ccache.c

/*
 * ccache -- a fast C/C++ compiler cache
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2002-2007 Andrew Tridgell
 * Copyright (C) 2009-2016 Joel Rosdahl
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
 * Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option)
 * any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
 * more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
 * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51
 * Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
 */

#include "ccache.h"
#include "compopt.h"
#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_LONG
#include <getopt.h>
#else
#include "getopt_long.h"
#endif
#include "hashtable.h"
#include "hashtable_itr.h"
#include "hashutil.h"
#include "language.h"
#include "manifest.h"

#define STRINGIFY(x) #x
#define TO_STRING(x) STRINGIFY(x)

static const char VERSION_TEXT[] =
  MYNAME " version %s\n"
  "\n"
  "Copyright (C) 2002-2007 Andrew Tridgell\n"
  "Copyright (C) 2009-2016 Joel Rosdahl\n"
  "\n"
  "This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under\n"
  "the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software\n"
  "Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later\n"
  "version.\n";

static const char USAGE_TEXT[] =
  "Usage:\n"
  "    " MYNAME " [options]\n"
  "    " MYNAME " compiler [compiler options]\n"
  "    compiler [compiler options]          (via symbolic link)\n"
  "\n"
  "Options:\n"
  "    -c, --cleanup         delete old files and recalculate size counters\n"
  "                          (normally not needed as this is done automatically)\n"
  "    -C, --clear           clear the cache completely (except configuration)\n"
  "    -F, --max-files=N     set maximum number of files in cache to N (use 0 for\n"
  "                          no limit)\n"
  "    -M, --max-size=SIZE   set maximum size of cache to SIZE (use 0 for no\n"
  "                          limit); available suffixes: k, M, G, T (decimal) and\n"
  "                          Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti (binary); default suffix: G\n"
  "    -o, --set-config=K=V  set configuration key K to value V\n"
  "    -p, --print-config    print current configuration options\n"
  "    -s, --show-stats      show statistics summary\n"
  "    -z, --zero-stats      zero statistics counters\n"
  "\n"
  "    -h, --help            print this help text\n"
  "    -V, --version         print version and copyright information\n"
  "\n"
  "See also <https://ccache.samba.org>.\n";

/* Global configuration data. */
struct conf *conf = NULL;

/* Where to write configuration changes. */
char *primary_config_path = NULL;

/* Secondary, read-only configuration file (if any). */
char *secondary_config_path = NULL;

/* current working directory taken from $PWD, or getcwd() if $PWD is bad */
char *current_working_dir = NULL;

/* the original argument list */
static struct args *orig_args;

/* the source file */
static char *input_file;

/* The output file being compiled to. */
static char *output_obj;

/* The path to the dependency file (implicit or specified with -MF). */
static char *output_dep;

/* The path to the coverage file (implicit when using -ftest-coverage). */
static char *output_cov;

/* Diagnostic generation information (clang). Contains pathname if not
 * NULL. */
static char *output_dia = NULL;

/* -gsplit-dwarf support: Split dwarf information (GCC 4.8 and
 *  up). Contains pathname if not NULL. */
static char *output_dwo = NULL;

/*
 * Name (represented as a struct file_hash) of the file containing the cached
 * object code.
 */
static struct file_hash *cached_obj_hash;

/*
 * Full path to the file containing the cached object code
 * (cachedir/a/b/cdef[...]-size.o).
 */
static char *cached_obj;

/*
 * Full path to the file containing the standard error output
 * (cachedir/a/b/cdef[...]-size.stderr).
 */
static char *cached_stderr;

/*
 * Full path to the file containing the dependency information
 * (cachedir/a/b/cdef[...]-size.d).
 */
static char *cached_dep;

/*
 * Full path to the file containing the coverage information
 * (cachedir/a/b/cdef[...]-size.gcno).
 */
static char *cached_cov;

/*
 * Full path to the file containing the diagnostic information (for clang)
 * (cachedir/a/b/cdef[...]-size.dia).
 */
static char *cached_dia;

/*
 * -gsplit-dwarf support:
 * Full path to the file containing the split dwarf (for GCC 4.8 and
 * above)
 * (cachedir/a/b/cdef[...]-size.dwo).
 *
 * contains NULL if -gsplit-dwarf is not given.
 */
static char *cached_dwo;

/*
 * -gsplit-dwarf support:
 * using_split_dwarf is true if "-gsplit-dwarf" is given to the
 * compiler (GCC 4.8 and up).
 */
bool using_split_dwarf = false;

/*
 * Full path to the file containing the manifest
 * (cachedir/a/b/cdef[...]-size.manifest).
 */
static char *manifest_path;

/*
 * Time of compilation. Used to see if include files have changed after
 * compilation.
 */
time_t time_of_compilation;

/*
 * Files included by the preprocessor and their hashes/sizes. Key: file path.
 * Value: struct file_hash.
 */
static struct hashtable *included_files;

/* uses absolute path for some include files */
static bool has_absolute_include_headers = false;

/* List of headers to ignore */
static char **ignore_headers;

/* Size of headers to ignore list */
static size_t ignore_headers_len;

/* is gcc being asked to output debug info? */
static bool generating_debuginfo;

/* is gcc being asked to output dependencies? */
static bool generating_dependencies;

/* is gcc being asked to output coverage? */
static bool generating_coverage;

/* relocating debuginfo, in the format old=new */
static char *debug_prefix_map = NULL;

/* is gcc being asked to output coverage data (.gcda) at runtime? */
static bool profile_arcs;

/* name of the custom profile directory (default: object dirname) */
static char *profile_dir;

/* the name of the temporary pre-processor file */
static char *i_tmpfile;

/* are we compiling a .i or .ii file directly? */
static bool direct_i_file;

/* the name of the cpp stderr file */
static char *cpp_stderr;

/*
 * Full path to the statistics file in the subdirectory where the cached result
 * belongs (<cache_dir>/<x>/stats).
 */
char *stats_file = NULL;

/* Whether the output is a precompiled header */
static bool output_is_precompiled_header = false;

/* Profile generation / usage information */
static char *profile_dir = NULL;
static bool profile_use = false;
static bool profile_generate = false;

/*
 * Whether we are using a precompiled header (either via -include, #include or
 * clang's -include-pch or -include-pth).
 */
static bool using_precompiled_header = false;

/*
 * The .gch/.pch/.pth file used for compilation.
 */
static char *included_pch_file = NULL;

/* How long (in microseconds) to wait before breaking a stale lock. */
unsigned lock_staleness_limit = 2000000;

enum fromcache_call_mode {
	FROMCACHE_DIRECT_MODE,
	FROMCACHE_CPP_MODE
};

struct pending_tmp_file {
	char *path;
	struct pending_tmp_file *next;
};

/* Temporary files to remove at program exit. */
static struct pending_tmp_file *pending_tmp_files = NULL;

#ifndef _WIN32
static sigset_t fatal_signal_set;

/* PID of currently executing compiler that we have started, if any. 0 means no
 * ongoing compilation. */
static pid_t compiler_pid = 0;
#endif

/*
 * This is a string that identifies the current "version" of the hash sum
 * computed by ccache. If, for any reason, we want to force the hash sum to be
 * different for the same input in a new ccache version, we can just change
 * this string. A typical example would be if the format of one of the files
 * stored in the cache changes in a backwards-incompatible way.
 */
static const char HASH_PREFIX[] = "3";

static void
add_prefix(struct args *args, char *prefix_command)
{
	char *e;
	char *tok, *saveptr = NULL;
	struct args *prefix;
	int i;

	if (str_eq(prefix_command, "")) {
		return;
	}

	prefix = args_init(0, NULL);
	e = x_strdup(prefix_command);
	for (tok = strtok_r(e, " ", &saveptr);
	     tok;
	     tok = strtok_r(NULL, " ", &saveptr)) {
		char *p;

		p = find_executable(tok, MYNAME);
		if (!p) {
			fatal("%s: %s", tok, strerror(errno));
		}

		args_add(prefix, p);
		free(p);
	}
	free(e);

	cc_log("Using command-line prefix %s", prefix_command);
	for (i = prefix->argc; i != 0; i--) {
		args_add_prefix(args, prefix->argv[i-1]);
	}
	args_free(prefix);
}

/* Something went badly wrong - just execute the real compiler. */
static void
failed(void)
{
	assert(orig_args);

	args_strip(orig_args, "--ccache-");
	add_prefix(orig_args, conf->prefix_command);

	cc_log("Failed; falling back to running the real compiler");
	cc_log_argv("Executing ", orig_args->argv);
	exitfn_call();
	execv(orig_args->argv[0], orig_args->argv);
	fatal("execv of %s failed: %s", orig_args->argv[0], strerror(errno));
}

static const char *
temp_dir()
{
	static char *path = NULL;
	if (path) {
		return path; /* Memoize */
	}
	path = conf->temporary_dir;
	if (str_eq(path, "")) {
		path = format("%s/tmp", conf->cache_dir);
	}
	return path;
}

void
block_signals(void)
{
#ifndef _WIN32
	sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &fatal_signal_set, NULL);
#endif
}

void
unblock_signals(void)
{
#ifndef _WIN32
	sigset_t empty;
	sigemptyset(&empty);
	sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &empty, NULL);
#endif
}

static void
add_pending_tmp_file(const char *path)
{
	struct pending_tmp_file *e;

	block_signals();
	e = x_malloc(sizeof(*e));
	e->path = x_strdup(path);
	e->next = pending_tmp_files;
	pending_tmp_files = e;
	unblock_signals();
}

static void
do_clean_up_pending_tmp_files(void)
{
	struct pending_tmp_file *p = pending_tmp_files;
	while (p) {
		/* Can't call tmp_unlink here since its cc_log calls aren't signal safe. */
		unlink(p->path);
		p = p->next;
		/* Leak p->path and p here because clean_up_pending_tmp_files needs to be
		 * signal safe. */
	}
}

static void
clean_up_pending_tmp_files(void)
{
	block_signals();
	do_clean_up_pending_tmp_files();
	unblock_signals();
}

#ifndef _WIN32
static void
signal_handler(int signum)
{
	/* Unregister handler for this signal so that we can send the signal to
	 * ourselves at the end of the handler. */
	signal(signum, SIG_DFL);

	/* If ccache was killed explicitly, then bring the compiler subprocess (if
	 * any) with us as well. */
	if (signum == SIGTERM
	    && compiler_pid != 0
	    && waitpid(compiler_pid, NULL, WNOHANG) == 0) {
		kill(compiler_pid, signum);
	}

	do_clean_up_pending_tmp_files();

	if (compiler_pid != 0) {
		/* Wait for compiler subprocess to exit before we snuff it. */
		waitpid(compiler_pid, NULL, 0);
	}

	/* Resend signal to ourselves to exit properly after returning from the
	 * handler. */
	kill(getpid(), signum);
}

static void
register_signal_handler(int signum)
{
	struct sigaction act;
	memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
	act.sa_handler = signal_handler;
	act.sa_mask = fatal_signal_set;
#ifdef SA_RESTART
	act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
#endif
	sigaction(signum, &act, NULL);
}

static void
set_up_signal_handlers(void)
{
	sigemptyset(&fatal_signal_set);
	sigaddset(&fatal_signal_set, SIGINT);
	sigaddset(&fatal_signal_set, SIGTERM);
#ifdef SIGHUP
	sigaddset(&fatal_signal_set, SIGHUP);
#endif
#ifdef SIGQUIT
	sigaddset(&fatal_signal_set, SIGQUIT);
#endif

	register_signal_handler(SIGINT);
	register_signal_handler(SIGTERM);
#ifdef SIGHUP
	register_signal_handler(SIGHUP);
#endif
#ifdef SIGQUIT
	register_signal_handler(SIGQUIT);
#endif
}
#endif /* _WIN32 */

static void
clean_up_internal_tempdir(void)
{
	DIR *dir;
	struct dirent *entry;
	struct stat st;
	time_t now = time(NULL);

	if (x_stat(conf->cache_dir, &st) != 0 || st.st_mtime + 3600 >= now) {
		/* No cleanup needed. */
		return;
	}

	update_mtime(conf->cache_dir);

	dir = opendir(temp_dir());
	if (!dir) {
		return;
	}

	while ((entry = readdir(dir))) {
		char *path;

		if (str_eq(entry->d_name, ".") || str_eq(entry->d_name, "..")) {
			continue;
		}

		path = format("%s/%s", temp_dir(), entry->d_name);
		if (x_lstat(path, &st) == 0 && st.st_mtime + 3600 < now) {
			tmp_unlink(path);
		}
		free(path);
	}

	closedir(dir);
}

static char *
get_current_working_dir(void)
{
	if (!current_working_dir) {
		char *cwd = get_cwd();
		if (cwd) {
			current_working_dir = x_realpath(cwd);
			free(cwd);
		}
		if (!current_working_dir) {
			cc_log("Unable to determine current working directory: %s",
			       strerror(errno));
			failed();
		}
	}
	return current_working_dir;
}

/*
 * Transform a name to a full path into the cache directory, creating needed
 * sublevels if needed. Caller frees.
 */
static char *
get_path_in_cache(const char *name, const char *suffix)
{
	unsigned i;
	char *path;
	char *result;

	path = x_strdup(conf->cache_dir);
	for (i = 0; i < conf->cache_dir_levels; ++i) {
		char *p = format("%s/%c", path, name[i]);
		free(path);
		path = p;
	}

	result = format("%s/%s%s", path, name + conf->cache_dir_levels, suffix);
	free(path);
	return result;
}

/*
 * This function hashes an include file and stores the path and hash in the
 * global included_files variable. If the include file is a PCH, cpp_hash is
 * also updated. Takes over ownership of path.
 */
static void
remember_include_file(char *path, struct mdfour *cpp_hash, bool system)
{
#ifdef _WIN32
	DWORD attributes;
#endif
	struct mdfour fhash;
	struct stat st;
	char *source = NULL;
	size_t size;
	bool is_pch;
	size_t path_len = strlen(path);
	char *canonical;
	size_t canonical_len;
	char *ignore;
	size_t ignore_len;
	size_t i;

	if (path_len >= 2 && (path[0] == '<' && path[path_len - 1] == '>')) {
		/* Typically <built-in> or <command-line>. */
		goto ignore;
	}

	if (str_eq(path, input_file)) {
		/* Don't remember the input file. */
		goto ignore;
	}

	if (system && (conf->sloppiness & SLOPPY_NO_SYSTEM_HEADERS)) {
		/* Don't remember this system header. */
		goto ignore;
	}

	if (hashtable_search(included_files, path)) {
		/* Already known include file. */
		goto ignore;
	}

#ifdef _WIN32
	/* stat fails on directories on win32 */
	attributes = GetFileAttributes(path);
	if (attributes != INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
	    attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) {
		goto ignore;
	}
#endif

	if (x_stat(path, &st) != 0) {
		goto failure;
	}
	if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
		/* Ignore directory, typically $PWD. */
		goto ignore;
	}
	if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
		/* Device, pipe, socket or other strange creature. */
		cc_log("Non-regular include file %s", path);
		goto failure;
	}

	/* canonicalize path for comparison, clang uses ./header.h */
	canonical = path;
	canonical_len = path_len;
	if (canonical[0] == '.' && canonical[1] == '/') {
		canonical += 2;
		canonical_len -= 2;
	}

	for (i = 0; i < ignore_headers_len; i++) {
		ignore = ignore_headers[i];
		ignore_len = strlen(ignore);
		if (ignore_len > canonical_len) {
			continue;
		}
		if (strncmp(canonical, ignore, ignore_len) == 0
		    && (ignore[ignore_len-1] == DIR_DELIM_CH
		        || canonical[ignore_len] == DIR_DELIM_CH
		        || canonical[ignore_len] == '\0')) {
			goto ignore;
		}
	}

	/* Let's hash the include file. */
	if (!(conf->sloppiness & SLOPPY_INCLUDE_FILE_MTIME)
	    && st.st_mtime >= time_of_compilation) {
		cc_log("Include file %s too new", path);
		goto failure;
	}

	if (!(conf->sloppiness & SLOPPY_INCLUDE_FILE_CTIME)
	    && st.st_ctime >= time_of_compilation) {
		cc_log("Include file %s ctime too new", path);
		goto failure;
	}

	hash_start(&fhash);

	is_pch = is_precompiled_header(path);
	if (is_pch) {
		struct file_hash pch_hash;
		if (!hash_file(&fhash, path)) {
			goto failure;
		}
		hash_result_as_bytes(&fhash, pch_hash.hash);
		pch_hash.size = fhash.totalN;
		hash_delimiter(cpp_hash, "pch_hash");
		hash_buffer(cpp_hash, pch_hash.hash, sizeof(pch_hash.hash));
	}
	if (conf->direct_mode) {
		struct file_hash *h;

		if (!is_pch) { /* else: the file has already been hashed. */
			int result;

			if (st.st_size > 0) {
				if (!read_file(path, st.st_size, &source, &size)) {
					goto failure;
				}
			} else {
				source = x_strdup("");
				size = 0;
			}

			result = hash_source_code_string(conf, &fhash, source, size, path);
			if (result & HASH_SOURCE_CODE_ERROR
			    || result & HASH_SOURCE_CODE_FOUND_TIME) {
				goto failure;
			}
		}

		h = x_malloc(sizeof(*h));
		hash_result_as_bytes(&fhash, h->hash);
		h->size = fhash.totalN;
		hashtable_insert(included_files, path, h);
	} else {
		free(path);
	}

	free(source);
	return;

failure:
	if (conf->direct_mode) {
		cc_log("Disabling direct mode");
		conf->direct_mode = false;
	}
	/* Fall through. */
ignore:
	free(path);
	free(source);
}

/*
 * Make a relative path from current working directory to path if path is under
 * the base directory. Takes over ownership of path. Caller frees.
 */
static char *
make_relative_path(char *path)
{
	char *canon_path, *path_suffix = NULL;
	struct stat st;

	if (str_eq(conf->base_dir, "") || !str_startswith(path, conf->base_dir)) {
		return path;
	}

#ifdef _WIN32
	if (path[0] == '/') {
		path++;  /* skip leading slash */
	}
#endif

	/* x_realpath only works for existing paths, so if path doesn't exist, try
	 * dirname(path) and assemble the path afterwards. We only bother to try
	 * canonicalizing one of these two paths since a compiler path argument
	 * typically only makes sense if path or dirname(path) exists. */
	if (stat(path, &st) != 0) {
		/* path doesn't exist. */
		char *dir, *p;
		dir = dirname(path);
		if (stat(dir, &st) != 0) {
			/* And neither does its parent directory, so no action to take. */
			free(dir);
			return path;
		}
		free(dir);
		path_suffix = basename(path);
		p = path;
		path = dirname(path);
		free(p);
	}

	canon_path = x_realpath(path);
	if (canon_path) {
		char *relpath;
		free(path);
		relpath = get_relative_path(get_current_working_dir(), canon_path);
		free(canon_path);
		if (path_suffix) {
			path = format("%s/%s", relpath, path_suffix);
			free(relpath);
			free(path_suffix);
			return path;
		} else {
			return relpath;
		}
	} else {
		/* path doesn't exist, so leave it as it is. */
		free(path_suffix);
		return path;
	}
}

/*
 * This function reads and hashes a file. While doing this, it also does these
 * things:
 *
 * - Makes include file paths for which the base directory is a prefix relative
 *   when computing the hash sum.
 * - Stores the paths and hashes of included files in the global variable
 *   included_files.
 */
static bool
process_preprocessed_file(struct mdfour *hash, const char *path)
{
	char *data;
	char *p, *q, *r, *end;
	size_t size;

	if (!read_file(path, 0, &data, &size)) {
		return false;
	}

	ignore_headers = NULL;
	ignore_headers_len = 0;
	if (!str_eq(conf->ignore_headers_in_manifest, "")) {
		char *header, *p, *q, *saveptr = NULL;
		p = x_strdup(conf->ignore_headers_in_manifest);
		q = p;
		while ((header = strtok_r(q, PATH_DELIM, &saveptr))) {
			ignore_headers = x_realloc(ignore_headers,
			                           (ignore_headers_len+1) * sizeof(char *));
			ignore_headers[ignore_headers_len++] = x_strdup(header);
			q = NULL;
		}
		free(p);
	}

	included_files = create_hashtable(1000, hash_from_string, strings_equal);

	/* Bytes between p and q are pending to be hashed. */
	end = data + size;
	p = data;
	q = data;
	/* There must be at least 7 characters (# 1 "x") left to potentially find an
	 * include file path. */
	while (q < end - 7) {
		/*
		 * Check if we look at a line containing the file name of an included file.
		 * At least the following formats exist (where N is a positive integer):
		 *
		 * GCC:
		 *
		 *   # N "file"
		 *   # N "file" N
		 *   #pragma GCC pch_preprocess "file"
		 *
		 * HP's compiler:
		 *
		 *   #line N "file"
		 *
		 * AIX's compiler:
		 *
		 *   #line N "file"
		 *   #line N
		 *
		 * Note that there may be other lines starting with '#' left after
		 * preprocessing as well, for instance "#    pragma".
		 */
		if (q[0] == '#'
		    /* GCC: */
		    && ((q[1] == ' ' && q[2] >= '0' && q[2] <= '9')
		        /* GCC precompiled header: */
		        || (q[1] == 'p'
		            && str_startswith(&q[2], "ragma GCC pch_preprocess "))
		        /* HP/AIX: */
		        || (q[1] == 'l' && q[2] == 'i' && q[3] == 'n' && q[4] == 'e'
		            && q[5] == ' '))
		    && (q == data || q[-1] == '\n')) {
			char *path;
			bool system;

			while (q < end && *q != '"' && *q != '\n') {
				q++;
			}
			if (q < end && *q == '\n') {
				/* A newline before the quotation mark -> no match. */
				continue;
			}
			q++;
			if (q >= end) {
				cc_log("Failed to parse included file path");
				free(data);
				return false;
			}
			/* q points to the beginning of an include file path */
			hash_buffer(hash, p, q - p);
			p = q;
			while (q < end && *q != '"') {
				q++;
			}
			/* look for preprocessor flags, after the "filename" */
			system = false;
			r = q + 1;
			while (r < end && *r != '\n') {
				if (*r == '3') { /* system header */
					system = true;
				}
				r++;
			}
			/* p and q span the include file path */
			path = x_strndup(p, q - p);
			if (!has_absolute_include_headers) {
				has_absolute_include_headers = is_absolute_path(path);
			}
			path = make_relative_path(path);
			hash_string(hash, path);
			remember_include_file(path, hash, system);
			p = r;
		} else {
			q++;
		}
	}

	hash_buffer(hash, p, (end - p));
	free(data);

	/* Explicitly check the .gch/.pch/.pth file, Clang does not include any
	 * mention of it in the preprocessed output. */
	if (included_pch_file) {
		char *path = x_strdup(included_pch_file);
		path = make_relative_path(path);
		hash_string(hash, path);
		remember_include_file(path, hash, false);
	}

	return true;
}

/*
 * Replace absolute paths with relative paths in the provided dependency file.
 */
static void
use_relative_paths_in_depfile(const char *depfile)
{
	FILE *f, *tmpf;
	char buf[10000];
	char *tmp_file;
	char *relpath;
	bool result = false;
	char *token, *saveptr;

	if (str_eq(conf->base_dir, "")) {
		cc_log("Base dir not set, skip using relative paths");
		return; /* nothing to do */
	}
	if (!has_absolute_include_headers) {
		cc_log("No absolute path for included files found, skip using relative"
		       " paths");
		return; /* nothing to do */
	}

	f = fopen(depfile, "r");
	if (!f) {
		cc_log("Cannot open dependency file: %s (%s)", depfile, strerror(errno));
		return;
	}
	tmp_file = format("%s.tmp", depfile);
	tmpf = create_tmp_file(&tmp_file, "w");

	while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f) && !ferror(tmpf)) {
		token = strtok_r(buf, " \t", &saveptr);
		while (token) {
			if (is_absolute_path(token) && str_startswith(token, conf->base_dir)) {
				relpath = make_relative_path(x_strdup(token));
				result = true;
			} else {
				relpath = token;
			}
			if (token != buf) { /* this is a dependency file */
				fputc(' ', tmpf);
			}
			fputs(relpath, tmpf);
			if (relpath != token) {
				free(relpath);
			}
			token = strtok_r(NULL, " \t", &saveptr);
		}
	}

	if (ferror(f)) {
		cc_log("Error reading dependency file: %s, skip relative path usage",
		       depfile);
		result = false;
		goto out;
	}
	if (ferror(tmpf)) {
		cc_log("Error writing temporary dependency file: %s, skip relative path"
		       " usage", tmp_file);
		result = false;
		goto out;
	}

out:
	fclose(tmpf);
	fclose(f);
	if (result) {
		if (x_rename(tmp_file, depfile) != 0) {
			cc_log("Error renaming dependency file: %s -> %s (%s), skip relative"
			       " path usage", tmp_file, depfile, strerror(errno));
			result = false;
		} else {
			cc_log("Renamed dependency file: %s -> %s", tmp_file, depfile);
		}
	}
	if (!result) {
		cc_log("Removing temporary dependency file: %s", tmp_file);
		x_unlink(tmp_file);
	}
	free(tmp_file);
}

/* Copy or link a file to the cache. */
static void
put_file_in_cache(const char *source, const char *dest)
{
	int ret;
	struct stat st;
	bool do_link = conf->hard_link && !conf->compression;

	assert(!conf->read_only);
	assert(!conf->read_only_direct);

	if (do_link) {
		x_unlink(dest);
		ret = link(source, dest);
		if (ret != 0) {
			cc_log("Failed to link %s to %s: %s", source, dest, strerror(errno));
			cc_log("Falling back to copying");
			do_link = false;
		}
	}
	if (!do_link) {
		ret = copy_file(
		  source, dest, conf->compression ? conf->compression_level : 0);
		if (ret != 0) {
			cc_log("Failed to copy %s to %s: %s", source, dest, strerror(errno));
			stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
			failed();
		}
	}
	cc_log("Stored in cache: %s -> %s", source, dest);
	if (x_stat(dest, &st) != 0) {
		stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
		failed();
	}
	stats_update_size(file_size(&st), 1);
}

/* Copy or link a file from the cache. */
static void
get_file_from_cache(const char *source, const char *dest)
{
	int ret;
	bool do_link = conf->hard_link && !file_is_compressed(source);

	if (do_link) {
		x_unlink(dest);
		ret = link(source, dest);
	} else {
		ret = copy_file(source, dest, 0);
	}

	if (ret == -1) {
		if (errno == ENOENT || errno == ESTALE) {
			/* Someone removed the file just before we began copying? */
			cc_log("Cache file %s just disappeared from cache", source);
			stats_update(STATS_MISSING);
		} else {
			cc_log("Failed to %s %s to %s: %s",
			       do_link ? "link" : "copy",
			       source,
			       dest,
			       strerror(errno));
			stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
		}

		/* If there was trouble getting a file from the cached result, wipe the
		 * whole cached result for consistency. */
		x_unlink(cached_stderr);
		x_unlink(cached_obj);
		x_unlink(cached_dep);
		x_unlink(cached_dia);

		failed();
	}

	cc_log("Created from cache: %s -> %s", source, dest);
}

/* Send cached stderr, if any, to stderr. */
static void
send_cached_stderr(void)
{
	int fd_stderr = open(cached_stderr, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
	if (fd_stderr != -1) {
		copy_fd(fd_stderr, 2);
		close(fd_stderr);
	}
}

/* Create or update the manifest file. */
void update_manifest_file(void)
{
	struct stat st;
	size_t old_size = 0; /* in bytes */

	if (!conf->direct_mode
	    || !included_files
	    || conf->read_only
	    || conf->read_only_direct) {
		return;
	}

	if (stat(manifest_path, &st) == 0) {
		old_size = file_size(&st);
	}
	if (manifest_put(manifest_path, cached_obj_hash, included_files)) {
		cc_log("Added object file hash to %s", manifest_path);
		update_mtime(manifest_path);
		if (x_stat(manifest_path, &st) == 0) {
			stats_update_size(file_size(&st) - old_size, old_size == 0 ? 1 : 0);
		}
	} else {
		cc_log("Failed to add object file hash to %s", manifest_path);
	}
}

/* run the real compiler and put the result in cache */
static void
to_cache(struct args *args)
{
	char *tmp_stdout, *tmp_stderr, *tmp_cov;
	char *tmp_dwo = NULL;
	struct stat st;
	int status, tmp_stdout_fd, tmp_stderr_fd;

	tmp_stdout = format("%s.tmp.stdout", cached_obj);
	tmp_stdout_fd = create_tmp_fd(&tmp_stdout);
	tmp_stderr = format("%s.tmp.stderr", cached_obj);
	tmp_stderr_fd = create_tmp_fd(&tmp_stderr);

	if (generating_coverage) {
		char *tmp_aux;
		/* gcc has some funny rule about max extension length */
		if (strlen(get_extension(output_obj)) < 6) {
			tmp_aux = remove_extension(output_obj);
		} else {
			tmp_aux = x_strdup(output_obj);
		}
		tmp_cov = format("%s.gcno", tmp_aux);
		free(tmp_aux);
	} else {
		tmp_cov = NULL;
	}

	/* GCC (at least 4.8 and 4.9) forms the .dwo file name by removing everything
	 * after (and including) the last "." from the object file name and then
	 * appending ".dwo".
	 */
	if (using_split_dwarf) {
		char *base_name = remove_extension(output_obj);
		tmp_dwo = format("%s.dwo", base_name);
		free(base_name);
	}

	args_add(args, "-o");
	args_add(args, output_obj);

	if (output_dia) {
		args_add(args, "--serialize-diagnostics");
		args_add(args, output_dia);
	}

	/* Turn off DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT when running cc1, because
	 * otherwise it will emit a line like
	 *
	 *  tmp.stdout.vexed.732.o: /home/mbp/.ccache/tmp.stdout.vexed.732.i
	 */
	x_unsetenv("DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT");

	if (conf->run_second_cpp) {
		args_add(args, input_file);
	} else {
		args_add(args, i_tmpfile);
	}

	cc_log("Running real compiler");
	status = execute(args->argv, tmp_stdout_fd, tmp_stderr_fd, &compiler_pid);
	args_pop(args, 3);

	if (x_stat(tmp_stdout, &st) != 0) {
		/* The stdout file was removed - cleanup in progress? Better bail out. */
		stats_update(STATS_MISSING);
		tmp_unlink(tmp_stdout);
		tmp_unlink(tmp_stderr);
		if (tmp_cov) {
			tmp_unlink(tmp_cov);
		}
		tmp_unlink(tmp_dwo);
		failed();
	}
	if (st.st_size != 0) {
		cc_log("Compiler produced stdout");
		stats_update(STATS_STDOUT);
		tmp_unlink(tmp_stdout);
		tmp_unlink(tmp_stderr);
		if (tmp_cov) {
			tmp_unlink(tmp_cov);
		}
		tmp_unlink(tmp_dwo);
		failed();
	}
	tmp_unlink(tmp_stdout);

	/*
	 * Merge stderr from the preprocessor (if any) and stderr from the real
	 * compiler into tmp_stderr.
	 */
	if (cpp_stderr) {
		int fd_cpp_stderr;
		int fd_real_stderr;
		int fd_result;
		char *tmp_stderr2;

		tmp_stderr2 = format("%s.2", tmp_stderr);
		if (x_rename(tmp_stderr, tmp_stderr2)) {
			cc_log("Failed to rename %s to %s: %s", tmp_stderr, tmp_stderr2,
			       strerror(errno));
			failed();
		}
		fd_cpp_stderr = open(cpp_stderr, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
		if (fd_cpp_stderr == -1) {
			cc_log("Failed opening %s: %s", cpp_stderr, strerror(errno));
			failed();
		}
		fd_real_stderr = open(tmp_stderr2, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
		if (fd_real_stderr == -1) {
			cc_log("Failed opening %s: %s", tmp_stderr2, strerror(errno));
			failed();
		}
		fd_result = open(tmp_stderr, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_BINARY, 0666);
		if (fd_result == -1) {
			cc_log("Failed opening %s: %s", tmp_stderr, strerror(errno));
			failed();
		}
		copy_fd(fd_cpp_stderr, fd_result);
		copy_fd(fd_real_stderr, fd_result);
		close(fd_cpp_stderr);
		close(fd_real_stderr);
		close(fd_result);
		tmp_unlink(tmp_stderr2);
		free(tmp_stderr2);
	}

	if (status != 0) {
		int fd;
		cc_log("Compiler gave exit status %d", status);
		stats_update(STATS_STATUS);

		fd = open(tmp_stderr, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
		if (fd != -1) {
			/* We can output stderr immediately instead of rerunning the compiler. */
			copy_fd(fd, 2);
			close(fd);
			tmp_unlink(tmp_stderr);

			x_exit(status);
		}

		tmp_unlink(tmp_stderr);
		if (tmp_cov) {
			tmp_unlink(tmp_cov);
		}
		tmp_unlink(tmp_dwo);

		failed();
	}

	if (stat(output_obj, &st) != 0) {
		cc_log("Compiler didn't produce an object file");
		stats_update(STATS_NOOUTPUT);
		failed();
	}
	if (st.st_size == 0) {
		cc_log("Compiler produced an empty object file");
		stats_update(STATS_EMPTYOUTPUT);
		failed();
	}

	if (using_split_dwarf) {
		if (stat(tmp_dwo, &st) != 0) {
			cc_log("Compiler didn't produce a split dwarf file");
			stats_update(STATS_NOOUTPUT);
			failed();
		}
		if (st.st_size == 0) {
			cc_log("Compiler produced an empty split dwarf file");
			stats_update(STATS_EMPTYOUTPUT);
			failed();
		}
	}

	if (x_stat(tmp_stderr, &st) != 0) {
		stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
		failed();
	}
	if (st.st_size > 0) {
		if (move_uncompressed_file(
		      tmp_stderr, cached_stderr,
		      conf->compression ? conf->compression_level : 0) != 0) {
			cc_log("Failed to move %s to %s: %s", tmp_stderr, cached_stderr,
			       strerror(errno));
			stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
			failed();
		}
		cc_log("Stored in cache: %s", cached_stderr);
		if (!conf->compression
		    /* If the file was compressed, obtain the size again: */
		    || (conf->compression && x_stat(cached_stderr, &st) == 0)) {
			stats_update_size(file_size(&st), 1);
		}
	} else {
		tmp_unlink(tmp_stderr);
		if (conf->recache) {
			/* If recaching, we need to remove any previous .stderr. */
			x_unlink(cached_stderr);
		}
	}

	if (generating_coverage) {
		/* gcc won't generate notes if there is no code */
		if (stat(tmp_cov, &st) != 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
			FILE *f = fopen(cached_cov, "wb");
			cc_log("Creating placeholder: %s", cached_cov);
			if (!f) {
				cc_log("Failed to create %s: %s", cached_cov, strerror(errno));
				stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
				failed();
			}
			fclose(f);
			stats_update_size(0, 1);
		} else {
			put_file_in_cache(tmp_cov, cached_cov);
		}
	}

	if (output_dia) {
		if (x_stat(output_dia, &st) != 0) {
			stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
			failed();
		}
		if (st.st_size > 0) {
			put_file_in_cache(output_dia, cached_dia);
		}
	}

	put_file_in_cache(output_obj, cached_obj);

	if (using_split_dwarf) {
		assert(tmp_dwo);
		assert(cached_dwo);
		put_file_in_cache(tmp_dwo, cached_dwo);
	}

	if (generating_dependencies) {
		use_relative_paths_in_depfile(output_dep);
		put_file_in_cache(output_dep, cached_dep);
	}
	stats_update(STATS_TOCACHE);

	/* Make sure we have a CACHEDIR.TAG in the cache part of cache_dir. This can
	 * be done almost anywhere, but we might as well do it near the end as we
	 * save the stat call if we exit early.
	 */
	{
		char *first_level_dir = dirname(stats_file);
		if (create_cachedirtag(first_level_dir) != 0) {
			cc_log("Failed to create %s/CACHEDIR.TAG (%s)\n",
			       first_level_dir, strerror(errno));
			stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
			failed();
		}
		free(first_level_dir);

		/* Remove any CACHEDIR.TAG on the cache_dir level where it was located in
		 * previous ccache versions. */
		if (getpid() % 1000 == 0) {
			char *path = format("%s/CACHEDIR.TAG", conf->cache_dir);
			x_unlink(path);
			free(path);
		}
	}

	/* Everything OK. */
	send_cached_stderr();
	update_manifest_file();

	free(tmp_stderr);
	free(tmp_stdout);
	free(tmp_cov);
	free(tmp_dwo);
}

/*
 * Find the object file name by running the compiler in preprocessor mode.
 * Returns the hash as a heap-allocated hex string.
 */
static struct file_hash *
get_object_name_from_cpp(struct args *args, struct mdfour *hash)
{
	char *input_base;
	char *tmp;
	char *path_stdout, *path_stderr;
	int status, path_stderr_fd;
	struct file_hash *result;

	/* ~/hello.c -> tmp.hello.123.i
	 * limit the basename to 10
	 * characters in order to cope with filesystem with small
	 * maximum filename length limits */
	input_base = basename(input_file);
	tmp = strchr(input_base, '.');
	if (tmp) {
		*tmp = 0;
	}
	if (strlen(input_base) > 10) {
		input_base[10] = 0;
	}

	path_stderr = format("%s/tmp.cpp_stderr", temp_dir());
	path_stderr_fd = create_tmp_fd(&path_stderr);
	add_pending_tmp_file(path_stderr);

	time_of_compilation = time(NULL);

	if (direct_i_file) {
		/* We are compiling a .i or .ii file - that means we can skip the cpp stage
		 * and directly form the correct i_tmpfile. */
		path_stdout = input_file;
		status = 0;
	} else {
		/* Run cpp on the input file to obtain the .i. */
		int path_stdout_fd;
		path_stdout = format("%s/%s.stdout", temp_dir(), input_base);
		path_stdout_fd = create_tmp_fd(&path_stdout);
		add_pending_tmp_file(path_stdout);

		args_add(args, "-E");
		if (conf->keep_comments_cpp) {
			args_add(args, "-C");
		}
		args_add(args, input_file);
		add_prefix(args, conf->prefix_command_cpp);
		cc_log("Running preprocessor");
		status = execute(args->argv, path_stdout_fd, path_stderr_fd, &compiler_pid);
		args_pop(args, 2);
	}

	if (status != 0) {
		cc_log("Preprocessor gave exit status %d", status);
		stats_update(STATS_PREPROCESSOR);
		failed();
	}

	if (conf->unify) {
		/* When we are doing the unifying tricks we need to include the input file
		 * name in the hash to get the warnings right. */
		hash_delimiter(hash, "unifyfilename");
		hash_string(hash, input_file);

		hash_delimiter(hash, "unifycpp");
		if (unify_hash(hash, path_stdout) != 0) {
			stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
			cc_log("Failed to unify %s", path_stdout);
			failed();
		}
	} else {
		hash_delimiter(hash, "cpp");
		if (!process_preprocessed_file(hash, path_stdout)) {
			stats_update(STATS_ERROR);
			failed();
		}
	}

	hash_delimiter(hash, "cppstderr");
	if (!hash_file(hash, path_stderr)) {
		fatal("Failed to open %s: %s", path_stderr, strerror(errno));
	}

	if (direct_i_file) {
		i_tmpfile = input_file;
	} else {
		/* i_tmpfile needs the proper cpp_extension for the compiler to do its
		 * thing correctly. */
		i_tmpfile = format("%s.%s", path_stdout, conf->cpp_extension);
		x_rename(path_stdout, i_tmpfile);
		add_pending_tmp_file(i_tmpfile);
	}

	if (conf->run_second_cpp) {
		free(path_stderr);
	} else {
		/*
		 * If we are using the CPP trick, we need to remember this
		 * stderr data and output it just before the main stderr from
		 * the compiler pass.
		 */
		cpp_stderr = path_stderr;
		hash_delimiter(hash, "runsecondcpp");
		hash_string(hash, "false");
	}

	result = x_malloc(sizeof(*result));
	hash_result_as_bytes(hash, result->hash);
	result->size = hash->totalN;
	return result;
}

static void
update_cached_result_globals(struct file_hash *hash)
{
	char *object_name;
	object_name = format_hash_as_string(hash->hash, hash->size);
	cached_obj_hash = hash;
	cached_obj = get_path_in_cache(object_name, ".o");
	cached_stderr = get_path_in_cache(object_name, ".stderr");
	cached_dep = get_path_in_cache(object_name, ".d");
	cached_cov = get_path_in_cache(object_name, ".gcno");
	cached_dia = get_path_in_cache(object_name, ".dia");

	if (using_split_dwarf) {
		cached_dwo = get_path_in_cache(object_name, ".dwo");
	} else {
		cached_dwo = NULL;
	}

	stats_file = format("%s/%c/stats", conf->cache_dir, object_name[0]);
	free(object_name);
}

/*
 * Hash mtime or content of a file, or the output of a command, according to
 * the CCACHE_COMPILERCHECK setting.
 */
static void
hash_compiler(struct mdfour *hash, struct stat *st, const char *path,
              bool allow_command)
{
	if (str_eq(conf->compiler_check, "none")) {
		/* Do nothing. */
	} else if (str_eq(conf->compiler_check, "mtime")) {
		hash_delimiter(hash, "cc_mtime");
		hash_int(hash, st->st_size);
		hash_int(hash, st->st_mtime);
	} else if (str_startswith(conf->compiler_check, "string:")) {
		hash_delimiter(hash, "cc_hash");
		hash_string(hash, conf->compiler_check + strlen("string:"));
	} else if (str_eq(conf->compiler_check, "content") || !allow_command) {
		hash_delimiter(hash, "cc_content");
		hash_file(hash, path);
	} else { /* command string */
		if (!hash_multicommand_output(
		      hash, conf->compiler_check, orig_args->argv[0])) {
			fatal("Failure running compiler check command: %s", conf->compiler_check);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Note that these compiler checks are unreliable, so nothing should
 * hard-depend on them.
 */

static bool
compiler_is_clang(struct args *args)
{
	char *name = basename(args->argv[0]);
	bool is = strstr(name, "clang") != NULL;
	free(name);
	return is;
}

static bool
compiler_is_gcc(struct args *args)
{
	char *name = basename(args->argv[0]);
	bool is = strstr(name, "gcc") || strstr(name, "g++");
	free(name);
	return is;
}

/*
 * Update a hash sum with information common for the direct and preprocessor
 * modes.
 */
static void
calculate_common_hash(struct args *args, struct mdfour *hash)
{
	struct stat st;
	char *p;
	const char *full_path;
#ifdef _WIN32
	const char *ext;
	char full_path_win_ext[MAX_PATH + 1] = {0};
#endif

	hash_string(hash, HASH_PREFIX);

	/*
	 * We have to hash the extension, as a .i file isn't treated the same
	 * by the compiler as a .ii file.
	 */
	hash_delimiter(hash, "ext");
	hash_string(hash, conf->cpp_extension);

#ifdef _WIN32
	ext = strrchr(args->argv[0], '.');
	add_exe_ext_if_no_to_fullpath(full_path_win_ext, MAX_PATH, ext,
	                              args->argv[0]);
	full_path = full_path_win_ext;
#else
	full_path = args->argv[0];
#endif

	if (x_stat(full_path, &st) != 0) {
		stats_update(STATS_COMPILER);
		failed();
	}

	/*
	 * Hash information about the compiler.
	 */
	hash_compiler(hash, &st, args->argv[0], true);

	/*
	 * Also hash the compiler name as some compilers use hard links and
	 * behave differently depending on the real name.
	 */
	hash_delimiter(hash, "cc_name");
	p = basename(args->argv[0]);
	hash_string(hash, p);
	free(p);

	/* Possibly hash the current working directory. */
	if (generating_debuginfo && conf->hash_dir) {
		char *cwd = gnu_getcwd();
		if (debug_prefix_map) {
			char *map = debug_prefix_map;
			char *sep = strchr(map, '=');
			if (sep) {
				char *dir, *old, *new;
				old = x_strndup(map, sep - map);
				new = x_strdup(sep + 1);
				cc_log("Relocating debuginfo cwd %s, from %s to %s", cwd, old, new);
				if (str_startswith(cwd, old)) {
					dir = format("%s%s", new, cwd + strlen(old));
					free(cwd);
					cwd = dir;
				}
				free(old);
				free(new);
			}
		}
		if (cwd) {
			hash_delimiter(hash, "cwd");
			hash_string(hash, cwd);
			free(cwd);
		}
	}

	/* Possibly hash the coverage data file path. */
	if (generating_coverage && profile_arcs) {
		char *dir = dirname(output_obj);
		if (profile_dir) {
			dir = x_strdup(profile_dir);
		} else {
			char *real_dir = x_realpath(dir);
			free(dir);
			dir = real_dir;
		}
		if (dir) {
			char *gcda_path;
			char *base_name = basename(output_obj);
			p = remove_extension(base_name);
			free(base_name);
			gcda_path = format("%s/%s.gcda", dir, p);
			cc_log("Hashing coverage path %s", gcda_path);
			free(p);
			hash_delimiter(hash, "gcda");
			hash_string(hash, gcda_path);
			free(dir);
		}
	}

	if (!str_eq(conf->extra_files_to_hash, "")) {
		char *path, *p, *q, *saveptr = NULL;
		p = x_strdup(conf->extra_files_to_hash);
		q = p;
		while ((path = strtok_r(q, PATH_DELIM, &saveptr))) {
			cc_log("Hashing extra file %s", path);
			hash_delimiter(hash, "extrafile");
			if (!hash_file(hash, path)) {
				stats_update(STATS_BADEXTRAFILE);
				failed();
			}
			q = NULL;
		}
		free(p);
	}

	/* Possibly hash GCC_COLORS (for color diagnostics). */
	if (compiler_is_gcc(args)) {
		const char *gcc_colors = getenv("GCC_COLORS");
		if (gcc_colors) {
			hash_delimiter(hash, "gcccolors");
			hash_string(hash, gcc_colors);
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Update a hash sum with information specific to the direct and preprocessor
 * modes and calculate the object hash. Returns the object hash on success,
 * otherwise NULL. Caller frees.
 */
static struct file_hash *
calculate_object_hash(struct args *args, struct mdfour *hash, int direct_mode)
{
	int i;
	struct stat st;
	struct file_hash *object_hash = NULL;
	char *p;

	if (direct_mode) {
		hash_delimiter(hash, "manifest version");
		hash_int(hash, MANIFEST_VERSION);
	}

	/* first the arguments */
	for (i = 1; i < args->argc; i++) {
		/* -L doesn't affect compilation. */
		if (i < args->argc-1 && str_eq(args->argv[i], "-L")) {
			i++;
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-L")) {
			continue;
		}

		/* -Wl,... doesn't affect compilation. */
		if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-Wl,")) {
			continue;
		}

		/* The -fdebug-prefix-map option may be used in combination with
		 * CCACHE_BASEDIR to reuse results across different directories. Skip it
		 * from hashing. */
		if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-fdebug-prefix-map=")) {
			continue;
		}

		/* When using the preprocessor, some arguments don't contribute
		 * to the hash. The theory is that these arguments will change
		 * the output of -E if they are going to have any effect at
		 * all. For precompiled headers this might not be the case. */
		if (!direct_mode && !output_is_precompiled_header
		    && !using_precompiled_header) {
			if (compopt_affects_cpp(args->argv[i])) {
				i++;
				continue;
			}
			if (compopt_short(compopt_affects_cpp, args->argv[i])) {
				continue;
			}
		}

		/* If we're generating dependencies, we make sure to skip the
		 * filename of the dependency file, since it doesn't impact the
		 * output.
		 */
		if (generating_dependencies) {
			if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-Wp,")) {
				if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-Wp,-MD,")
				    && !strchr(args->argv[i] + 8, ',')) {
					hash_string_length(hash, args->argv[i], 8);
					continue;
				} else if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-Wp,-MMD,")
				           && !strchr(args->argv[i] + 9, ',')) {
					hash_string_length(hash, args->argv[i], 9);
					continue;
				}
			} else if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-MF")) {
				bool separate_argument = (strlen(args->argv[i]) == 3);

				/* In either case, hash the "-MF" part. */
				hash_string_length(hash, args->argv[i], 3);

				if (separate_argument) {
					/* Next argument is dependency name, so
					 * skip it. */
					i++;
				}
				continue;
			}
		}

		p = NULL;
		if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-specs=")) {
			p = args->argv[i] + 7;
		} else if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "--specs=")) {
			p = args->argv[i] + 8;
		}
		if (p && x_stat(p, &st) == 0) {
			/* If given an explicit specs file, then hash that file,
			 * but don't include the path to it in the hash. */
			hash_delimiter(hash, "specs");
			hash_compiler(hash, &st, p, false);
			continue;
		}

		if (str_startswith(args->argv[i], "-fplugin=")
		    && x_stat(args->argv[i] + 9, &st) == 0) {
			hash_delimiter(hash, "plugin");
			hash_compiler(hash, &st, args->argv[i] + 9, false);
			continue;
		}

		if (str_eq(args->argv[i], "-Xclang")
		    && i + 3 < args->argc
		    && str_eq(args->argv[i+1], "-load")
		    && str_eq(args->argv[i+2], "-Xclang")
		    && x_stat(args->argv[i+3], &st) == 0) {
			hash_delimiter(hash, "plugin");
			hash_compiler(hash, &st, args->argv[i+3], false);
			i += 3;
			continue;
		}

		/* All other arguments are included in the hash. */
		hash_delimiter(hash, "arg");
		hash_string(hash, args->argv[i]);
	}

	/*
	 * For profile generation (-fprofile-arcs, -fprofile-generate):
	 * - hash profile directory
	 * - output to the real file first
	 *
	 * For profile usage (-fprofile-use):
	 * - hash profile data
	 *
	 * -fbranch-probabilities and -fvpt usage is covered by
	 * -fprofile-generate/-fprofile-use.
	 *
	 * The profile directory can be specified as an argument to
	 * -fprofile-generate=, -fprofile-use=, or -fprofile-dir=.
	 */

	/*
	 * We need to output to the real object first here, otherwise runtime
	 * artifacts will be produced in the wrong place.
	 */
	if (profile_generate) {
		if (!profile_dir) {
			profile_dir = get_cwd();
		}
		cc_log("Adding profile directory %s to our hash", profile_dir);
		hash_delimiter(hash, "-fprofile-dir");
		hash_string(hash, profile_dir);
	}

	if (profile_use) {
		/* Calculate gcda name */
		char *gcda_name;
		char *base_name;
		base_name = remove_extension(output_obj);
		if (!profile_dir) {
			profile_dir = get_cwd();
		}
		gcda_name = format("%s/%s.gcda", profile_dir, base_name);
		cc_log("Adding profile data %s to our hash", gcda_name);
		/* Add the gcda to our hash */
		hash_delimiter(hash, "-fprofile-use");
		hash_file(hash, gcda_name);
		free(base_name);
		free(gcda_name);
	}

	if (direct_mode) {
		char *manifest_name;
		int result;

		/* Hash environment variables that affect the preprocessor output. */
		const char **p;
		const char *envvars[] = {
			"CPATH",
			"C_INCLUDE_PATH",
			"CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH",
			"OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH",
			"OBJCPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH", /* clang */
			NULL
		};
		for (p = envvars; *p; ++p) {
			char *v = getenv(*p);
			if (v) {
				hash_delimiter(hash, *p);
				hash_string(hash, v);
			}
		}

		if (!(conf->sloppiness & SLOPPY_FILE_MACRO)) {
			/*
			 * The source code file or an include file may contain
			 * __FILE__, so make sure that the hash is unique for
			 * the file name.
			 */
			hash_delimiter(hash, "inputfile");
			hash_string(hash, input_file);
		}

		hash_delimiter(hash, "sourcecode");
		result = hash_source_code_file(conf, hash, input_file);
		if (result & HASH_SOURCE_CODE_ERROR) {
			failed();
		}
		if (result & HASH_SOURCE_CODE_FOUND_TIME) {
			cc_log("Disabling direct mode");
			conf->direct_mode = false;
			return NULL;
		}
		manifest_name = hash_result(hash);
		manifest_path = get_path_in_cache(manifest_name, ".manifest");
		free(manifest_name);
		cc_log("Looking for object file hash in %s", manifest_path);
		object_hash = manifest_get(conf, manifest_path);
		if (object_hash) {
			cc_log("Got object file hash from manifest");
		} else {
			cc_log("Did not find object file hash in manifest");
		}
	} else {
		object_hash = get_object_name_from_cpp(args, hash);
		cc_log("Got object file hash from preprocessor");
		if (generating_dependencies) {
			cc_log("Preprocessor created %s", output_dep);
		}
	}

	return object_hash;
}

/*
 * Try to return the compile result from cache. If we can return from cache
 * then this function exits with the correct status code, otherwise it returns.
 */
static void
from_cache(enum fromcache_call_mode mode, bool put_object_in_manifest)
{
	struct stat st;
	bool produce_dep_file = false;

	/* the user might be disabling cache hits */
	if (conf->recache) {
		return;
	}

	if (stat(cached_obj, &st) != 0) {
		cc_log("Object file %s not in cache", cached_obj);
		return;
	}

	/* Check if the diagnostic file is there. */
	if (output_dia && stat(cached_dia, &st) != 0) {
		cc_log("Diagnostic file %s not in cache", cached_dia);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Occasionally, e.g. on hard reset, our cache ends up as just filesystem
	 * meta-data with no content. Catch an easy case of this.
	 */
	if (st.st_size == 0) {
		cc_log("Invalid (empty) object file %s in cache", cached_obj);
		x_unlink(cached_obj);
		return;
	}

	if (using_split_dwarf && !generating_dependencies) {
		assert(output_dwo);
	}
	if (output_dwo) {
		assert(cached_dwo);
		if (stat(cached_dwo, &st) != 0) {
			cc_log("Split dwarf file %s not in cache", cached_dwo);
			return;
		}
		if (st.st_size == 0) {
			cc_log("Invalid (empty) dwo file %s in cache", cached_dwo);
			x_unlink(cached_dwo);
			x_unlink(cached_obj); /* to really invalidate */
			return;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * (If mode != FROMCACHE_DIRECT_MODE, the dependency file is created by
	 * gcc.)
	 */
	produce_dep_file = generating_dependencies && mode == FROMCACHE_DIRECT_MODE;

	/* If the dependency file should be in the cache, check that it is. */
	if (produce_dep_file && stat(cached_dep, &st) != 0) {
		cc_log("Dependency file %s missing in cache", cached_dep);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * Copy object file from cache. Do so also for FissionDwarf file, cached_dwo,
	 * when -gsplit-dwarf is specified.
	 */
	if (!str_eq(output_obj, "/dev/null")) {
		get_file_from_cache(cached_obj, output_obj);
		if (using_split_dwarf) {
			assert(output_dwo);
			get_file_from_cache(cached_dwo, output_dwo);
		}
	}
	if (produce_dep_file) {
		get_file_from_cache(cached_dep, output_dep);
	}
	if (generating_coverage && stat(cached_cov, &st) == 0 && st.st_size > 0) {
		/* gcc won't generate notes if there is no code */
		get_file_from_cache(cached_cov, output_cov);
	}
	if (output_dia) {
		get_file_from_cache(cached_dia, output_dia);
	}

	/* Update modification timestamps to save files from LRU cleanup.
	 * Also gives files a sensible mtime when hard-linking. */
	update_mtime(cached_obj);
	update_mtime(cached_stderr);
	if (produce_dep_file) {
		update_mtime(cached_dep);
	}
	if (generating_coverage) {
		update_mtime(cached_cov);
	}
	if (output_dia) {
		update_mtime(cached_dia);
	}
	if (cached_dwo) {
		update_mtime(cached_dwo);
	}

	if (generating_dependencies && mode == FROMCACHE_CPP_MODE
	    && !conf->read_only && !conf->read_only_direct) {
		put_file_in_cache(output_dep, cached_dep);
	}

	send_cached_stderr();

	if (put_object_in_manifest) {
		update_manifest_file();
	}

	/* log the cache hit */
	switch (mode) {
	case FROMCACHE_DIRECT_MODE:
		cc_log("Succeeded getting cached result");
		stats_update(STATS_CACHEHIT_DIR);
		break;

	case FROMCACHE_CPP_MODE:
		cc_log("Succeeded getting cached result");
		stats_update(STATS_CACHEHIT_CPP);
		break;
	}

	/* and exit with the right status code */
	x_exit(0);
}

/* find the real compiler. We just search the PATH to find a executable of the
 * same name that isn't a link to ourselves */
static void
find_compiler(char **argv)
{
	char *base;
	char *compiler;

	base = basename(argv[0]);

	/* we might be being invoked like "ccache gcc -c foo.c" */
	if (same_executable_name(base, MYNAME)) {
		args_remove_first(orig_args);
		free(base);
		if (is_full_path(orig_args->argv[0])) {
			/* a full path was given */
			return;
		}
		base = basename(orig_args->argv[0]);
	}

	/* support user override of the compiler */
	if (!str_eq(conf->compiler, "")) {
		base = conf->compiler;
	}

	compiler = find_executable(base, MYNAME);

	/* can't find the compiler! */
	if (!compiler) {
		stats_update(STATS_COMPILER);
		fatal("Could not find compiler \"%s\" in PATH", base);
	}
	if (str_eq(compiler, argv[0])) {
		fatal("Recursive invocation (the name of the ccache binary must be \"%s\")",
		      MYNAME);
	}
	orig_args->argv[0] = compiler;
}

bool
is_precompiled_header(const char *path)
{
	return str_eq(get_extension(path), ".gch")
	       || str_eq(get_extension(path), ".pch")
	       || str_eq(get_extension(path), ".pth");
}

static bool
color_output_possible(void)
{
	const char *term_env = getenv("TERM");
	return isatty(STDERR_FILENO) && term_env && strcasecmp(term_env, "DUMB") != 0;
}

/*
 * Process the compiler options into options suitable for passing to the
 * preprocessor and the real compiler. The preprocessor options don't include
 * -E; this is added later. Returns true on success, otherwise false.
 */
bool
cc_process_args(struct args *args, struct args **preprocessor_args,
                struct args **compiler_args)
{
	int i;
	bool found_c_opt = false;
	bool found_S_opt = false;
	const char *found_arch = NULL;
	bool found_pch = false;
	bool found_fpch_preprocess = false;
	const char *explicit_language = NULL; /* As specified with -x. */
	const char *file_language;            /* As deduced from file extension. */
	const char *actual_language;          /* Language to actually use. */
	const char *input_charset = NULL;
	struct stat st;
	/* is the dependency makefile name overridden with -MF? */
	bool dependency_filename_specified = false;
	/* is the dependency makefile target name specified with -MT or -MQ? */
	bool dependency_target_specified = false;
	struct args *expanded_args, *stripped_args, *dep_args, *cpp_args;
	int argc;
	char **argv;
	bool result = true;
	bool found_color_diagnostics = false;

	expanded_args = args_copy(args);
	stripped_args = args_init(0, NULL);
	dep_args = args_init(0, NULL);
	cpp_args = args_init(0, NULL);

	argc = expanded_args->argc;
	argv = expanded_args->argv;

	args_add(stripped_args, argv[0]);

	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
		/* The user knows best: just swallow the next arg */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "--ccache-skip")) {
			i++;
			if (i == argc) {
				cc_log("--ccache-skip lacks an argument");
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}

		/* Special case for -E. */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-E")) {
			stats_update(STATS_PREPROCESSING);
			result = false;
			goto out;
		}

		/* Handle "@file" argument. */
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "@") || str_startswith(argv[i], "-@")) {
			char *argpath = argv[i] + 1;
			struct args *file_args;

			if (argpath[-1] == '-') {
				++argpath;
			}
			file_args = args_init_from_gcc_atfile(argpath);
			if (!file_args) {
				cc_log("Couldn't read arg file %s", argpath);
				stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}

			args_insert(expanded_args, i, file_args, true);
			argc = expanded_args->argc;
			argv = expanded_args->argv;
			i--;
			continue;
		}

		/* Handle cuda "-optf" and "--options-file" argument. */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-optf") || str_eq(argv[i], "--options-file")) {
			if (i > argc) {
				cc_log("Expected argument after -optf/--options-file");
				stats_update(STATS_UNSUPPORTED);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}
			++i;

			/* Argument is a comma-separated list of files. */
			char *str_start = argv[i];
			char *str_end = strchr(str_start, ',');
			int index = i + 1;

			if (!str_end) {
				str_end = str_start + strlen(str_start);
			}

			while (str_end) {
				*str_end = '\0';
				struct args *file_args = args_init_from_gcc_atfile(str_start);
				if (!file_args) {
					cc_log("Couldn't read cuda options file %s", str_start);
					stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
					result = false;
					goto out;
				}

				int new_index = file_args->argc + index;
				args_insert(expanded_args, index, file_args, false);
				index = new_index;
				str_start = str_end;
				str_end = strchr(str_start, ',');
			}

			argc = expanded_args->argc;
			argv = expanded_args->argv;
			continue;
		}

		/* These are always too hard. */
		if (compopt_too_hard(argv[i])
		    || str_startswith(argv[i], "-fdump-")) {
			cc_log("Compiler option %s is unsupported", argv[i]);
			stats_update(STATS_UNSUPPORTED);
			result = false;
			goto out;
		}

		/* These are too hard in direct mode. */
		if (conf->direct_mode) {
			if (compopt_too_hard_for_direct_mode(argv[i])) {
				cc_log("Unsupported compiler option for direct mode: %s", argv[i]);
				conf->direct_mode = false;
			}
		}

		/* Different -arch options are too hard. */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-arch")) {
			if (found_arch) {
				if (!str_eq(found_arch, argv[i+1])) {
					cc_log("Different -arch compiler options are unsupported; found %s"
					       " and %s", found_arch, argv[i+1]);
					stats_update(STATS_UNSUPPORTED);
					result = false;
					goto out;
				}
			} else {
				found_arch = argv[i+1];
			}
		}

		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-fpch-preprocess")
		    || str_eq(argv[i], "-emit-pch")
		    || str_eq(argv[i], "-emit-pth")) {
			found_fpch_preprocess = true;
		}

		/* we must have -c */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-c")) {
			found_c_opt = true;
			continue;
		}

		/* -S changes the default extension */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-S")) {
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			found_S_opt = true;
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * Special handling for -x: remember the last specified language before the
		 * input file and strip all -x options from the arguments.
		 */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-x")) {
			if (i == argc-1) {
				cc_log("Missing argument to %s", argv[i]);
				stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}
			if (!input_file) {
				explicit_language = argv[i+1];
			}
			i++;
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-x")) {
			if (!input_file) {
				explicit_language = &argv[i][2];
			}
			continue;
		}

		/* we need to work out where the output was meant to go */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-o")) {
			if (i == argc-1) {
				cc_log("Missing argument to %s", argv[i]);
				stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}
			output_obj = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i+1]));
			i++;
			continue;
		}

		/* alternate form of -o, with no space */
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-o")) {
			output_obj = make_relative_path(x_strdup(&argv[i][2]));
			continue;
		}

		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-gsplit-dwarf")) {
			cc_log("Enabling caching of dwarf files since -gsplit-dwarf is used");
			using_split_dwarf = true;
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-fdebug-prefix-map=")) {
			debug_prefix_map = x_strdup(argv[i] + 19);
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}

		/* Debugging is handled specially, so that we know if we can strip line
		 * number info. */
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-g")) {
			generating_debuginfo = true;
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			if (conf->unify && !str_eq(argv[i], "-g0")) {
				cc_log("%s used; disabling unify mode", argv[i]);
				conf->unify = false;
			}
			if (str_eq(argv[i], "-g3")) {
				/*
				 * Fix for bug 7190 ("commandline macros (-D)
				 * have non-zero lineno when using -g3").
				 */
				cc_log("%s used; not compiling preprocessed code", argv[i]);
				conf->run_second_cpp = true;
			}
			continue;
		}

		/* These options require special handling, because they
		 * behave differently with gcc -E, when the output
		 * file is not specified. */
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-MD") || str_eq(argv[i], "-MMD")) {
			generating_dependencies = true;
			args_add(dep_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-MF")) {
			char *arg;
			bool separate_argument = (strlen(argv[i]) == 3);
			dependency_filename_specified = true;
			free(output_dep);
			if (separate_argument) {
				/* -MF arg */
				if (i >= argc - 1) {
					cc_log("Missing argument to %s", argv[i]);
					stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
					result = false;
					goto out;
				}
				arg = argv[i + 1];
				i++;
			} else {
				/* -MFarg */
				arg = &argv[i][3];
			}
			output_dep = make_relative_path(x_strdup(arg));
			/* Keep the format of the args the same */
			if (separate_argument) {
				args_add(dep_args, "-MF");
				args_add(dep_args, output_dep);
			} else {
				char *option = format("-MF%s", output_dep);
				args_add(dep_args, option);
				free(option);
			}
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-MQ") || str_startswith(argv[i], "-MT")) {
			char *relpath;
			dependency_target_specified = true;
			if (strlen(argv[i]) == 3) {
				/* -MQ arg or -MT arg */
				if (i >= argc - 1) {
					cc_log("Missing argument to %s", argv[i]);
					stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
					result = false;
					goto out;
				}
				args_add(dep_args, argv[i]);
				relpath = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i + 1]));
				args_add(dep_args, relpath);
				free(relpath);
				i++;
			} else {
				char *arg_opt;
				char *option;
				arg_opt = x_strndup(argv[i], 3);
				relpath = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i] + 3));
				option = format("%s%s", arg_opt, relpath);
				args_add(dep_args, option);
				free(arg_opt);
				free(relpath);
				free(option);
			}
			continue;
		}
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-fprofile-arcs")) {
			profile_arcs = true;
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-ftest-coverage")) {
			generating_coverage = true;
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "--coverage")) { /* = -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage */
			profile_arcs = true;
			generating_coverage = true;
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-fprofile-dir=")) {
			profile_dir = x_strdup(argv[i] + 14);
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "--sysroot=")) {
			char *relpath = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i] + 10));
			char *option = format("--sysroot=%s", relpath);
			args_add(stripped_args, option);
			free(relpath);
			free(option);
			continue;
		}
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-Wp,")) {
			if (str_eq(argv[i], "-Wp,-P") || strstr(argv[i], ",-P,")) {
				/* -P removes preprocessor information in such a way that the object
				 * file from compiling the preprocessed file will not be equal to the
				 * object file produced when compiling without ccache. */
				cc_log("Too hard option -Wp,-P detected");
				stats_update(STATS_UNSUPPORTED);
				failed();
			} else if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-Wp,-MD,")
			           && !strchr(argv[i] + 8, ',')) {
				generating_dependencies = true;
				dependency_filename_specified = true;
				free(output_dep);
				output_dep = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i] + 8));
				args_add(dep_args, argv[i]);
				continue;
			} else if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-Wp,-MMD,")
			           && !strchr(argv[i] + 9, ',')) {
				generating_dependencies = true;
				dependency_filename_specified = true;
				free(output_dep);
				output_dep = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i] + 9));
				args_add(dep_args, argv[i]);
				continue;
			} else if (conf->direct_mode) {
				/*
				 * -Wp, can be used to pass too hard options to
				 * the preprocessor. Hence, disable direct
				 * mode.
				 */
				cc_log("Unsupported compiler option for direct mode: %s", argv[i]);
				conf->direct_mode = false;
			}
		}
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-MP")) {
			args_add(dep_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}

		/* Input charset needs to be handled specially. */
		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-finput-charset=")) {
			input_charset = argv[i];
			continue;
		}

		if (str_eq(argv[i], "--serialize-diagnostics")) {
			if (i >= argc - 1) {
				cc_log("Missing argument to %s", argv[i]);
				stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}
			output_dia = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i+1]));
			i++;
			continue;
		}

		if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-fprofile-")) {
			const char *arg_profile_dir = strchr(argv[i], '=');
			char *arg = x_strdup(argv[i]);
			bool supported_profile_option = false;

			if (arg_profile_dir) {
				char *option = x_strndup(argv[i], arg_profile_dir - argv[i]);
				char *dir;

				/* Convert to absolute path. */
				dir = x_realpath(arg_profile_dir + 1);
				if (!dir) {
					/* Directory doesn't exist. */
					dir = x_strdup(arg_profile_dir + 1);
				}

				/* We can get a better hit rate by using the real path here. */
				free(arg);
				arg = format("%s=%s", option, dir);
				cc_log("Rewriting %s to %s", argv[i], arg);
				free(option);
				free(dir);
			}

			if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-fprofile-generate")
			    || str_eq(argv[i], "-fprofile-arcs")) {
				profile_generate = true;
				supported_profile_option = true;
			} else if (str_startswith(argv[i], "-fprofile-use")
			           || str_eq(argv[i], "-fbranch-probabilities")) {
				profile_use = true;
				supported_profile_option = true;
			} else if (str_eq(argv[i], "-fprofile-dir")) {
				supported_profile_option = true;
			}

			if (supported_profile_option) {
				args_add(stripped_args, arg);
				free(arg);

				/*
				 * If the profile directory has already been set, give up... Hard to
				 * know what the user means, and what the compiler will do.
				 */
				if (arg_profile_dir && profile_dir) {
					cc_log("Profile directory already set; giving up");
					result = false;
					goto out;
				} else if (arg_profile_dir) {
					cc_log("Setting profile directory to %s", profile_dir);
					profile_dir = x_strdup(arg_profile_dir);
				}
				continue;
			}
			cc_log("Unknown profile option: %s", argv[i]);
			free(arg);
		}

		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-fcolor-diagnostics")
		    || str_eq(argv[i], "-fno-color-diagnostics")
		    || str_eq(argv[i], "-fdiagnostics-color")
		    || str_eq(argv[i], "-fdiagnostics-color=always")
		    || str_eq(argv[i], "-fno-diagnostics-color")
		    || str_eq(argv[i], "-fdiagnostics-color=never")) {
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			found_color_diagnostics = true;
			continue;
		}
		if (str_eq(argv[i], "-fdiagnostics-color=auto")) {
			if (color_output_possible()) {
				/* Output is redirected, so color output must be forced. */
				args_add(stripped_args, "-fdiagnostics-color=always");
				cc_log("Automatically forcing colors");
			} else {
				args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			}
			found_color_diagnostics = true;
			continue;
		}

		/*
		 * Options taking an argument that we may want to rewrite to relative paths
		 * to get better hit rate. A secondary effect is that paths in the standard
		 * error output produced by the compiler will be normalized.
		 */
		if (compopt_takes_path(argv[i])) {
			char *relpath;
			char *pch_file = NULL;
			if (i == argc-1) {
				cc_log("Missing argument to %s", argv[i]);
				stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}

			relpath = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i+1]));
			if (compopt_affects_cpp(argv[i])) {
				args_add(cpp_args, argv[i]);
				args_add(cpp_args, relpath);
			} else {
				args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
				args_add(stripped_args, relpath);
			}

			/* Try to be smart about detecting precompiled headers */
			if (str_eq(argv[i], "-include-pch")
			    || str_eq(argv[i], "-include-pth")) {
				if (stat(argv[i+1], &st) == 0) {
					cc_log("Detected use of precompiled header: %s", argv[i+1]);
					found_pch = true;
					pch_file = x_strdup(argv[i+1]);
				}
			} else {
				char *gchpath = format("%s.gch", argv[i+1]);
				if (stat(gchpath, &st) == 0) {
					cc_log("Detected use of precompiled header: %s", gchpath);
					found_pch = true;
					pch_file = x_strdup(gchpath);
				} else {
					char *pchpath = format("%s.pch", argv[i+1]);
					if (stat(pchpath, &st) == 0) {
						cc_log("Detected use of precompiled header: %s", pchpath);
						found_pch = true;
						pch_file = x_strdup(pchpath);
					} else {
						/* clang may use pretokenized headers */
						char *pthpath = format("%s.pth", argv[i+1]);
						if (stat(pthpath, &st) == 0) {
							cc_log("Detected use of pretokenized header: %s", pthpath);
							found_pch = true;
							pch_file = x_strdup(pthpath);
						}
						free(pthpath);
					}
					free(pchpath);
				}
				free(gchpath);
			}

			if (pch_file) {
				if (included_pch_file) {
					cc_log("Multiple precompiled headers used: %s and %s\n",
					       included_pch_file, pch_file);
					stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
					result = false;
					goto out;
				}
				included_pch_file = pch_file;
			}

			free(relpath);
			i++;
			continue;
		}

		/* Same as above but short options with concatenated argument. */
		if (compopt_short(compopt_takes_path, argv[i])) {
			char *relpath;
			char *option;
			relpath = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i] + 2));
			option = format("-%c%s", argv[i][1], relpath);

			if (compopt_short(compopt_affects_cpp, argv[i])) {
				args_add(cpp_args, option);
			} else {
				args_add(stripped_args, option);
			}

			free(relpath);
			free(option);
			continue;
		}

		/* Same as above but long options with concatenated argument beginning with
		 * a slash. */
		if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
			char *slash_pos = strchr(argv[i], '/');
			if (slash_pos) {
				char *option = x_strndup(argv[i], slash_pos - argv[i]);
				if (compopt_affects_cpp(option)) {
					if (compopt_takes_concat_arg(option)) {
						char *relpath = make_relative_path(x_strdup(slash_pos));
						args_add(cpp_args, option);
						args_add(cpp_args, relpath);
						free(relpath);
					} else {
						args_add(cpp_args, argv[i]);
					}
				} else {
					args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
				}

				free(option);
				continue;
			}
		}

		/* options that take an argument */
		if (compopt_takes_arg(argv[i])) {
			if (i == argc-1) {
				cc_log("Missing argument to %s", argv[i]);
				stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}

			if (compopt_affects_cpp(argv[i])) {
				args_add(cpp_args, argv[i]);
				args_add(cpp_args, argv[i+1]);
			} else {
				args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
				args_add(stripped_args, argv[i+1]);
			}

			i++;
			continue;
		}

		/* other options */
		if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
			if (compopt_affects_cpp(argv[i])
			    || compopt_prefix_affects_cpp(argv[i])) {
				args_add(cpp_args, argv[i]);
			} else {
				args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			}
			continue;
		}

		/* if an argument isn't a plain file then assume its
		 * an option, not an input file. This allows us to
		 * cope better with unusual compiler options */
		if (stat(argv[i], &st) != 0 || !S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
			cc_log("%s is not a regular file, not considering as input file",
			       argv[i]);
			args_add(stripped_args, argv[i]);
			continue;
		}

		if (input_file) {
			if (language_for_file(argv[i])) {
				cc_log("Multiple input files: %s and %s", input_file, argv[i]);
				stats_update(STATS_MULTIPLE);
			} else if (!found_c_opt) {
				cc_log("Called for link with %s", argv[i]);
				if (strstr(argv[i], "conftest.")) {
					stats_update(STATS_CONFTEST);
				} else {
					stats_update(STATS_LINK);
				}
			} else {
				cc_log("Unsupported source extension: %s", argv[i]);
				stats_update(STATS_SOURCELANG);
			}
			result = false;
			goto out;
		}

		/* The source code file path gets put into the notes */
		if (generating_coverage) {
			input_file = x_strdup(argv[i]);
			continue;
		}

		/* Rewrite to relative to increase hit rate. */
		input_file = make_relative_path(x_strdup(argv[i]));
	} /* for */

	if (found_S_opt) {
		/* Even if -gsplit-dwarf is given, the .dwo file is not generated when -S
		 * is also given.
		 */
		using_split_dwarf = false;
		cc_log("Disabling caching of dwarf files since -S is used");
	}

	if (!input_file) {
		cc_log("No input file found");
		stats_update(STATS_NOINPUT);
		result = false;
		goto out;
	}

	if (found_pch || found_fpch_preprocess) {
		using_precompiled_header = true;
		if (!(conf->sloppiness & SLOPPY_TIME_MACROS)) {
			cc_log("You have to specify \"time_macros\" sloppiness when using"
			       " precompiled headers to get direct hits");
			cc_log("Disabling direct mode");
			stats_update(STATS_CANTUSEPCH);
			result = false;
			goto out;
		}
	}

	if (explicit_language && str_eq(explicit_language, "none")) {
		explicit_language = NULL;
	}
	file_language = language_for_file(input_file);
	if (explicit_language) {
		if (!language_is_supported(explicit_language)) {
			cc_log("Unsupported language: %s", explicit_language);
			stats_update(STATS_SOURCELANG);
			result = false;
			goto out;
		}
		actual_language = explicit_language;
	} else {
		actual_language = file_language;
	}

	output_is_precompiled_header =
	  actual_language && strstr(actual_language, "-header");

	if (output_is_precompiled_header
	    && !(conf->sloppiness & SLOPPY_PCH_DEFINES)) {
		cc_log("You have to specify \"pch_defines,time_macros\" sloppiness when"
		       " creating precompiled headers");
		stats_update(STATS_CANTUSEPCH);
		result = false;
		goto out;
	}

	if (!found_c_opt) {
		if (output_is_precompiled_header) {
			args_add(stripped_args, "-c");
		} else {
			cc_log("No -c option found");
			/* I find that having a separate statistic for autoconf tests is useful,
			 * as they are the dominant form of "called for link" in many cases */
			if (strstr(input_file, "conftest.")) {
				stats_update(STATS_CONFTEST);
			} else {
				stats_update(STATS_LINK);
			}
			result = false;
			goto out;
		}
	}

	if (!actual_language) {
		cc_log("Unsupported source extension: %s", input_file);
		stats_update(STATS_SOURCELANG);
		result = false;
		goto out;
	}

	direct_i_file = language_is_preprocessed(actual_language);

	if (output_is_precompiled_header) {
		/* It doesn't work to create the .gch from preprocessed source. */
		cc_log("Creating precompiled header; not compiling preprocessed code");
		conf->run_second_cpp = true;
	}

	if (str_eq(conf->cpp_extension, "")) {
		const char *p_language = p_language_for_language(actual_language);
		free(conf->cpp_extension);
		conf->cpp_extension = x_strdup(extension_for_language(p_language) + 1);
	}

	/* don't try to second guess the compilers heuristics for stdout handling */
	if (output_obj && str_eq(output_obj, "-")) {
		stats_update(STATS_OUTSTDOUT);
		cc_log("Output file is -");
		result = false;
		goto out;
	}

	if (!output_obj) {
		if (output_is_precompiled_header) {
			output_obj = format("%s.gch", input_file);
		} else {
			char *p;
			output_obj = basename(input_file);
			p = strrchr(output_obj, '.');
			if (!p || !p[1]) {
				cc_log("Badly formed object filename");
				stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
				result = false;
				goto out;
			}
			p[1] = found_S_opt ? 's' : 'o';
			p[2] = 0;
		}
	}

	if (using_split_dwarf) {
		char *p;
		p = strrchr(output_obj, '.');
		if (!p || !p[1]) {
			cc_log("Badly formed object filename");
			stats_update(STATS_ARGS);
			result = false;
			goto out;
		}
		{
			char *base_name = remove_extension(output_obj);
			output_dwo = format("%s.dwo", base_name);
			free(base_name);
		}
	}

	/* cope with -o /dev/null */
	if (!str_eq(output_obj, "/dev/null")
	    && stat(output_obj, &st) == 0
	    && !S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
		cc_log("Not a regular file: %s", output_obj);
		stats_update(STATS_DEVICE);
		result = false;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * Some options shouldn't be passed to the real compiler when it compiles
	 * preprocessed code:
	 *
	 * -finput-charset=XXX (otherwise conversion happens twice)
	 * -x XXX (otherwise the wrong language is selected)
	 */
	if (input_charset) {
		args_add(cpp_args, input_charset);
	}
	if (found_pch) {
		args_add(cpp_args, "-fpch-preprocess");
	}
	if (explicit_language) {
		args_add(cpp_args, "-x");
		args_add(cpp_args, explicit_language);
	}

	/*
	 * Since output is redirected, compilers will not color their output by
	 * default, so force it explicitly if it would be otherwise done.
	 */
	if (!found_color_diagnostics && color_output_possible()) {
		if (compiler_is_clang(args)) {
			args_add(stripped_args, "-fcolor-diagnostics");
			cc_log("Automatically enabling colors");
		} else if (compiler_is_gcc(args)) {
			/*
			 * GCC has it since 4.9, but that'd require detecting what GCC version is
			 * used for the actual compile. However it requires also GCC_COLORS to be
			 * set (and not empty), so use that for detecting if GCC would use
			 * colors.
			 */
			if (getenv("GCC_COLORS") && getenv("GCC_COLORS")[0] != '\0') {
				args_add(stripped_args, "-fdiagnostics-color");
				cc_log("Automatically enabling colors");
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Add flags for dependency generation only to the preprocessor command line.
	 */
	if (generating_dependencies) {
		if (!dependency_filename_specified) {
			char *default_depfile_name;
			char *base_name;

			base_name = remove_extension(output_obj);
			default_depfile_name = format("%s.d", base_name);
			free(base_name);
			args_add(dep_args, "-MF");
			args_add(dep_args, default_depfile_name);
			output_dep = make_relative_path(x_strdup(default_depfile_name));
		}

		if (!dependency_target_specified) {
			args_add(dep_args, "-MQ");
			args_add(dep_args, output_obj);
		}
	}
	if (generating_coverage) {
		char *default_covfile_name;
		char *base_name;

		base_name = remove_extension(output_obj);
		default_covfile_name = format("%s.gcno", base_name);
		free(base_name);
		output_cov = make_relative_path(x_strdup(default_covfile_name));
	}

	*compiler_args = args_copy(stripped_args);
	if (conf->run_second_cpp) {
		args_extend(*compiler_args, cpp_args);
	} else {
		if (explicit_language) {
			/*
			 * Workaround for a bug in Apple's patched distcc -- it doesn't properly
			 * reset the language specified with -x, so if -x is given, we have to
			 * specify the preprocessed language explicitly.
			 */
			args_add(*compiler_args, "-x");
			args_add(*compiler_args, p_language_for_language(explicit_language));
		}
	}

	if (found_c_opt) {
		args_add(*compiler_args, "-c");
	}

	/*
	 * Only pass dependency arguments to the preprocesor since Intel's C++
	 * compiler doesn't produce a correct .d file when compiling preprocessed
	 * source.
	 */
	args_extend(cpp_args, dep_args);

	*preprocessor_args = args_copy(stripped_args);
	args_extend(*preprocessor_args, cpp_args);

out:
	args_free(expanded_args);
	args_free(stripped_args);
	args_free(dep_args);
	args_free(cpp_args);
	return result;
}

static void
create_initial_config_file(struct conf *conf, const char *path)
{
	unsigned max_files;
	uint64_t max_size;
	char *stats_dir;
	FILE *f;
	struct stat st;

	if (create_parent_dirs(path) != 0) {
		return;
	}

	stats_dir = format("%s/0", conf->cache_dir);
	if (stat(stats_dir, &st) == 0) {
		stats_get_obsolete_limits(stats_dir, &max_files, &max_size);
		/* STATS_MAXFILES and STATS_MAXSIZE was stored for each top directory. */
		max_files *= 16;
		max_size *= 16;
	} else {
		max_files = 0;
		max_size = conf->max_size;
	}
	free(stats_dir);

	f = fopen(path, "w");
	if (!f) {
		return;
	}
	if (max_files != 0) {
		fprintf(f, "max_files = %u\n", max_files);
		conf->max_files = max_files;
	}
	if (max_size != 0) {
		char *size = format_parsable_size_with_suffix(max_size);
		fprintf(f, "max_size = %s\n", size);
		free(size);
		conf->max_size = max_size;
	}
	fclose(f);
}

/*
 * Read config file(s), populate variables, create configuration file in cache
 * directory if missing, etc.
 */
static void
initialize(void)
{
	char *errmsg;
	char *p;
	struct stat st;
	bool should_create_initial_config = false;

	conf_free(conf);
	conf = conf_create();

	p = getenv("CCACHE_CONFIGPATH");
	if (p) {
		primary_config_path = x_strdup(p);
	} else {
		secondary_config_path = format("%s/ccache.conf", TO_STRING(SYSCONFDIR));
		if (!conf_read(conf, secondary_config_path, &errmsg)) {
			if (stat(secondary_config_path, &st) == 0) {
				fatal("%s", errmsg);
			}
			/* Missing config file in SYSCONFDIR is OK. */
			free(errmsg);
		}

		if (str_eq(conf->cache_dir, "")) {
			fatal("configuration setting \"cache_dir\" must not be the empty string");
		}
		if ((p = getenv("CCACHE_DIR"))) {
			free(conf->cache_dir);
			conf->cache_dir = strdup(p);
		}
		if (str_eq(conf->cache_dir, "")) {
			fatal("CCACHE_DIR must not be the empty string");
		}

		primary_config_path = format("%s/ccache.conf", conf->cache_dir);
	}

	if (!conf_read(conf, primary_config_path, &errmsg)) {
		if (stat(primary_config_path, &st) == 0) {
			fatal("%s", errmsg);
		}
		should_create_initial_config = true;
	}

	if (!conf_update_from_environment(conf, &errmsg)) {
		fatal("%s", errmsg);
	}

	if (conf->disable) {
		should_create_initial_config = false;
	}

	if (should_create_initial_config) {
		create_initial_config_file(conf, primary_config_path);
	}

	exitfn_init();
	exitfn_add_nullary(stats_flush);
	exitfn_add_nullary(clean_up_pending_tmp_files);

	cc_log("=== CCACHE %s STARTED =========================================",
	       CCACHE_VERSION);

	if (conf->umask != UINT_MAX) {
		umask(conf->umask);
	}
}

/* Reset the global state. Used by the test suite. */
void
cc_reset(void)
{
	size_t i;

	conf_free(conf); conf = NULL;
	free(primary_config_path); primary_config_path = NULL;
	free(secondary_config_path); secondary_config_path = NULL;
	free(current_working_dir); current_working_dir = NULL;
	free(debug_prefix_map); debug_prefix_map = NULL;
	free(profile_dir); profile_dir = NULL;
	free(included_pch_file); included_pch_file = NULL;
	args_free(orig_args); orig_args = NULL;
	free(input_file); input_file = NULL;
	free(output_obj); output_obj = NULL;
	free(output_dwo); output_dwo = NULL;
	free(output_dep); output_dep = NULL;
	free(output_cov); output_cov = NULL;
	free(output_dia); output_dia = NULL;
	free(cached_obj_hash); cached_obj_hash = NULL;
	free(cached_obj); cached_obj = NULL;
	free(cached_dwo); cached_dwo = NULL;
	free(cached_stderr); cached_stderr = NULL;
	free(cached_dep); cached_dep = NULL;
	free(cached_cov); cached_cov = NULL;
	free(cached_dia); cached_dia = NULL;
	free(manifest_path); manifest_path = NULL;
	time_of_compilation = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < ignore_headers_len; i++) {
		free(ignore_headers[i]);
		ignore_headers[i] = NULL;
	}
	free(ignore_headers); ignore_headers = NULL;
	ignore_headers_len = 0;
	if (included_files) {
		hashtable_destroy(included_files, 1); included_files = NULL;
	}
	has_absolute_include_headers = false;
	generating_debuginfo = false;
	generating_dependencies = false;
	generating_coverage = false;
	profile_arcs = false;
	free(profile_dir); profile_dir = NULL;
	i_tmpfile = NULL;
	direct_i_file = false;
	free(cpp_stderr); cpp_stderr = NULL;
	free(stats_file); stats_file = NULL;
	output_is_precompiled_header = false;

	conf = conf_create();
	using_split_dwarf = false;
}

/* Make a copy of stderr that will not be cached, so things like
 * distcc can send networking errors to it. */
static void
setup_uncached_err(void)
{
	char *buf;
	int uncached_fd;

	uncached_fd = dup(2);
	if (uncached_fd == -1) {
		cc_log("dup(2) failed: %s", strerror(errno));
		failed();
	}

	/* leak a pointer to the environment */
	buf = format("UNCACHED_ERR_FD=%d", uncached_fd);

	if (putenv(buf) == -1) {
		cc_log("putenv failed: %s", strerror(errno));
		failed();
	}
}

static void
configuration_logger(const char *descr, const char *origin, void *context)
{
	(void)context;
	cc_bulklog("Config: (%s) %s", origin, descr);
}

/* the main ccache driver function */
static void
ccache(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	bool put_object_in_manifest = false;
	struct file_hash *object_hash;
	struct file_hash *object_hash_from_manifest = NULL;
	struct mdfour common_hash;
	struct mdfour direct_hash;
	struct mdfour cpp_hash;

	/* Arguments (except -E) to send to the preprocessor. */
	struct args *preprocessor_args;

	/* Arguments to send to the real compiler. */
	struct args *compiler_args;

#ifndef _WIN32
	set_up_signal_handlers();
#endif

	orig_args = args_init(argc, argv);

	initialize();
	find_compiler(argv);

	if (str_eq(conf->temporary_dir, "")) {
		clean_up_internal_tempdir();
	}

	if (!str_eq(conf->log_file, "")) {
		conf_print_items(conf, configuration_logger, NULL);
	}

	if (conf->disable) {
		cc_log("ccache is disabled");
		failed();
	}

	setup_uncached_err();

	cc_log_argv("Command line: ", argv);
	cc_log("Hostname: %s", get_hostname());
	cc_log("Working directory: %s", get_current_working_dir());

	if (conf->unify) {
		cc_log("Direct mode disabled because unify mode is enabled");
		conf->direct_mode = false;
	}

	if (!cc_process_args(orig_args, &preprocessor_args, &compiler_args)) {
		failed();
	}

	cc_log("Source file: %s", input_file);
	if (generating_dependencies) {
		cc_log("Dependency file: %s", output_dep);
	}
	if (generating_coverage) {
		cc_log("Coverage file: %s", output_cov);
	}
	if (output_dia) {
		cc_log("Diagnostic file: %s", output_dia);
	}

	if (using_split_dwarf) {
		if (!generating_dependencies) {
			assert(output_dwo);
		}
	} else {
		assert(!output_dwo);
	}

	if (output_dwo) {
		cc_log("Split dwarf file: %s", output_dwo);
	}

	cc_log("Object file: %s", output_obj);

	hash_start(&common_hash);
	calculate_common_hash(preprocessor_args, &common_hash);

	/* try to find the hash using the manifest */
	direct_hash = common_hash;
	if (conf->direct_mode) {
		cc_log("Trying direct lookup");
		object_hash = calculate_object_hash(preprocessor_args, &direct_hash, 1);
		if (object_hash) {
			update_cached_result_globals(object_hash);

			/*
			 * If we can return from cache at this point then do
			 * so.
			 */
			from_cache(FROMCACHE_DIRECT_MODE, 0);

			/*
			 * Wasn't able to return from cache at this point.
			 * However, the object was already found in manifest,
			 * so don't readd it later.
			 */
			put_object_in_manifest = false;

			object_hash_from_manifest = object_hash;
		} else {
			/* Add object to manifest later. */
			put_object_in_manifest = true;
		}
	}

	if (conf->read_only_direct) {
		cc_log("Read-only direct mode; running real compiler");
		failed();
	}

	/*
	 * Find the hash using the preprocessed output. Also updates
	 * included_files.
	 */
	cpp_hash = common_hash;
	object_hash = calculate_object_hash(preprocessor_args, &cpp_hash, 0);
	if (!object_hash) {
		fatal("internal error: object hash from cpp returned NULL");
	}
	update_cached_result_globals(object_hash);

	if (object_hash_from_manifest
	    && !file_hashes_equal(object_hash_from_manifest, object_hash)) {
		/*
		 * The hash from manifest differs from the hash of the
		 * preprocessor output. This could be because:
		 *
		 * - The preprocessor produces different output for the same
		 *   input (not likely).
		 * - There's a bug in ccache (maybe incorrect handling of
		 *   compiler arguments).
		 * - The user has used a different CCACHE_BASEDIR (most
		 *   likely).
		 *
		 * The best thing here would probably be to remove the hash
		 * entry from the manifest. For now, we use a simpler method:
		 * just remove the manifest file.
		 */
		cc_log("Hash from manifest doesn't match preprocessor output");
		cc_log("Likely reason: different CCACHE_BASEDIRs used");
		cc_log("Removing manifest as a safety measure");
		x_unlink(manifest_path);

		put_object_in_manifest = true;
	}

	/* if we can return from cache at this point then do */
	from_cache(FROMCACHE_CPP_MODE, put_object_in_manifest);

	if (conf->read_only) {
		cc_log("Read-only mode; running real compiler");
		failed();
	}

	add_prefix(compiler_args, conf->prefix_command);

	/* run real compiler, sending output to cache */
	to_cache(compiler_args);

	x_exit(0);
}

static void
configuration_printer(const char *descr, const char *origin, void *context)
{
	assert(context);
	fprintf(context, "(%s) %s\n", origin, descr);
}

/* the main program when not doing a compile */
static int
ccache_main_options(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	int c;
	char *errmsg;

	enum longopts {
		DUMP_MANIFEST
	};
	static const struct option options[] = {
		{"cleanup",       no_argument,       0, 'c'},
		{"clear",         no_argument,       0, 'C'},
		{"dump-manifest", required_argument, 0, DUMP_MANIFEST},
		{"help",          no_argument,       0, 'h'},
		{"max-files",     required_argument, 0, 'F'},
		{"max-size",      required_argument, 0, 'M'},
		{"set-config",    required_argument, 0, 'o'},
		{"print-config",  no_argument,       0, 'p'},
		{"show-stats",    no_argument,       0, 's'},
		{"version",       no_argument,       0, 'V'},
		{"zero-stats",    no_argument,       0, 'z'},
		{0, 0, 0, 0}
	};

	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "cChF:M:o:psVz", options, NULL)) != -1) {
		switch (c) {
		case DUMP_MANIFEST:
			manifest_dump(optarg, stdout);
			break;

		case 'c': /* --cleanup */
			initialize();
			cleanup_all(conf);
			printf("Cleaned cache\n");
			break;

		case 'C': /* --clear */
			initialize();
			wipe_all(conf);
			printf("Cleared cache\n");
			break;

		case 'h': /* --help */
			fputs(USAGE_TEXT, stdout);
			x_exit(0);

		case 'F': /* --max-files */
		{
			unsigned files;
			initialize();
			files = atoi(optarg);
			if (conf_set_value_in_file(primary_config_path, "max_files", optarg,
			                           &errmsg)) {
				if (files == 0) {
					printf("Unset cache file limit\n");
				} else {
					printf("Set cache file limit to %u\n", files);
				}
			} else {
				fatal("could not set cache file limit: %s", errmsg);
			}
		}
		break;

		case 'M': /* --max-size */
		{
			uint64_t size;
			initialize();
			if (!parse_size_with_suffix(optarg, &size)) {
				fatal("invalid size: %s", optarg);
			}
			if (conf_set_value_in_file(primary_config_path, "max_size", optarg,
			                           &errmsg)) {
				if (size == 0) {
					printf("Unset cache size limit\n");
				} else {
					char *s = format_human_readable_size(size);
					printf("Set cache size limit to %s\n", s);
					free(s);
				}
			} else {
				fatal("could not set cache size limit: %s", errmsg);
			}
		}
		break;

		case 'o': /* --set-config */
		{
			char *errmsg, *key, *value, *p;
			initialize();
			p = strchr(optarg, '=');
			if (!p) {
				fatal("missing equal sign in \"%s\"", optarg);
			}
			key = x_strndup(optarg, p - optarg);
			value = p + 1;
			if (!conf_set_value_in_file(primary_config_path, key, value, &errmsg)) {
				fatal("%s", errmsg);
			}
			free(key);
		}
		break;

		case 'p': /* --print-config */
			initialize();
			conf_print_items(conf, configuration_printer, stdout);
			break;

		case 's': /* --show-stats */
			initialize();
			stats_summary(conf);
			break;

		case 'V': /* --version */
			fprintf(stdout, VERSION_TEXT, CCACHE_VERSION);
			x_exit(0);

		case 'z': /* --zero-stats */
			initialize();
			stats_zero();
			printf("Statistics cleared\n");
			break;

		default:
			fputs(USAGE_TEXT, stderr);
			x_exit(1);
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

int
ccache_main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	/* check if we are being invoked as "ccache" */
	char *program_name = basename(argv[0]);
	if (same_executable_name(program_name, MYNAME)) {
		if (argc < 2) {
			fputs(USAGE_TEXT, stderr);
			x_exit(1);
		}
		/* if the first argument isn't an option, then assume we are
		 * being passed a compiler name and options */
		if (argv[1][0] == '-') {
			return ccache_main_options(argc, argv);
		}
	}
	free(program_name);

	ccache(argc, argv);
	return 1;
}