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Kannada character tables

This document lists the per-character shaping information needed to shape Kannada text.

Table of Contents

Kannada character table

Kannada glyphs should be classified as in the following table. Codepoints in the Kannada block with no assigned meaning are designated as unassigned in the Unicode category column.

Assigned codepoints with a null in the Shaping class column evoke no special behavior from the shaping engine. Note that this does include some valid codepoints, such as currency marks, punctuation, and other symbols.

Note: the NUMBER and SYMBOL Shaping classes are important during syllable identification, but generally evoke no further special behavior during the rest of the shaping process.

The Mark-placement subclass column indicates mark-placement positioning for codepoints in the Mark category. Assigned, non-mark codepoints have a null in this column and evoke no special mark-placement behavior. Marks tagged with [Mn] in the Unicode category column are categorized as non-spacing; marks tagged with [Mc] are categorized as spacing-combining.

Some codepoints in the following table use a Shaping class that differs from the codepoint's Unicode General Category. The Shaping class takes precedence during OpenType shaping, as it captures more specific, script-aware behavior.

Codepoint Unicode category Shaping class Mark-placement subclass Glyph
U+0C80 Letter PLACEHOLDER null ಀ Spacing Candrabindu
U+0C81 Mark [Mn] BINDU TOP_POSITION ಁ Candrabindu
U+0C82 Mark [Mc] BINDU RIGHT_POSITION ಂ Anusvara
U+0C83 Mark [Mc] VISARGA RIGHT_POSITION ಃ Visarga
U+0C84 Punctuation null null ಄ Siddham
U+0C85 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಅ A
U+0C86 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಆ Aa
U+0C87 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಇ I
U+0C88 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಈ Ii
U+0C89 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಉ U
U+0C8A Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಊ Uu
U+0C8B Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಋ Vocalic R
U+0C8C Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಌ Vocalic L
U+0C8D unassigned
U+0C8E Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಎ E
U+0C8F Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಏ Ee
U+0C90 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಐ Ai
U+0C91 unassigned
U+0C92 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಒ O
U+0C93 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಓ Oo
U+0C94 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ಔ Au
U+0C95 Letter CONSONANT null ಕ Ka
U+0C96 Letter CONSONANT null ಖ Kha
U+0C97 Letter CONSONANT null ಗ Ga
U+0C98 Letter CONSONANT null ಘ Gha
U+0C99 Letter CONSONANT null ಙ Nga
U+0C9A Letter CONSONANT null ಚ Ca
U+0C9B Letter CONSONANT null ಛ Cha
U+0C9C Letter CONSONANT null ಜ Ja
U+0C9D Letter CONSONANT null ಝ Jha
U+0C9E Letter CONSONANT null ಞ Nya
U+0C9F Letter CONSONANT null ಟ Tta
U+0CA0 Letter CONSONANT null ಠ Ttha
U+0CA1 Letter CONSONANT null ಡ Dda
U+0CA2 Letter CONSONANT null ಢ Ddha
U+0CA3 Letter CONSONANT null ಣ Nna
U+0CA4 Letter CONSONANT null ತ Ta
U+0CA5 Letter CONSONANT null ಥ Tha
U+0CA6 Letter CONSONANT null ದ Da
U+0CA7 Letter CONSONANT null ಧ Dha
U+0CA8 Letter CONSONANT null ನ Na
U+0CA9 unassigned
U+0CAA Letter CONSONANT null ಪ Pa
U+0CAB Letter CONSONANT null ಫ Pha
U+0CAC Letter CONSONANT null ಬ Ba
U+0CAD Letter CONSONANT null ಭ Bha
U+0CAE Letter CONSONANT null ಮ Ma
U+0CAF Letter CONSONANT null ಯ Ya
U+0CB0 Letter CONSONANT null ರ Ra
U+0CB1 Letter CONSONANT null ಱ Rra
U+0CB2 Letter CONSONANT null ಲ La
U+0CB3 Letter CONSONANT null ಳ Lla
U+0CB4 unassigned
U+0CB5 Letter CONSONANT null ವ Va
U+0CB6 Letter CONSONANT null ಶ Sha
U+0CB7 Letter CONSONANT null ಷ Ssa
U+0CB8 Letter CONSONANT null ಸ Sa
U+0CB9 Letter CONSONANT null ಹ Ha
U+0CBA unassigned
U+0CBB unassigned
U+0CBC Mark [Mn] NUKTA BOTTOM_POSITION ಼ Nukta
U+0CBD Letter AVAGRAHA null ಽ Avagraha
U+0CBE Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT RIGHT_POSITION ಾ Sign Aa
U+0CBF Mark [Mn] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_POSITION ಿ Sign I
U+0CC0 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION ೀ Sign Ii
U+0CC1 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT RIGHT_POSITION ು Sign U
U+0CC2 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT RIGHT_POSITION ೂ Sign Uu
U+0CC3 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT RIGHT_POSITION ೃ Sign Vocalic R
U+0CC4 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT RIGHT_POSITION ೄ Sign Vocalic Rr
U+0CC5 unassigned
U+0CC6 Mark [Mn] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_POSITION ೆ Sign E
U+0CC7 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION ೇ Sign Ee
U+0CC8 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION ೈ Sign Ai
U+0CC9 unassigned
U+0CCA Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION ೊ Sign O
U+0CCB Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_AND_RIGHT_POSITION ೋ Sign Oo
U+0CCC Mark [Mn] VOWEL_DEPENDENT TOP_POSITION ೌ Sign Au
U+0CCD Mark [Mn] VIRAMA TOP_POSITION ್ Virama
U+0CCE unassigned
U+0CCF unassigned
U+0CD0 unassigned
U+0CD1 unassigned
U+0CD2 unassigned
U+0CD3 unassigned
U+0CD4 unassigned
U+0CD5 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT RIGHT_POSITION ೕ Length Mark
U+0CD6 Mark [Mc] VOWEL_DEPENDENT RIGHT_POSITION ೖ Ai Length Mark
U+0CD7 unassigned
U+0CD8 unassigned
U+0CD9 unassigned
U+0CDA unassigned
U+0CDB unassigned
U+0CDC unassigned
U+0CDD unassigned
U+0CDE Letter CONSONANT null ೞ Fa
U+0CDF unassigned
U+0CE0 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ೠ Vocalic Rr
U+0CE1 Letter VOWEL_INDEPENDENT null ೡ Vocalic Ll
U+0CE2 Mark [Mn] VOWEL_DEPENDENT BOTTOM_POSITION ೢ Sign Vocalic L
U+0CE3 Mark [Mn] VOWEL_DEPENDENT BOTTOM_POSITION ೣ Sign Vocalic Ll
U+0CE4 unassigned
U+0CE5 unassigned
U+0CE6 Number NUMBER null ೦ Digit Zero
U+0CE7 Number NUMBER null ೧ Digit One
U+0CE8 Number NUMBER null ೨ Digit Two
U+0CE9 Number NUMBER null ೩ Digit Three
U+0CEA Number NUMBER null ೪ Digit Four
U+0CEB Number NUMBER null ೫ Digit Five
U+0CEC Number NUMBER null ೬ Digit Six
U+0CED Number NUMBER null ೭ Digit Seven
U+0CEE Number NUMBER null ೮ Digit Eight
U+0CEF Number NUMBER null ೯ Digit Nine
U+0CF0 unassigned
U+0CF1 Letter CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER null ೱ Jihvamuliya
U+0CF2 Letter CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER null ೲ Upadhmaniya
U+0CF3 Mark [Mc] BINDU RIGHT_POSITION ೳ Combining Anusvara Above Right
U+0CF4 unassigned
U+0CF5 unassigned
U+0CF6 unassigned
U+0CF7 unassigned
U+0CF8 unassigned
U+0CF9 unassigned
U+0CFA unassigned
U+0CFB unassigned
U+0CFC unassigned
U+0CFD unassigned
U+0CFE unassigned
U+0CFF unassigned

Vedic Extensions character table

Sanskrit runs written in the Kannada script may also include characters from the Vedic Extensions block. These characters should be classified as follows.

Note: See the Vedic Extensions document for additional information.

Codepoint Unicode category Shaping class Mark-placement subclass Glyph
U+1CD0 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ᳐ Tone Karshana
U+1CD1 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ᳑ Tone Shara
U+1CD2 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ᳒ Tone Prenkha
U+1CD3 Punctuation null null ᳓ Sign Nihshvasa
U+1CD4 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION OVERSTRUCK ᳔ Tone Midline Svarita
U+1CD5 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳕ Tone Aggravated Independent Svarita
U+1CD6 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳖ Tone Independent Svarita
U+1CD7 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳗ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita
U+1CD8 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳘ Tone Candra Below
U+1CD9 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳙ Tone Kathaka Independent Svarita Schroeder
U+1CDA Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ᳚ Tone Double Svarita
U+1CDB Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ᳛ Tone Triple Svarita
U+1CDC Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳜ Tone Kathaka Anudatta
U+1CDD Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳝ Tone Dot Below
U+1CDE Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳞ Tone Two Dots Below
U+1CDF Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ᳟ Tone Three Dots Below
U+1CE0 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ᳠ Tone Rigvedic Kashmiri Independent Svarita
U+1CE1 Mark [Mc] CANTILLATION RIGHT_POSITION ᳡ Tone Atharavedic Independent Svarita
U+1CE2 Mark [Mn] AVAGRAHA OVERSTRUCK ᳢ Sign Visarga Svarita
U+1CE3 Mark [Mn] null OVERSTRUCK ᳣ Sign Visarga Udatta
U+1CE4 Mark [Mn] null OVERSTRUCK ᳤ Sign Reversed Visarga Udatta
U+1CE5 Mark [Mn] null OVERSTRUCK ᳥ Sign Visarga Anudatta
U+1CE6 Mark [Mn] null OVERSTRUCK ᳦ Sign Reversed Visarga Anudatta
U+1CE7 Mark [Mn] null OVERSTRUCK ᳧ Sign Visarga Udatta With Tail
U+1CE8 Mark [Mn] AVAGRAHA OVERSTRUCK ᳨ Sign Visarga Anudatta With Tail
U+1CE9 Letter SYMBOL null ᳩ Sign Anusvara Antargomukha
U+1CEA Letter null null ᳪ Sign Anusvara Bahirgomukha
U+1CEB Letter null null ᳫ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha
U+1CEC Letter SYMBOL null ᳬ Sign Anusvara Vamagomukha With Tail
U+1CED Mark [Mn] AVAGRAHA BOTTOM_POSITION ᳭ Sign Tiryak
U+1CEE Letter SYMBOL null ᳮ Sign Hexiform Long Anusvara
U+1CEF Letter null null ᳯ Sign Long Anusvara
U+1CF0 Letter null null ᳰ Sign Rthang Long Anusvara
U+1CF2 Letter CONSONANT_DEAD null ᳲ Sign Ardhavisarga
U+1CF3 Letter CONSONANT_DEAD null ᳳ Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga
U+1CF3 Mark [Mc] VISARGA null ᳳ Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga
U+1CF4 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ᳴ Tone Candra Above
U+1CF5 Letter CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER null ᳵ Sign Jihvamuliya
U+1CF6 Letter CONSONANT_WITH_STACKER null ᳶ Sign Upadhmaniya
U+1CF7 Mark [Mc] null null ᳷ Sign Atikrama
U+1CF8 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION null ᳸ Tone Ring Above
U+1CF9 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION null ᳹ Tone Double Ring Above
U+1CFA Letter PLACEHOLDER null ᳺ Sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha
U+1CFB unassigned
U+1CFC unassigned
U+1CFD unassigned
U+1CFE unassigned
U+1CFF unassigned

Miscellaneous character table

In addition to general punctuation, runs of Kannada text often use the danda (U+0964) and double danda (U+0965) punctuation marks from the Devanagari block. Kannada text can also incorporate the udatta (U+0951) and anudatta (U+0952) signs from the Devanagari block.

Codepoint Unicode category Shaping class Mark-placement subclass Glyph
U+0951 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION TOP_POSITION ॑ Udatta
U+0952 Mark [Mn] CANTILLATION BOTTOM_POSITION ॒ Anudatta
U+0964 Punctuation null null । Danda
U+0965 Punctuation null null ॥ Double Danda

Other important characters that may be encountered when shaping runs of Kannada text include the dotted-circle placeholder (U+25CC), the zero-width joiner (U+200D) and zero-width non-joiner (U+200C), and the no-break space (U+00A0).

The dotted-circle placeholder is frequently used when displaying a dependent vowel (matra) or a combining mark in isolation. Real-world text syllables may also use other characters, such as hyphens or dashes, in a similar placeholder fashion; shaping engines should cope with this situation gracefully.

Codepoint Unicode category Shaping class Mark-placement subclass Glyph
U+00A0 Separator PLACEHOLDER null   No-break space
U+200C Other NON_JOINER null ‌ Zero-width non-joiner
U+200D Other JOINER null ‍ Zero-width joiner
U+2010 Punctuation PLACEHOLDER null ‐ Hyphen
U+2011 Punctuation PLACEHOLDER null ‑ No-break hyphen
U+2012 Punctuation PLACEHOLDER null ‒ Figure dash
U+2013 Punctuation PLACEHOLDER null – En dash
U+2014 Punctuation PLACEHOLDER null — Em dash
U+25CC Symbol DOTTED_CIRCLE null ◌ Dotted circle

The zero-width joiner (ZWJ) is primarily used to prevent the formation of a conjunct from a "Consonant,Halant,Consonant" sequence. The sequence "Consonant,Halant,ZWJ,Consonant" blocks the formation of a conjunct between the two consonants.

Note, however, that the "Consonant,Halant" subsequence in the above example may still trigger a half-forms feature. To prevent the application of the half-forms feature in addition to preventing the conjunct, the zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) must be used instead. The sequence "Consonant,Halant,ZWNJ,Consonant" should produce the first consonant in its standard form, followed by an explicit

A secondary usage of the zero-width joiner is to prevent the formation of "Reph". An initial "Ra,Halant,ZWJ" sequence should not produce a "Reph", where an initial "Ra,Halant" sequence without the zero-width joiner otherwise would.

The no-break space (NBSP) is primarily used to display those codepoints that are defined as non-spacing (marks, dependent vowels (matras), below-base consonant forms, and post-base consonant forms) in an isolated context, as an alternative to displaying them superimposed on the dotted-circle placeholder. These sequences will match "NBSP,ZWJ,Halant,Consonant", "NBSP,mark", or "NBSP,matra".