object<'a> {
+    Object(OrdinaryObject<'a>) = OBJECT_DISCRIMINANT,
+    BoundFunction(BoundFunction<'a>) = BOUND_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
+    BuiltinFunction(BuiltinFunction<'a>) = BUILTIN_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
+    ECMAScriptFunction(ECMAScriptFunction<'a>) = ECMASCRIPT_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
     BuiltinGeneratorFunction = BUILTIN_GENERATOR_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
-    BuiltinConstructorFunction(BuiltinConstructorFunction<'static>) =
+    BuiltinConstructorFunction(BuiltinConstructorFunction<'a>) =
         BUILTIN_CONSTRUCTOR_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
-    BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'static>) =
+    BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction<'a>) =
         BUILTIN_PROMISE_RESOLVING_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
     BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction = BUILTIN_PROMISE_COLLECTOR_FUNCTION_DISCRIMINANT,
     BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction = BUILTIN_PROXY_REVOKER_FUNCTION,
-    PrimitiveObject(PrimitiveObject<'static>) = PRIMITIVE_OBJECT_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Arguments(OrdinaryObject<'static>) = ARGUMENTS_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Array(Array<'static>) = ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    PrimitiveObject(PrimitiveObject<'a>) = PRIMITIVE_OBJECT_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Arguments(OrdinaryObject<'a>) = ARGUMENTS_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Array(Array<'a>) = ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    ArrayBuffer(ArrayBuffer<'static>) = ARRAY_BUFFER_DISCRIMINANT,
+    ArrayBuffer(ArrayBuffer<'a>) = ARRAY_BUFFER_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    DataView(DataView<'static>) = DATA_VIEW_DISCRIMINANT,
+    DataView(DataView<'a>) = DATA_VIEW_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "date")]
-    Date(Date<'static>) = DATE_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Error(Error<'static>) = ERROR_DISCRIMINANT,
-    FinalizationRegistry(FinalizationRegistry<'static>) = FINALIZATION_REGISTRY_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Map(Map<'static>) = MAP_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Promise(Promise<'static>) = PROMISE_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Proxy(Proxy<'static>) = PROXY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Date(Date<'a>) = DATE_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Error(Error<'a>) = ERROR_DISCRIMINANT,
+    FinalizationRegistry(FinalizationRegistry<'a>) = FINALIZATION_REGISTRY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Map(Map<'a>) = MAP_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Promise(Promise<'a>) = PROMISE_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Proxy(Proxy<'a>) = PROXY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "regexp")]
-    RegExp(RegExp<'static>) = REGEXP_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Set(Set<'static>) = SET_DISCRIMINANT,
+    RegExp(RegExp<'a>) = REGEXP_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Set(Set<'a>) = SET_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
-    SharedArrayBuffer(SharedArrayBuffer<'static>) = SHARED_ARRAY_BUFFER_DISCRIMINANT,
+    SharedArrayBuffer(SharedArrayBuffer<'a>) = SHARED_ARRAY_BUFFER_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-    WeakMap(WeakMap<'static>) = WEAK_MAP_DISCRIMINANT,
+    WeakMap(WeakMap<'a>) = WEAK_MAP_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-    WeakRef(WeakRef<'static>) = WEAK_REF_DISCRIMINANT,
+    WeakRef(WeakRef<'a>) = WEAK_REF_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-    WeakSet(WeakSet<'static>) = WEAK_SET_DISCRIMINANT,
+    WeakSet(WeakSet<'a>) = WEAK_SET_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Int8Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = INT_8_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Int8Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = INT_8_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Uint8Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = UINT_8_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Uint8Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = UINT_8_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Uint8ClampedArray(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = UINT_8_CLAMPED_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Uint8ClampedArray(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = UINT_8_CLAMPED_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Int16Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = INT_16_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Int16Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = INT_16_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Uint16Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = UINT_16_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Uint16Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = UINT_16_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Int32Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = INT_32_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Int32Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = INT_32_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Uint32Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = UINT_32_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Uint32Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = UINT_32_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    BigInt64Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = BIGINT_64_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    BigInt64Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = BIGINT_64_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    BigUint64Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = BIGUINT_64_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    BigUint64Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = BIGUINT_64_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Float32Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = FLOAT_32_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Float32Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = FLOAT_32_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-    Float64Array(TypedArrayIndex<'static>) = FLOAT_64_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Float64Array(TypedArrayIndex<'a>) = FLOAT_64_ARRAY_DISCRIMINANT,
     AsyncFromSyncIterator = ASYNC_FROM_SYNC_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
     AsyncIterator = ASYNC_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
     Iterator = ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
-    ArrayIterator(ArrayIterator<'static>) = ARRAY_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
-    SetIterator(SetIterator<'static>) = SET_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
-    MapIterator(MapIterator<'static>) = MAP_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Generator(Generator<'static>) = GENERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
-    Module(Module<'static>) = MODULE_DISCRIMINANT,
-    EmbedderObject(EmbedderObject<'static>) = EMBEDDER_OBJECT_DISCRIMINANT,
+    ArrayIterator(ArrayIterator<'a>) = ARRAY_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
+    SetIterator(SetIterator<'a>) = SET_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
+    MapIterator(MapIterator<'a>) = MAP_ITERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Generator(Generator<'a>) = GENERATOR_DISCRIMINANT,
+    Module(Module<'a>) = MODULE_DISCRIMINANT,
+    EmbedderObject(EmbedderObject<'a>) = EMBEDDER_OBJECT_DISCRIMINANT,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub struct OrdinaryObject<'a>(pub(crate) ObjectIndex<'a>);
 
-impl IntoValue for Object {
+impl IntoValue for Object<'_> {
     fn into_value(self) -> Value {
         match self {
-            Object::Object(data) => Value::Object(data),
-            Object::BoundFunction(data) => Value::BoundFunction(data),
-            Object::BuiltinFunction(data) => Value::BuiltinFunction(data),
-            Object::ECMAScriptFunction(data) => Value::ECMAScriptFunction(data),
+            Object::Object(data) => Value::Object(data.unbind()),
+            Object::BoundFunction(data) => Value::BoundFunction(data.unbind()),
+            Object::BuiltinFunction(data) => Value::BuiltinFunction(data.unbind()),
+            Object::ECMAScriptFunction(data) => Value::ECMAScriptFunction(data.unbind()),
             Object::BuiltinGeneratorFunction => todo!(),
-            Object::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data) => Value::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data),
+            Object::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data) => {
+                Value::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data.unbind())
+            }
             Object::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(data) => {
-                Value::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(data)
+                Value::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(data.unbind())
             }
             Object::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction => todo!(),
             Object::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction => todo!(),
-            Object::PrimitiveObject(data) => Value::PrimitiveObject(data),
-            Object::Arguments(data) => Value::Arguments(data),
-            Object::Array(data) => Value::Array(data),
+            Object::PrimitiveObject(data) => Value::PrimitiveObject(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Arguments(data) => Value::Arguments(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Array(data) => Value::Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::ArrayBuffer(data) => Value::ArrayBuffer(data),
+            Object::ArrayBuffer(data) => Value::ArrayBuffer(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::DataView(data) => Value::DataView(data),
+            Object::DataView(data) => Value::DataView(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "date")]
-            Object::Date(data) => Value::Date(data),
-            Object::Error(data) => Value::Error(data),
-            Object::FinalizationRegistry(data) => Value::FinalizationRegistry(data),
-            Object::Map(data) => Value::Map(data),
-            Object::Promise(data) => Value::Promise(data),
-            Object::Proxy(data) => Value::Proxy(data),
+            Object::Date(data) => Value::Date(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Error(data) => Value::Error(data.unbind()),
+            Object::FinalizationRegistry(data) => Value::FinalizationRegistry(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Map(data) => Value::Map(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Promise(data) => Value::Promise(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Proxy(data) => Value::Proxy(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "regexp")]
-            Object::RegExp(data) => Value::RegExp(data),
-            Object::Set(data) => Value::Set(data),
+            Object::RegExp(data) => Value::RegExp(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Set(data) => Value::Set(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
-            Object::SharedArrayBuffer(data) => Value::SharedArrayBuffer(data),
+            Object::SharedArrayBuffer(data) => Value::SharedArrayBuffer(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Object::WeakMap(data) => Value::WeakMap(data),
+            Object::WeakMap(data) => Value::WeakMap(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Object::WeakRef(data) => Value::WeakRef(data),
+            Object::WeakRef(data) => Value::WeakRef(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Object::WeakSet(data) => Value::WeakSet(data),
+            Object::WeakSet(data) => Value::WeakSet(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Int8Array(data) => Value::Int8Array(data),
+            Object::Int8Array(data) => Value::Int8Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint8Array(data) => Value::Uint8Array(data),
+            Object::Uint8Array(data) => Value::Uint8Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint8ClampedArray(data) => Value::Uint8ClampedArray(data),
+            Object::Uint8ClampedArray(data) => Value::Uint8ClampedArray(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Int16Array(data) => Value::Int16Array(data),
+            Object::Int16Array(data) => Value::Int16Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint16Array(data) => Value::Uint16Array(data),
+            Object::Uint16Array(data) => Value::Uint16Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Int32Array(data) => Value::Int32Array(data),
+            Object::Int32Array(data) => Value::Int32Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint32Array(data) => Value::Uint32Array(data),
+            Object::Uint32Array(data) => Value::Uint32Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::BigInt64Array(data) => Value::BigInt64Array(data),
+            Object::BigInt64Array(data) => Value::BigInt64Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::BigUint64Array(data) => Value::BigUint64Array(data),
+            Object::BigUint64Array(data) => Value::BigUint64Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Float32Array(data) => Value::Float32Array(data),
+            Object::Float32Array(data) => Value::Float32Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Float64Array(data) => Value::Float64Array(data),
+            Object::Float64Array(data) => Value::Float64Array(data.unbind()),
             Object::AsyncFromSyncIterator => todo!(),
             Object::AsyncIterator => todo!(),
             Object::Iterator => todo!(),
-            Object::ArrayIterator(data) => Value::ArrayIterator(data),
-            Object::SetIterator(data) => Value::SetIterator(data),
-            Object::MapIterator(data) => Value::MapIterator(data),
-            Object::Generator(data) => Value::Generator(data),
-            Object::Module(data) => Value::Module(data),
-            Object::EmbedderObject(data) => Value::EmbedderObject(data),
+            Object::ArrayIterator(data) => Value::ArrayIterator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::SetIterator(data) => Value::SetIterator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::MapIterator(data) => Value::MapIterator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Generator(data) => Value::Generator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Module(data) => Value::Module(data.unbind()),
+            Object::EmbedderObject(data) => Value::EmbedderObject(data.unbind()),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for Object<'a> {
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self
     }
 }
 
-impl IntoObject for OrdinaryObject<'_> {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+impl<'a> IntoObject<'a> for OrdinaryObject<'a> {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.into()
     }
 }
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ impl IntoValue for OrdinaryObject<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<OrdinaryObject<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<OrdinaryObject<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: OrdinaryObject<'_>) -> Self {
         Self::Object(value.unbind())
     }
@@ -303,11 +305,11 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for OrdinaryObject<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Object> for OrdinaryObject<'_> {
+impl<'a> TryFrom<Object<'a>> for OrdinaryObject<'a> {
     type Error = ();
 
     #[inline]
-    fn try_from(value: Object) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    fn try_from(value: Object<'a>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         match value {
             Object::Object(data) => Ok(data),
             _ => Err(()),
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ impl TryFrom<Object> for OrdinaryObject<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for OrdinaryObject<'_> {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for OrdinaryObject<'a> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn get_backing_object(self, _: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
         Some(self.unbind())
@@ -337,12 +339,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for OrdinaryObject<'_> {
         agent[self.unbind()].extensible = value;
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         agent[self.unbind()].prototype
     }
 
     fn internal_set_prototype(self, agent: &mut Agent, prototype: Option<Object>) {
-        agent[self.unbind()].prototype = prototype;
+        agent[self.unbind()].prototype = prototype.map(|p| p.unbind());
     }
 }
 
@@ -387,94 +389,96 @@ impl<'a> OrdinaryObject<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> From<ObjectIndex<'a>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<ObjectIndex<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: ObjectIndex<'a>) -> Self {
         let value: OrdinaryObject<'a> = value.into();
         Object::Object(value.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl From<BoundFunction<'_>> for Object {
+impl<'a> From<BoundFunction<'a>> for Object<'a> {
     fn from(value: BoundFunction) -> Self {
         Object::BoundFunction(value.unbind())
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Object> for Value {
+impl From<Object<'_>> for Value {
     fn from(value: Object) -> Self {
         match value {
-            Object::Object(data) => Value::Object(data),
-            Object::BoundFunction(data) => Value::BoundFunction(data),
-            Object::BuiltinFunction(data) => Value::BuiltinFunction(data),
-            Object::ECMAScriptFunction(data) => Value::ECMAScriptFunction(data),
+            Object::Object(data) => Value::Object(data.unbind()),
+            Object::BoundFunction(data) => Value::BoundFunction(data.unbind()),
+            Object::BuiltinFunction(data) => Value::BuiltinFunction(data.unbind()),
+            Object::ECMAScriptFunction(data) => Value::ECMAScriptFunction(data.unbind()),
             Object::BuiltinGeneratorFunction => Value::BuiltinGeneratorFunction,
-            Object::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data) => Value::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data),
+            Object::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data) => {
+                Value::BuiltinConstructorFunction(data.unbind())
+            }
             Object::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(data) => {
-                Value::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(data)
+                Value::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(data.unbind())
             }
             Object::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction => Value::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction,
             Object::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction => Value::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction,
-            Object::PrimitiveObject(data) => Value::PrimitiveObject(data),
-            Object::Arguments(data) => Value::Arguments(data),
-            Object::Array(data) => Value::Array(data),
+            Object::PrimitiveObject(data) => Value::PrimitiveObject(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Arguments(data) => Value::Arguments(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Array(data) => Value::Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::ArrayBuffer(data) => Value::ArrayBuffer(data),
+            Object::ArrayBuffer(data) => Value::ArrayBuffer(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::DataView(data) => Value::DataView(data),
+            Object::DataView(data) => Value::DataView(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "date")]
-            Object::Date(data) => Value::Date(data),
-            Object::Error(data) => Value::Error(data),
-            Object::FinalizationRegistry(data) => Value::FinalizationRegistry(data),
-            Object::Map(data) => Value::Map(data),
-            Object::Promise(data) => Value::Promise(data),
-            Object::Proxy(data) => Value::Proxy(data),
+            Object::Date(data) => Value::Date(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Error(data) => Value::Error(data.unbind()),
+            Object::FinalizationRegistry(data) => Value::FinalizationRegistry(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Map(data) => Value::Map(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Promise(data) => Value::Promise(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Proxy(data) => Value::Proxy(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "regexp")]
-            Object::RegExp(data) => Value::RegExp(data),
-            Object::Set(data) => Value::Set(data),
+            Object::RegExp(data) => Value::RegExp(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Set(data) => Value::Set(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
-            Object::SharedArrayBuffer(data) => Value::SharedArrayBuffer(data),
+            Object::SharedArrayBuffer(data) => Value::SharedArrayBuffer(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Object::WeakMap(data) => Value::WeakMap(data),
+            Object::WeakMap(data) => Value::WeakMap(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Object::WeakRef(data) => Value::WeakRef(data),
+            Object::WeakRef(data) => Value::WeakRef(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Object::WeakSet(data) => Value::WeakSet(data),
+            Object::WeakSet(data) => Value::WeakSet(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Int8Array(data) => Value::Int8Array(data),
+            Object::Int8Array(data) => Value::Int8Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint8Array(data) => Value::Uint8Array(data),
+            Object::Uint8Array(data) => Value::Uint8Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint8ClampedArray(data) => Value::Uint8ClampedArray(data),
+            Object::Uint8ClampedArray(data) => Value::Uint8ClampedArray(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Int16Array(data) => Value::Int16Array(data),
+            Object::Int16Array(data) => Value::Int16Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint16Array(data) => Value::Uint16Array(data),
+            Object::Uint16Array(data) => Value::Uint16Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Int32Array(data) => Value::Int32Array(data),
+            Object::Int32Array(data) => Value::Int32Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Uint32Array(data) => Value::Uint32Array(data),
+            Object::Uint32Array(data) => Value::Uint32Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::BigInt64Array(data) => Value::BigInt64Array(data),
+            Object::BigInt64Array(data) => Value::BigInt64Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::BigUint64Array(data) => Value::BigUint64Array(data),
+            Object::BigUint64Array(data) => Value::BigUint64Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Float32Array(data) => Value::Float32Array(data),
+            Object::Float32Array(data) => Value::Float32Array(data.unbind()),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Object::Float64Array(data) => Value::Float64Array(data),
+            Object::Float64Array(data) => Value::Float64Array(data.unbind()),
             Object::AsyncFromSyncIterator => Value::AsyncFromSyncIterator,
             Object::AsyncIterator => Value::AsyncIterator,
             Object::Iterator => Value::Iterator,
-            Object::ArrayIterator(data) => Value::ArrayIterator(data),
-            Object::SetIterator(data) => Value::SetIterator(data),
-            Object::MapIterator(data) => Value::MapIterator(data),
-            Object::Generator(data) => Value::Generator(data),
-            Object::Module(data) => Value::Module(data),
-            Object::EmbedderObject(data) => Value::EmbedderObject(data),
+            Object::ArrayIterator(data) => Value::ArrayIterator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::SetIterator(data) => Value::SetIterator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::MapIterator(data) => Value::MapIterator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Generator(data) => Value::Generator(data.unbind()),
+            Object::Module(data) => Value::Module(data.unbind()),
+            Object::EmbedderObject(data) => Value::EmbedderObject(data.unbind()),
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl TryFrom<Value> for Object {
+impl TryFrom<Value> for Object<'_> {
     type Error = ();
     fn try_from(value: Value) -> Result<Self, ()> {
         match value {
@@ -560,12 +564,12 @@ impl TryFrom<Value> for Object {
     }
 }
 
-impl Object {
+impl<'a> Object<'a> {
     /// Unbind this Object from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
     /// the Object as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
     /// collection.
-    pub fn unbind(self) -> Self {
-        self
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> Object<'static> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<Self, Object<'static>>(self) }
     }
 
     // Bind this Object to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
@@ -577,28 +581,28 @@ impl Object {
     // let object = object.bind(&gc);
     // ```
     // to make sure that the unbound Object cannot be used after binding.
-    pub const fn bind(self, _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
-        self
+    pub const fn bind<'gc>(self, _: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>) -> Object<'gc> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<Self, Object<'gc>>(self) }
     }
 
     pub fn scope<'scope>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         gc: NoGcScope<'_, 'scope>,
-    ) -> Scoped<'scope, Object> {
-        Scoped::new(agent, self, gc)
+    ) -> Scoped<'scope, Object<'static>> {
+        Scoped::new(agent, self.unbind(), gc)
     }
 
     pub fn into_value(self) -> Value {
         self.into()
     }
 
-    pub fn property_storage(self) -> PropertyStorage {
+    pub fn property_storage(self) -> PropertyStorage<'a> {
         PropertyStorage::new(self)
     }
 }
 
-impl Hash for Object {
+impl Hash for Object<'_> {
     fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
         core::mem::discriminant(self).hash(state);
         match self {
@@ -671,7 +675,7 @@ impl Hash for Object {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalSlots for Object {
+impl<'a> InternalSlots<'a> for Object<'a> {
     fn get_backing_object(self, _: &Agent) -> Option<OrdinaryObject<'static>> {
         unreachable!("Object should not try to access its backing object");
     }
@@ -854,7 +858,7 @@ impl InternalSlots for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_prototype(agent),
             Object::Array(data) => data.internal_prototype(agent),
@@ -1027,12 +1031,12 @@ impl InternalSlots for Object {
     }
 }
 
-impl InternalMethods for Object {
-    fn try_get_prototype_of(
+impl<'a> InternalMethods<'a> for Object<'a> {
+    fn try_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc),
             Object::Array(data) => data.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc),
@@ -1122,11 +1126,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn internal_get_prototype_of(
+    fn internal_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc),
             Object::Array(data) => data.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc),
@@ -1224,7 +1228,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         prototype: Option<Object>,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_set_prototype_of(agent, prototype, gc),
@@ -1325,7 +1329,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         prototype: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_set_prototype_of(agent, prototype, gc),
@@ -1426,7 +1430,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_is_extensible(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> TryResult<bool> {
+    fn try_is_extensible(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_is_extensible(agent, gc),
             Object::Array(data) => data.try_is_extensible(agent, gc),
@@ -1506,7 +1510,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn internal_is_extensible(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<bool> {
+    fn internal_is_extensible(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_is_extensible(agent, gc),
             Object::Array(data) => data.internal_is_extensible(agent, gc),
@@ -1598,7 +1602,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> TryResult<bool> {
+    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_prevent_extensions(agent, gc),
             Object::Array(data) => data.try_prevent_extensions(agent, gc),
@@ -1690,7 +1694,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn internal_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<bool> {
+    fn internal_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_prevent_extensions(agent, gc),
             Object::Array(data) => data.internal_prevent_extensions(agent, gc),
@@ -1788,7 +1792,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -1891,7 +1895,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_get_own_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -2002,7 +2006,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(idx) => {
@@ -2183,7 +2187,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(idx) => {
@@ -2343,7 +2347,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_has_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -2444,7 +2448,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_has_property(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -2548,7 +2552,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_get(agent, property_key, receiver, gc),
@@ -2650,7 +2654,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_get(agent, property_key, receiver, gc),
@@ -2757,7 +2761,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_set(agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc),
@@ -2870,7 +2874,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_set(agent, property_key, value, receiver, gc),
@@ -3013,7 +3017,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_delete(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -3112,7 +3116,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.internal_delete(agent, property_key, gc),
@@ -3209,11 +3213,11 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc),
             Object::Array(data) => data.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc),
@@ -3406,7 +3410,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         this_value: Value,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         match self {
             Object::BoundFunction(data) => {
@@ -3423,13 +3427,13 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
         }
     }
 
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         new_target: Function,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
         match self {
             Object::BoundFunction(data) => {
                 data.internal_construct(agent, arguments_list, new_target, gc)
@@ -3445,7 +3449,7 @@ impl InternalMethods for Object {
     }
 }
 
-impl HeapMarkAndSweep for Object {
+impl HeapMarkAndSweep for Object<'static> {
     fn mark_values(&self, queues: &mut WorkQueues) {
         match self {
             Object::Object(data) => data.mark_values(queues),
@@ -3617,203 +3621,99 @@ impl Rootable for OrdinaryObject<'static> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Rootable for Object {
-    type RootRepr = HeapRootRef;
+impl TryFrom<HeapRootData> for Object<'_> {
+    type Error = ();
 
-    fn to_root_repr(value: Self) -> Result<Self::RootRepr, HeapRootData> {
+    fn try_from(value: HeapRootData) -> Result<Self, ()> {
         match value {
-            Self::Object(ordinary_object) => Err(HeapRootData::Object(ordinary_object)),
-            Self::BoundFunction(bound_function) => Err(HeapRootData::BoundFunction(bound_function)),
-            Self::BuiltinFunction(builtin_function) => {
-                Err(HeapRootData::BuiltinFunction(builtin_function))
-            }
-            Self::ECMAScriptFunction(ecmascript_function) => {
-                Err(HeapRootData::ECMAScriptFunction(ecmascript_function))
-            }
-            Self::BuiltinGeneratorFunction => Err(HeapRootData::BuiltinGeneratorFunction),
-            Self::BuiltinConstructorFunction(builtin_constructor_function) => Err(
-                HeapRootData::BuiltinConstructorFunction(builtin_constructor_function),
-            ),
-            Self::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(builtin_promise_resolving_function) => Err(
-                HeapRootData::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(builtin_promise_resolving_function),
-            ),
-            Self::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction => {
-                Err(HeapRootData::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction)
-            }
-            Self::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction => Err(HeapRootData::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction),
-            Self::PrimitiveObject(primitive_object) => {
-                Err(HeapRootData::PrimitiveObject(primitive_object))
-            }
-            Self::Arguments(ordinary_object) => Err(HeapRootData::Arguments(ordinary_object)),
-            Self::Array(array) => Err(HeapRootData::Array(array)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer) => Err(HeapRootData::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::DataView(data_view) => Err(HeapRootData::DataView(data_view)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "date")]
-            Self::Date(date) => Err(HeapRootData::Date(date)),
-            Self::Error(error) => Err(HeapRootData::Error(error)),
-            Self::FinalizationRegistry(finalization_registry) => {
-                Err(HeapRootData::FinalizationRegistry(finalization_registry))
-            }
-            Self::Map(map) => Err(HeapRootData::Map(map)),
-            Self::Promise(promise) => Err(HeapRootData::Promise(promise)),
-            Self::Proxy(proxy) => Err(HeapRootData::Proxy(proxy)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "regexp")]
-            Self::RegExp(reg_exp) => Err(HeapRootData::RegExp(reg_exp)),
-            Self::Set(set) => Err(HeapRootData::Set(set)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
-            Self::SharedArrayBuffer(shared_array_buffer) => {
-                Err(HeapRootData::SharedArrayBuffer(shared_array_buffer))
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Self::WeakMap(weak_map) => Err(HeapRootData::WeakMap(weak_map)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Self::WeakRef(weak_ref) => Err(HeapRootData::WeakRef(weak_ref)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            Self::WeakSet(weak_set) => Err(HeapRootData::WeakSet(weak_set)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Int8Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Int8Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Uint8Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Uint8Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Uint8ClampedArray(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Uint8ClampedArray(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Int16Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Int16Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Uint16Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Uint16Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Int32Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Int32Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Uint32Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Uint32Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::BigInt64Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::BigInt64Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::BigUint64Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::BigUint64Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Float32Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Float32Array(base_index)),
-            #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            Self::Float64Array(base_index) => Err(HeapRootData::Float64Array(base_index)),
-            Self::AsyncFromSyncIterator => Err(HeapRootData::AsyncFromSyncIterator),
-            Self::AsyncIterator => Err(HeapRootData::AsyncIterator),
-            Self::Iterator => Err(HeapRootData::Iterator),
-            Self::ArrayIterator(array_iterator) => Err(HeapRootData::ArrayIterator(array_iterator)),
-            Self::SetIterator(set_iterator) => Err(HeapRootData::SetIterator(set_iterator)),
-            Self::MapIterator(map_iterator) => Err(HeapRootData::MapIterator(map_iterator)),
-            Self::Generator(generator) => Err(HeapRootData::Generator(generator)),
-            Self::Module(module) => Err(HeapRootData::Module(module)),
-            Self::EmbedderObject(embedder_object) => {
-                Err(HeapRootData::EmbedderObject(embedder_object))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn from_root_repr(value: &Self::RootRepr) -> Result<Self, HeapRootRef> {
-        Err(*value)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn from_heap_ref(heap_ref: HeapRootRef) -> Self::RootRepr {
-        heap_ref
-    }
-
-    fn from_heap_data(heap_data: HeapRootData) -> Option<Self> {
-        match heap_data {
-            HeapRootData::String(_) => None,
-            HeapRootData::Symbol(_) => None,
-            HeapRootData::Number(_) => None,
-            HeapRootData::BigInt(_) => None,
-            HeapRootData::Object(ordinary_object) => Some(Self::Object(ordinary_object)),
-            HeapRootData::BoundFunction(bound_function) => {
-                Some(Self::BoundFunction(bound_function))
-            }
+            HeapRootData::String(_) => Err(()),
+            HeapRootData::Symbol(_) => Err(()),
+            HeapRootData::Number(_) => Err(()),
+            HeapRootData::BigInt(_) => Err(()),
+            HeapRootData::Object(ordinary_object) => Ok(Self::Object(ordinary_object)),
+            HeapRootData::BoundFunction(bound_function) => Ok(Self::BoundFunction(bound_function)),
             HeapRootData::BuiltinFunction(builtin_function) => {
-                Some(Self::BuiltinFunction(builtin_function))
+                Ok(Self::BuiltinFunction(builtin_function))
             }
             HeapRootData::ECMAScriptFunction(ecmascript_function) => {
-                Some(Self::ECMAScriptFunction(ecmascript_function))
+                Ok(Self::ECMAScriptFunction(ecmascript_function))
             }
-            HeapRootData::BuiltinGeneratorFunction => Some(Self::BuiltinGeneratorFunction),
-            HeapRootData::BuiltinConstructorFunction(builtin_constructor_function) => Some(
+            HeapRootData::BuiltinGeneratorFunction => Ok(Self::BuiltinGeneratorFunction),
+            HeapRootData::BuiltinConstructorFunction(builtin_constructor_function) => Ok(
                 Self::BuiltinConstructorFunction(builtin_constructor_function),
             ),
             HeapRootData::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(builtin_promise_resolving_function) => {
-                Some(Self::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(
+                Ok(Self::BuiltinPromiseResolvingFunction(
                     builtin_promise_resolving_function,
                 ))
             }
             HeapRootData::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction => {
-                Some(Self::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction)
+                Ok(Self::BuiltinPromiseCollectorFunction)
             }
-            HeapRootData::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction => Some(Self::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction),
+            HeapRootData::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction => Ok(Self::BuiltinProxyRevokerFunction),
             HeapRootData::PrimitiveObject(primitive_object) => {
-                Some(Self::PrimitiveObject(primitive_object))
+                Ok(Self::PrimitiveObject(primitive_object))
             }
-            HeapRootData::Arguments(ordinary_object) => Some(Self::Arguments(ordinary_object)),
-            HeapRootData::Array(array) => Some(Self::Array(array)),
+            HeapRootData::Arguments(ordinary_object) => Ok(Self::Arguments(ordinary_object)),
+            HeapRootData::Array(array) => Ok(Self::Array(array)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer) => Some(Self::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer)),
+            HeapRootData::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer) => Ok(Self::ArrayBuffer(array_buffer)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::DataView(data_view) => Some(Self::DataView(data_view)),
+            HeapRootData::DataView(data_view) => Ok(Self::DataView(data_view)),
             #[cfg(feature = "date")]
-            HeapRootData::Date(date) => Some(Self::Date(date)),
-            HeapRootData::Error(error) => Some(Self::Error(error)),
+            HeapRootData::Date(date) => Ok(Self::Date(date)),
+            HeapRootData::Error(error) => Ok(Self::Error(error)),
             HeapRootData::FinalizationRegistry(finalization_registry) => {
-                Some(Self::FinalizationRegistry(finalization_registry))
+                Ok(Self::FinalizationRegistry(finalization_registry))
             }
-            HeapRootData::Map(map) => Some(Self::Map(map)),
-            HeapRootData::Promise(promise) => Some(Self::Promise(promise)),
-            HeapRootData::Proxy(proxy) => Some(Self::Proxy(proxy)),
+            HeapRootData::Map(map) => Ok(Self::Map(map)),
+            HeapRootData::Promise(promise) => Ok(Self::Promise(promise)),
+            HeapRootData::Proxy(proxy) => Ok(Self::Proxy(proxy)),
             #[cfg(feature = "regexp")]
-            HeapRootData::RegExp(reg_exp) => Some(Self::RegExp(reg_exp)),
-            HeapRootData::Set(set) => Some(Self::Set(set)),
+            HeapRootData::RegExp(reg_exp) => Ok(Self::RegExp(reg_exp)),
+            HeapRootData::Set(set) => Ok(Self::Set(set)),
             #[cfg(feature = "shared-array-buffer")]
             HeapRootData::SharedArrayBuffer(shared_array_buffer) => {
-                Some(Self::SharedArrayBuffer(shared_array_buffer))
+                Ok(Self::SharedArrayBuffer(shared_array_buffer))
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            HeapRootData::WeakMap(weak_map) => Some(Self::WeakMap(weak_map)),
+            HeapRootData::WeakMap(weak_map) => Ok(Self::WeakMap(weak_map)),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            HeapRootData::WeakRef(weak_ref) => Some(Self::WeakRef(weak_ref)),
+            HeapRootData::WeakRef(weak_ref) => Ok(Self::WeakRef(weak_ref)),
             #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
-            HeapRootData::WeakSet(weak_set) => Some(Self::WeakSet(weak_set)),
+            HeapRootData::WeakSet(weak_set) => Ok(Self::WeakSet(weak_set)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Int8Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Int8Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::Int8Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Int8Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Uint8Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Uint8Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::Uint8Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Uint8Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Uint8ClampedArray(base_index) => {
-                Some(Self::Uint8ClampedArray(base_index))
-            }
+            HeapRootData::Uint8ClampedArray(base_index) => Ok(Self::Uint8ClampedArray(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Int16Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Int16Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::Int16Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Int16Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Uint16Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Uint16Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::Uint16Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Uint16Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Int32Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Int32Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::Int32Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Int32Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Uint32Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Uint32Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::Uint32Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Uint32Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::BigInt64Array(base_index) => Some(Self::BigInt64Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::BigInt64Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::BigInt64Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::BigUint64Array(base_index) => Some(Self::BigUint64Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::BigUint64Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::BigUint64Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Float32Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Float32Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::Float32Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Float32Array(base_index)),
             #[cfg(feature = "array-buffer")]
-            HeapRootData::Float64Array(base_index) => Some(Self::Float64Array(base_index)),
-            HeapRootData::AsyncFromSyncIterator => Some(Self::AsyncFromSyncIterator),
-            HeapRootData::AsyncIterator => Some(Self::AsyncIterator),
-            HeapRootData::Iterator => Some(Self::Iterator),
-            HeapRootData::ArrayIterator(array_iterator) => {
-                Some(Self::ArrayIterator(array_iterator))
-            }
-            HeapRootData::SetIterator(set_iterator) => Some(Self::SetIterator(set_iterator)),
-            HeapRootData::MapIterator(map_iterator) => Some(Self::MapIterator(map_iterator)),
-            HeapRootData::Generator(generator) => Some(Self::Generator(generator)),
-            HeapRootData::Module(module) => Some(Self::Module(module)),
+            HeapRootData::Float64Array(base_index) => Ok(Self::Float64Array(base_index)),
+            HeapRootData::AsyncFromSyncIterator => Ok(Self::AsyncFromSyncIterator),
+            HeapRootData::AsyncIterator => Ok(Self::AsyncIterator),
+            HeapRootData::Iterator => Ok(Self::Iterator),
+            HeapRootData::ArrayIterator(array_iterator) => Ok(Self::ArrayIterator(array_iterator)),
+            HeapRootData::SetIterator(set_iterator) => Ok(Self::SetIterator(set_iterator)),
+            HeapRootData::MapIterator(map_iterator) => Ok(Self::MapIterator(map_iterator)),
+            HeapRootData::Generator(generator) => Ok(Self::Generator(generator)),
+            HeapRootData::Module(module) => Ok(Self::Module(module)),
             HeapRootData::EmbedderObject(embedder_object) => {
-                Some(Self::EmbedderObject(embedder_object))
+                Ok(Self::EmbedderObject(embedder_object))
             } // Note: Do not use _ => Err(()) to make sure any added
               // HeapRootData Value variants cause compile errors if not handled.
         }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/data.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/data.rs
index 9cb2a06d9..00f8cb9f6 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/data.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/data.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct ObjectHeapData {
     pub extensible: bool,
-    pub prototype: Option<Object>,
+    pub prototype: Option<Object<'static>>,
     pub keys: ElementsVector,
     pub values: ElementsVector,
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs
index 81a1f5594..bb529e716 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_methods.rs
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 /// ### [6.1.7.2 Object Internal Methods and Internal Slots](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-object-internal-methods-and-internal-slots)
-pub trait InternalMethods
+pub trait InternalMethods<'a>
 where
-    Self: std::fmt::Debug + Sized + Clone + Copy + Into<Object> + InternalSlots,
+    Self: 'a + std::fmt::Debug + Sized + Clone + Copy + Into<Object<'a>> + InternalSlots<'a>,
 {
     /// ## Infallible \[\[GetPrototypeOf\]\]
     ///
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ where
     /// method cannot be completed without calling into JavaScript, then `None`
     /// is returned. It is preferable to call this method first and only call
     /// the main method if this returns None.
-    fn try_get_prototype_of(
+    fn try_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         TryResult::Continue(match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => ordinary_get_prototype_of(agent, backing_object, gc),
             None => self.internal_prototype(agent),
@@ -48,16 +48,16 @@ where
     }
 
     /// ## \[\[GetPrototypeOf\]\]
-    fn internal_get_prototype_of(
+    fn internal_get_prototype_of<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         // Note: Because of Proxies, this can trigger GC.
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Option<Object>> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Option<Object<'gc>>> {
         // Note: ordinary_get_prototype_of cannot call JS or trigger
         // GC: No object should ever have a try_proto method that can
         // return None while also using this default impl.
-        Ok(unwrap_try(self.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.nogc())))
+        Ok(unwrap_try(self.try_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.into_nogc())))
     }
 
     /// ## Infallible \[\[SetPrototypeOf\]\]
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         prototype: Option<Object>,
-        _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         TryResult::Continue(ordinary_set_prototype_of(
             agent,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ where
         agent: &mut Agent,
         // Note: Because of Proxies, this can trigger GC.
         prototype: Option<Object>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         match self.try_set_prototype_of(agent, prototype, gc.into_nogc()) {
             TryResult::Continue(t) => Ok(t),
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         // Note: Because of Proxies, this can call JS.
-        _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return OrdinaryIsExtensible(O).
         TryResult::Continue(match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         // Note: Because of Proxies, this can call JS.
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         Ok(unwrap_try(self.try_is_extensible(agent, gc.into_nogc())))
     }
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ where
     /// method cannot be completed without calling into JavaScript, then `None`
     /// is returned. It is preferable to call this method first and only call
     /// the main method if this returns None.
-    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> TryResult<bool> {
+    fn try_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, _gc: NoGcScope) -> TryResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return OrdinaryPreventExtensions(O).
         TryResult::Continue(match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => ordinary_prevent_extensions(agent, backing_object),
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ where
     }
 
     /// ## \[\[PreventExtensions\]\]
-    fn internal_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<bool> {
+    fn internal_prevent_extensions(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<bool> {
         Ok(unwrap_try(
             self.try_prevent_extensions(agent, gc.into_nogc()),
         ))
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         // 1. Return OrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O, P).
         TryResult::Continue(match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyDescriptor>> {
         Ok(unwrap_try(self.try_get_own_property(
             agent,
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ where
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         let backing_object = self
             .get_backing_object(agent)
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ where
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         property_descriptor: PropertyDescriptor,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         Ok(unwrap_try(self.try_define_own_property(
             agent,
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return ? OrdinaryHasProperty(O, P).
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         // 1. Return ? OrdinaryHasProperty(O, P).
@@ -280,7 +280,9 @@ where
                 // 4. If parent is not null, then
                 if let Some(parent) = parent {
                     // a. Return ? parent.[[HasProperty]](P).
-                    parent.internal_has_property(agent, property_key.get(agent), gc)
+                    parent
+                        .unbind()
+                        .internal_has_property(agent, property_key.get(agent), gc)
                 } else {
                     // 5. Return false.
                     Ok(false)
@@ -301,7 +303,7 @@ where
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<Value> {
         // 1. Return ? OrdinaryGet(O, P, Receiver).
         match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ where
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         receiver: Value,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         let property_key = property_key.bind(gc.nogc());
         // 1. Return ? OrdinaryGet(O, P, Receiver).
@@ -344,7 +346,9 @@ where
                 };
 
                 // c. Return ? parent.[[Get]](P, Receiver).
-                parent.internal_get(agent, property_key.get(agent), receiver, gc)
+                parent
+                    .unbind()
+                    .internal_get(agent, property_key.get(agent), receiver, gc)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -362,7 +366,7 @@ where
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return ? OrdinarySet(O, P, V, Receiver).
         ordinary_try_set(agent, self.into_object(), property_key, value, receiver, gc)
@@ -375,7 +379,7 @@ where
         property_key: PropertyKey,
         value: Value,
         receiver: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return ? OrdinarySet(O, P, V, Receiver).
         ordinary_set(agent, self.into_object(), property_key, value, receiver, gc)
@@ -392,7 +396,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<bool> {
         // 1. Return ? OrdinaryDelete(O, P).
         TryResult::Continue(match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
@@ -406,7 +410,7 @@ where
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
         property_key: PropertyKey,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<bool> {
         Ok(unwrap_try(self.try_delete(
             agent,
@@ -422,11 +426,11 @@ where
     /// method cannot be completed without calling into JavaScript, then `None`
     /// is returned. It is preferable to call this method first and only call
     /// the main method if this returns None.
-    fn try_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn try_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> TryResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         // 1. Return OrdinaryOwnPropertyKeys(O).
         TryResult::Continue(match self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             Some(backing_object) => ordinary_own_property_keys(agent, backing_object, gc),
@@ -435,11 +439,11 @@ where
     }
 
     /// ## \[\[OwnPropertyKeys\]\]
-    fn internal_own_property_keys<'a>(
+    fn internal_own_property_keys<'gc>(
         self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Vec<PropertyKey<'gc>>> {
         Ok(unwrap_try(
             self.try_own_property_keys(agent, gc.into_nogc()),
         ))
@@ -451,19 +455,19 @@ where
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _this_value: Value,
         _arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        _gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         unreachable!()
     }
 
     /// ## \[\[Construct\]\]
-    fn internal_construct(
+    fn internal_construct<'gc>(
         self,
         _agent: &mut Agent,
         _arguments_list: ArgumentsList,
         _new_target: Function,
-        _gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Object> {
+        _gc: GcScope<'gc, '_>,
+    ) -> JsResult<Object<'gc>> {
         unreachable!()
     }
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_slots.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_slots.rs
index b00c08a48..2e8093d42 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_slots.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/internal_slots.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 /// ### [10.1 Ordinary Object Internal Methods and Internal Slots](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-ordinary-object-internal-methods-and-internal-slots)
-pub trait InternalSlots
+pub trait InternalSlots<'a>
 where
-    Self: Sized + Copy + Into<Object> + IntoObject,
+    Self: 'a + Sized + Copy + Into<Object<'a>> + IntoObject<'a>,
 {
     /// Default prototype of the object; this is used by
     /// [OrdinaryObjectInternalSlots::internal_prototype].
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ where
     /// All ordinary objects have an internal slot called \[\[Prototype\]\].
     /// The value of this internal slot is either null or an object and is used
     /// for implementing inheritance.
-    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object> {
+    fn internal_prototype(self, agent: &Agent) -> Option<Object<'static>> {
         if let Some(backing_object) = self.get_backing_object(agent) {
             backing_object.internal_prototype(agent)
         } else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/into_object.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/into_object.rs
index 04c7bf3dc..859ecbe55 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/into_object.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/into_object.rs
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use crate::ecmascript::types::language::into_value::IntoValue;
 
 use super::Object;
 
-pub trait IntoObject
+pub trait IntoObject<'a>
 where
-    Self: Sized + Copy + IntoValue,
+    Self: 'a + Sized + Copy + IntoValue,
 {
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object;
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a>;
 }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_storage.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_storage.rs
index 4e287b4de..655ecd52e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_storage.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/object/property_storage.rs
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ use crate::{
 use super::{Object, ObjectHeapData, PropertyKey};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct PropertyStorage(Object);
+pub struct PropertyStorage<'a>(Object<'a>);
 
-impl PropertyStorage {
-    pub fn new(object: Object) -> Self {
+impl<'a> PropertyStorage<'a> {
+    pub fn new(object: Object<'a>) -> Self {
         Self(object)
     }
 
-    fn into_object(self) -> Object {
+    fn into_object(self) -> Object<'a> {
         self.0
     }
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs
index dd936657f..c81473f37 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/language/value.rs
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ impl Value {
     // let value = value.bind(&gc);
     // ```
     // to make sure that the unbound Value cannot be used after binding.
-    pub fn bind(self, _gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+    pub fn bind(self, _gc: NoGcScope) -> Self {
         self
     }
 
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl Value {
         Scoped::new(agent, self.unbind(), gc)
     }
 
-    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &str, gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> Value {
+    pub fn from_str(agent: &mut Agent, str: &str, gc: NoGcScope) -> Value {
         String::from_str(agent, str, gc).into_value()
     }
 
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ impl Value {
         String::from_static_str(agent, str, gc).into_value()
     }
 
-    pub fn from_f64(agent: &mut Agent, value: f64, gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> Value {
+    pub fn from_f64(agent: &mut Agent, value: f64, gc: NoGcScope) -> Value {
         Number::from_f64(agent, value, gc).into_value()
     }
 
@@ -539,19 +539,19 @@ impl Value {
         to_numeric(agent, self, gc)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_int32(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<i32> {
+    pub fn to_int32(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<i32> {
         to_int32(agent, self, gc)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_uint32(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<u32> {
+    pub fn to_uint32(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<u32> {
         to_uint32(agent, self, gc)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_int16(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<i16> {
+    pub fn to_int16(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<i16> {
         to_int16(agent, self, gc)
     }
 
-    pub fn to_uint16(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<u16> {
+    pub fn to_uint16(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<u16> {
         to_uint16(agent, self, gc)
     }
 
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ impl Value {
     }
 
     /// ### [ℝ](https://tc39.es/ecma262/#%E2%84%9D)
-    pub fn to_real(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> JsResult<f64> {
+    pub fn to_real(self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<f64> {
         Ok(match self {
             Value::Number(n) => agent[n],
             Value::Integer(i) => i.into_i64() as f64,
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs
index 00f0caf41..151640faa 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/property_descriptor.rs
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ impl PropertyDescriptor {
     pub fn to_property_descriptor(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         obj: Value,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Self> {
         // 1. If Obj is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Ok(obj) = Object::try_from(obj) else {
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ impl PropertyDescriptor {
     pub(crate) fn try_to_property_descriptor(
         agent: &mut Agent,
         obj: Value,
-        gc: NoGcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: NoGcScope,
     ) -> TryResult<JsResult<Self>> {
         // 1. If Obj is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
         let Ok(obj) = Object::try_from(obj) else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs
index 26c28db30..b17c1361d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/ecmascript/types/spec/reference.rs
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ pub(crate) fn is_private_reference(_: &Reference) -> bool {
 pub(crate) fn get_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     reference: &Reference,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let referenced_name = reference.referenced_name.bind(gc.nogc());
     match reference.base {
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ pub(crate) fn put_value(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     v: &Reference,
     w: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     // 1. If V is not a Reference Record, throw a ReferenceError exception.
     // 2. If IsUnresolvableReference(V) is true, then
@@ -261,10 +261,10 @@ pub(crate) fn put_value(
             ));
         }
         // b. Let globalObj be GetGlobalObject().
-        let global_obj = get_global_object(agent);
+        let global_obj = get_global_object(agent, gc.nogc());
         // c. Perform ? Set(globalObj, V.[[ReferencedName]], W, false).
         let referenced_name = v.referenced_name;
-        set(agent, global_obj, referenced_name, w, false, gc)?;
+        set(agent, global_obj.unbind(), referenced_name, w, false, gc)?;
         // d. Return UNUSED.
         Ok(())
     } else if is_property_reference(v) {
@@ -283,11 +283,17 @@ pub(crate) fn put_value(
         // c. Let succeeded be ? baseObj.[[Set]](V.[[ReferencedName]], W, GetThisValue(V)).
         let this_value = get_this_value(v);
         let referenced_name = v.referenced_name;
+        let scoped_base_obj = base_obj.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         let succeeded =
-            base_obj.internal_set(agent, referenced_name, w, this_value, gc.reborrow())?;
+            base_obj
+                .unbind()
+                .internal_set(agent, referenced_name, w, this_value, gc.reborrow())?;
         if !succeeded && v.strict {
             // d. If succeeded is false and V.[[Strict]] is true, throw a TypeError exception.
-            let base_obj_repr = base_obj.into_value().string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow());
+            let base_obj_repr = scoped_base_obj
+                .get(agent)
+                .into_value()
+                .string_repr(agent, gc.reborrow());
             let error_message = format!(
                 "Could not set property '{}' of {}.",
                 referenced_name.as_display(agent),
@@ -344,7 +350,7 @@ pub(crate) fn try_put_value<'a>(
             )));
         }
         // b. Let globalObj be GetGlobalObject().
-        let global_obj = get_global_object(agent);
+        let global_obj = get_global_object(agent, gc);
         // c. Perform ? Set(globalObj, V.[[ReferencedName]], W, false).
         let referenced_name = v.referenced_name;
         if let Err(err) = try_set(agent, global_obj, referenced_name, w, false, gc)? {
@@ -416,7 +422,7 @@ pub(crate) fn initialize_referenced_binding(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     v: Reference,
     w: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     // 1. Assert: IsUnresolvableReference(V) is false.
     debug_assert!(!is_unresolvable_reference(&v));
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs
index 50a93d59b..014a24ee4 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/iterator.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl VmIterator {
     // let number = number.bind(&gc);
     // ```
     // to make sure that the unbound VmIterator cannot be used after binding.
-    pub const fn bind(self, _: NoGcScope<'_, '_>) -> VmIterator {
+    pub const fn bind(self, _: NoGcScope) -> VmIterator {
         self
     }
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl VmIterator {
     pub(super) fn step_value(
         &mut self,
         agent: &mut Agent,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        mut gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<Value>> {
         match self {
             VmIterator::ObjectProperties(iter) => {
@@ -144,11 +144,7 @@ impl VmIterator {
     /// Iterator Record or a throw completion.
     ///
     /// This method version performs the SYNC version of the method.
-    pub(super) fn from_value(
-        agent: &mut Agent,
-        value: Value,
-        mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Self> {
+    pub(super) fn from_value(agent: &mut Agent, value: Value, mut gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<Self> {
         // a. Let method be ? GetMethod(obj, %Symbol.iterator%).
         let method = get_method(
             agent,
@@ -189,7 +185,7 @@ impl VmIterator {
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(super) struct ObjectPropertiesIterator {
-    object: Object,
+    object: Object<'static>,
     object_was_visited: bool,
     visited_keys: Vec<PropertyKey<'static>>,
     remaining_keys: VecDeque<PropertyKey<'static>>,
@@ -198,7 +194,7 @@ pub(super) struct ObjectPropertiesIterator {
 impl ObjectPropertiesIterator {
     pub(super) fn new(object: Object) -> Self {
         Self {
-            object,
+            object: object.unbind(),
             object_was_visited: false,
             visited_keys: Default::default(),
             remaining_keys: Default::default(),
@@ -210,10 +206,12 @@ impl ObjectPropertiesIterator {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         mut gc: GcScope<'a, '_>,
     ) -> JsResult<Option<PropertyKey<'a>>> {
+        let object = self.object.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
         loop {
-            let object = self.object;
             if !self.object_was_visited {
-                let keys = object.internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let keys = object
+                    .get(agent)
+                    .internal_own_property_keys(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
                 for key in keys {
                     if let PropertyKey::Symbol(_) = key {
                         continue;
@@ -229,7 +227,9 @@ impl ObjectPropertiesIterator {
                     continue;
                 }
                 // TODO: Properly handle potential GC.
-                let desc = object.internal_get_own_property(agent, r, gc.reborrow())?;
+                let desc = object
+                    .get(agent)
+                    .internal_get_own_property(agent, r, gc.reborrow())?;
                 if let Some(desc) = desc {
                     self.visited_keys.push(r);
                     if desc.enumerable == Some(true) {
@@ -238,10 +238,12 @@ impl ObjectPropertiesIterator {
                 }
             }
             // TODO: Properly handle potential GC.
-            let prototype = object.internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
+            let prototype = object
+                .get(agent)
+                .internal_get_prototype_of(agent, gc.reborrow())?;
             if let Some(prototype) = prototype {
                 self.object_was_visited = false;
-                self.object = prototype;
+                self.object = prototype.unbind();
             } else {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
@@ -264,11 +266,7 @@ impl ArrayValuesIterator {
         }
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn next(
-        &mut self,
-        agent: &mut Agent,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
-    ) -> JsResult<Option<Value>> {
+    pub(super) fn next(&mut self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> JsResult<Option<Value>> {
         // b. Repeat,
         let array = self.array;
         // iv. Let indexNumber be 𝔽(index).
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs
index d42e7251e..fb98d4a7d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm.rs
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl SuspendedVm {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         executable: Executable,
         value: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
         let vm = Vm::from_suspended(self);
         vm.resume(agent, executable, value, gc)
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ impl SuspendedVm {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         executable: Executable,
         err: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
         // Optimisation: Avoid unsuspending the Vm if we're just going to throw
         // out of it immediately.
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         executable: Executable,
         arguments: Option<&[Value]>,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
         let mut vm = Vm::new();
 
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         executable: Executable,
         value: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
         self.result = Some(value);
         self.inner_execute(agent, executable, gc)
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
         agent: &mut Agent,
         executable: Executable,
         err: Value,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> ExecutionResult {
         let err = JsError::new(err);
         if !self.handle_error(agent, err) {
@@ -441,7 +441,9 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                 vm.result = Some(match env_rec {
                     EnvironmentIndex::Declarative(_) => unreachable!(),
                     EnvironmentIndex::Function(idx) => idx.get_this_binding(agent, gc.nogc())?,
-                    EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => idx.get_this_binding(agent).into_value(),
+                    EnvironmentIndex::Global(idx) => {
+                        idx.get_this_binding(agent, gc.nogc()).into_value()
+                    }
                     EnvironmentIndex::Object(_) => unreachable!(),
                 });
             }
@@ -838,6 +840,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                     agent,
                     Some(ProtoIntrinsics::Object),
                     None,
+                    gc.nogc(),
                 );
                 vm.stack.push(object.into())
             }
@@ -1018,7 +1021,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                 }
                 set_function_name(agent, function, name, None, gc.nogc());
                 if !function_expression.r#async && !function_expression.generator {
-                    make_constructor(agent, function, None, None);
+                    make_constructor(agent, function, None, None, gc.nogc());
                 }
 
                 if function_expression.generator {
@@ -1036,6 +1039,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                                 .generator_prototype()
                                 .into_object(),
                         ),
+                        gc.nogc(),
                     );
                     // 8. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
                     unwrap_try(try_define_property_or_throw(
@@ -1124,7 +1128,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                     agent[function].compiled_bytecode = Some(compiled_bytecode);
                 }
                 set_function_name(agent, function, class_name.into(), None, gc.nogc());
-                make_constructor(agent, function, Some(false), Some(proto));
+                make_constructor(agent, function, Some(false), Some(proto), gc.nogc());
                 agent[function].ecmascript_function.home_object = Some(proto.into_object());
                 agent[function].ecmascript_function.constructor_status =
                     if has_constructor_parent || is_null_derived_class {
@@ -1406,11 +1410,13 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                 // 6. Let result be ? Construct(func, argList, newTarget).
                 let result = construct(
                     agent,
-                    func,
+                    func.unbind(),
                     Some(ArgumentsList(&arg_list)),
                     Some(new_target),
                     gc.reborrow(),
-                )?;
+                )?
+                .unbind()
+                .bind(gc.nogc());
                 // 7. Let thisER be GetThisEnvironment().
                 let EnvironmentIndex::Function(this_er) = get_this_environment(agent) else {
                     unreachable!();
@@ -1826,7 +1832,14 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                     None
                 };
                 let object = to_object(agent, vm.stack.pop().unwrap(), gc.nogc())?;
-                execute_simple_object_binding(agent, vm, executable, object, env, gc.reborrow())?
+                execute_simple_object_binding(
+                    agent,
+                    vm,
+                    executable,
+                    object.unbind(),
+                    env,
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?
             }
             Instruction::BindingPatternBind
             | Instruction::BindingPatternBindNamed
@@ -1885,7 +1898,7 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                         // TODO: Is this relevant?
                         // i. Set ref.[[ReferencedName]] to ? ToPropertyKey(ref.[[ReferencedName]]).
                         // e. Let deleteStatus be ? baseObj.[[Delete]](ref.[[ReferencedName]]).
-                        let delete_status = base_obj.internal_delete(
+                        let delete_status = base_obj.unbind().internal_delete(
                             agent,
                             refer.referenced_name,
                             gc.reborrow(),
@@ -2018,8 +2031,9 @@ impl<'a> Vm {
                 let Some(VmIterator::SliceIterator(slice)) = vm.iterator_stack.last() else {
                     unreachable!()
                 };
-                vm.result =
-                    Some(create_unmapped_arguments_object(agent, slice.get(), gc).into_value());
+                vm.result = Some(
+                    create_unmapped_arguments_object(agent, slice.get(), gc.nogc()).into_value(),
+                );
             }
             other => todo!("{other:?}"),
         }
@@ -2057,7 +2071,7 @@ fn apply_string_or_numeric_binary_operator(
     lval: Value,
     op_text: BinaryOperator,
     rval: Value,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<Value> {
     let mut lnum: Numeric;
     let rnum: Numeric;
@@ -2322,7 +2336,7 @@ pub(crate) fn instanceof_operator(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     value: impl IntoValue,
     target: impl IntoValue,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<bool> {
     // 1. If target is not an Object, throw a TypeError exception.
     let Ok(target) = Object::try_from(target.into_value()) else {
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm/binding_methods.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm/binding_methods.rs
index 154e9d62b..2ce0dd43e 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm/binding_methods.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/bytecode/vm/binding_methods.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub(super) fn execute_simple_array_binding(
     executable: Executable,
     mut iterator: VmIterator,
     environment: Option<EnvironmentIndex>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     let mut iterator_is_done = false;
 
@@ -132,8 +132,9 @@ pub(super) fn execute_simple_object_binding(
     executable: Executable,
     object: Object,
     environment: Option<EnvironmentIndex>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
+    let object = object.scope(agent, gc.nogc());
     let mut excluded_names = AHashSet::new();
 
     loop {
@@ -158,7 +159,12 @@ pub(super) fn execute_simple_object_binding(
                 let property_key = property_key.unbind();
                 let lhs = resolve_binding(agent, binding_id.unbind(), environment, gc.reborrow())?
                     .unbind();
-                let v = get(agent, object, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+                let v = get(
+                    agent,
+                    object.get(agent),
+                    property_key.unbind(),
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
                 if environment.is_none() {
                     put_value(agent, &lhs, v, gc.reborrow())?;
                 } else {
@@ -176,7 +182,12 @@ pub(super) fn execute_simple_object_binding(
                 };
 
                 excluded_names.insert(property_key.unbind());
-                let v = get(agent, object, property_key.unbind(), gc.reborrow())?;
+                let v = get(
+                    agent,
+                    object.get(agent),
+                    property_key.unbind(),
+                    gc.reborrow(),
+                )?;
                 execute_nested_simple_binding(
                     agent,
                     vm,
@@ -198,7 +209,7 @@ pub(super) fn execute_simple_object_binding(
                 // 3. Perform ? CopyDataProperties(restObj, value, excludedNames).
                 let rest_obj = copy_data_properties_into_object(
                     agent,
-                    object,
+                    object.get(agent),
                     &excluded_names,
                     gc.reborrow(),
                 )?
@@ -225,7 +236,7 @@ pub(super) fn execute_nested_simple_binding(
     executable: Executable,
     value: Value,
     environment: Option<EnvironmentIndex>,
-    mut gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    mut gc: GcScope,
 ) -> JsResult<()> {
     let instr = executable.get_instruction(agent, &mut vm.ip).unwrap();
     match instr.kind {
@@ -242,7 +253,14 @@ pub(super) fn execute_nested_simple_binding(
         }
         Instruction::BeginSimpleObjectBindingPattern => {
             let object = to_object(agent, value, gc.nogc())?;
-            execute_simple_object_binding(agent, vm, executable, object, environment, gc.reborrow())
+            execute_simple_object_binding(
+                agent,
+                vm,
+                executable,
+                object.unbind(),
+                environment,
+                gc.reborrow(),
+            )
         }
         _ => unreachable!(),
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs
index cbccc1829..b1ff0c63d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ mod private {
     impl RootableSealed for Module<'_> {}
     impl RootableSealed for Number<'_> {}
     impl RootableSealed for Numeric<'_> {}
-    impl RootableSealed for Object {}
+    impl RootableSealed for Object<'_> {}
     impl RootableSealed for OrdinaryObject<'_> {}
     impl RootableSealed for Primitive<'_> {}
     impl RootableSealed for PrimitiveObject<'_> {}
@@ -194,7 +194,9 @@ pub trait Rootable: std::fmt::Debug + Copy + RootableSealed {
 }
 
 // Blanket impl for Objects
-impl<T: std::fmt::Debug + RootableSealed + IntoObject + TryFrom<HeapRootData>> Rootable for T {
+impl<'a, T: std::fmt::Debug + RootableSealed + IntoObject<'a> + TryFrom<HeapRootData>> Rootable
+    for T
+{
     type RootRepr = HeapRootRef;
 
     #[inline]
@@ -315,9 +317,9 @@ pub enum HeapRootData {
     // these in alphabetical order.
 }
 
-impl From<Object> for HeapRootData {
+impl From<Object<'static>> for HeapRootData {
     #[inline]
-    fn from(value: Object) -> Self {
+    fn from(value: Object<'static>) -> Self {
         match value {
             Object::Object(ordinary_object) => Self::Object(ordinary_object),
             Object::BoundFunction(bound_function) => Self::BoundFunction(bound_function),
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/global.rs b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/global.rs
index b20530263..d62406fa1 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/global.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/engine/rootable/global.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl<T: Rootable> Global<T> {
 
     /// Access the rooted value from inside this Global without releasing the
     /// Global.
-    pub fn get(&self, agent: &mut Agent, _: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> T {
+    pub fn get(&self, agent: &mut Agent, _: GcScope) -> T {
         let heap_ref = match T::from_root_repr(&self.0) {
             Ok(value) => {
                 // The value didn't need rooting
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<T: Rootable> Global<T> {
     /// original Global and the cloned one must be explicitly released before
     /// the rooted value can be garbage collected.
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn clone(&self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Self {
+    pub fn clone(&self, agent: &mut Agent, gc: GcScope) -> Self {
         let value = self.get(agent, gc);
         Self::new(agent, value)
     }
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/heap.rs b/nova_vm/src/heap.rs
index d0f8cd428..46e74ba28 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/heap.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/heap.rs
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ impl Heap {
             extensible: true,
             keys,
             values,
-            prototype: Some(prototype),
+            prototype: Some(prototype.unbind()),
         };
         self.objects.push(Some(object_data));
         ObjectIndex::last(&self.objects).into()
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_gc.rs b/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_gc.rs
index 5cab202a1..789de7c8c 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_gc.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/heap/heap_gc.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ use crate::{
 pub fn heap_gc(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     root_realms: &mut [Option<RealmIdentifier>],
-    gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    gc: GcScope,
 ) {
     let Agent {
         heap,
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ fn sweep(
     agent: &mut Agent,
     bits: &HeapBits,
     root_realms: &mut [Option<RealmIdentifier>],
-    _: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+    _: GcScope,
 ) {
     let compactions = CompactionLists::create_from_bits(bits);
 
diff --git a/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs b/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs
index 525389c38..e93da4dd3 100644
--- a/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/src/heap/indexes.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ use crate::{
             StringHeapData, SymbolHeapData, Value,
         },
     },
-    engine::context::GcToken,
+    engine::context::{GcToken, NoGcScope},
 };
 use core::fmt::Debug;
 use std::{
@@ -228,6 +228,28 @@ pub type WeakRefIndex<'a> = BaseIndex<'a, WeakRefHeapData>;
 #[cfg(feature = "weak-refs")]
 pub type WeakSetIndex<'a> = BaseIndex<'a, WeakSetHeapData>;
 
+impl TypedArrayIndex<'_> {
+    /// Unbind this TypedArrayIndex from its current lifetime. This is necessary to use
+    /// the TypedArrayIndex as a parameter in a call that can perform garbage
+    /// collection.
+    pub fn unbind(self) -> TypedArrayIndex<'static> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<Self, TypedArrayIndex<'static>>(self) }
+    }
+
+    // Bind this TypedArrayIndex to the garbage collection lifetime. This enables Rust's
+    // borrow checker to verify that your TypedArrayIndexs cannot not be invalidated by
+    // garbage collection being performed.
+    //
+    // This function is best called with the form
+    // ```rs
+    // let ta_idx = ta_idx.bind(&gc);
+    // ```
+    // to make sure that the unbound TypedArrayIndex cannot be used after binding.
+    pub const fn bind<'gc>(self, _: NoGcScope<'gc, '_>) -> TypedArrayIndex<'gc> {
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<Self, TypedArrayIndex<'gc>>(self) }
+    }
+}
+
 // Implement Default for ElementIndex: This is done to support Default
 // constructor of ElementsVector.
 impl Default for ElementIndex {
diff --git a/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs b/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs
index 329d390d5..9eed0076d 100644
--- a/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs
+++ b/nova_vm/tests/garbage_collection_tests.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use nova_vm::{
     engine::context::GcScope,
 };
 
-fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, global: Object, gc: GcScope<'_, '_>) {
+fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, global: Object, gc: GcScope) {
     use nova_vm::ecmascript::{
         builtins::{create_builtin_function, ArgumentsList, Behaviour, BuiltinFunctionArgs},
         execution::JsResult,
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn initialize_global_object(agent: &mut Agent, global: Object, gc: GcScope<'_, '
         agent: &mut Agent,
         _this: Value,
         args: ArgumentsList,
-        gc: GcScope<'_, '_>,
+        gc: GcScope,
     ) -> JsResult<Value> {
         if args.len() == 0 {
             println!();
@@ -77,8 +77,9 @@ fn garbage_collection_tests() {
         fs::read_to_string(d.clone()).expect("Should have been able to read the file");
 
     let mut agent = GcAgent::new(Options::default(), &DefaultHostHooks);
-    let create_global_object: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
-    let create_global_this_value: Option<fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'_, '_>) -> Object> = None;
+    let create_global_object: Option<for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>> = None;
+    let create_global_this_value: Option<for<'a> fn(&mut Agent, GcScope<'a, '_>) -> Object<'a>> =
+        None;
     let realm = agent.create_realm(
         create_global_object,
         create_global_this_value,