diff --git a/docs/fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/Pulling-knob.png b/docs/fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/Pulling-knob.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f43bb0c0f Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/Pulling-knob.png differ diff --git a/docs/fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/flight-phases.png b/docs/fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/flight-phases.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..502ab2d9e Binary files /dev/null and b/docs/fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/flight-phases.png differ diff --git a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/cFMS.md b/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/cFMS.md index 284ea7091..dd4f4a98c 100644 --- a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/cFMS.md +++ b/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/cFMS.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ For guides on utilizing features included with our custom FMS see the [Guides an ## Guides and Information -- [MCDU Fix Info](./fixinfo.md) +- [MCDU Fix Info](../../pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fixinfo.md) - [Flight Plan Discontinuities](../../pilots-corner/beginner-guide/preparing-mcdu.md#discontinuity) ## Known Issues diff --git a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/index.md b/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/index.md index 35cb84c80..5d273f55e 100644 --- a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/index.md +++ b/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/index.md @@ -6,12 +6,10 @@ It is not a complete collection of all features but a growing list which is exte Topics: -- [Alpha Floor Protection](afloor.md) - [Autopilot and fly-by-wire](autopilot-fbw.md) - [Flight Management System](cFMS.md) -- [Fix Info](fixinfo.md) - [Fuel and Weight](loading-fuel-weight.md) - [MCDU Keyboard Support](mcdu-keyboard.md) - [SimBrief Integration](simbrief.md) - [Throttle Calibration](flyPad/throttle-calibration.md) -- [flyPad EFB](flyPad/index.md) \ No newline at end of file +- [flyPad EFB](flyPad/index.md) diff --git a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/loading-fuel-weight.md b/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/loading-fuel-weight.md index b148ccd15..59aa59704 100644 --- a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/loading-fuel-weight.md +++ b/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/loading-fuel-weight.md @@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ Please select the correct version below. Trimming the aircraft for takeoff is usually optional and technically not required. Please reference our the [FBW Checklist](../../pilots-corner/SOP.md) to set the appropriate trim should you wish to. - !!! bug "TODO where to get CG?" - Ideally, anything less than 25% CG is considered FWD load, and anything more than 25% is considered an AFT load. While opting to choose between either CG configuration (aft/fwd) please consider the information below. !!! info "Notes on Differing CG Configurations" diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/.pages b/docs/pilots-corner/.pages index a3c0c84d9..272ad0a0f 100644 --- a/docs/pilots-corner/.pages +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/.pages @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ title: Pilot's Corner nav: - Overview: index.md - Beginner Guide: beginner-guide + - Advanced Guides: advanced-guides - Airliner Flying Guide: airliner-flying-guide - A320neo Pilot Briefing: a32nx-briefing - Standard Operating Procedures: SOP.md diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/.pages b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/.pages new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0d7340ec5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/.pages @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Edit this page to get: +# - Title for the whole directory +# - Titles for specific pages or subdirectories +# - Order of pages (otherwise alphabetical order) + +title: Advanced Guides +nav: + - Overview: overview.md + - flight-phases.md + - flight-planning + - flight-guidance + - protections +# - ... diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/data-management.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/data-management.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..098f79b11 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/data-management.md @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +# Data Management + +## Stored Waypoints diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/.pages b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/.pages new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ea805f4fd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/.pages @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Edit this page to get: +# - Title for the whole directory +# - Titles for specific pages or subdirectories +# - Order of pages (otherwise alphabetical order) + +title: Flight Guidance +nav: + - Overview: overview.md +# - ... diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/approaches.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/approaches.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..577f4c643 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/approaches.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Approaches + +## ILS + +## RNAV + +## VOR, VOR/DME, NDB + +## Other Approaches + +### MLS diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/autopilot.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/autopilot.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e282e0a6f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/autopilot.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Autopilot + + diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/lnav.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/lnav.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..9652649ac --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/lnav.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Lateral Guidance diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/overview.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/overview.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4fffe5c9b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +# Flight Guidance in the A320 + +The flight management and guidance system (FMGS) performs navigation functions and lateral and vertical flight planning functions. It also computes performance parameters and guides the aircraft along a pre-planned route. + +It generates and sends commands to the FADECs, autothrust system, autopilot, and flight director to control aircraft roll, pitch, speed, and thrust. This gives three-dimensional flight management with fully automatic, optimized flight performance and guidance. + +## Lateral Guidance + +The primary flight plan is used for lateral guidance and automatically sequences route legs. The current aircraft position is used to determine the required steering commands (AP and FD) to achieve the desired flight plan path. + +## Vertical Guidance + +Vertical guidance is available for TAKEOFF, CLIMB, CRUISE, DESCENT, and APPROACH phases of the flight plan. The flight planning capability lets the pilot enter published departure, arrival, and approach segments with individual pseudo waypoints that include speed/altitude constraints. These constraints, as well as the entered cruise altitude and cost index, +define the vertical profile. + +## Autopilot and Flight Director Modes + +Two types of autopilot and flight director modes are available to guide the aircraft: + +### Managed modes + +When the aircraft is using managed targets, the Flight Management and Guidance System (FMGS) guides it along lateral and vertical flight paths and speed profiles computed by the Flight Management function (FM) from data in the MCDU. FM manages the guidance targets. + +Managed Modes are activated when the corresponding knob on the FCU is pushed in provided that the aircraft meets the necessary engagement conditions. E.g. Managed Heading (NAV) requires a valid flight plan defined in the MCDU. + +### Selected modes + +When the flight crew is using selected targets, the FMGS guides the aircraft along lateral and vertical flight paths and speed profiles to meet targets that the flight crew has selected manually on the FCU. The flight crew selects the guidance targets. + +Selected Modes are activated by pulling the corresponding knob in the FCU. + +### Pulling and Pushing Knobs in Microsoft Flight Simulator + +Using the legacy [Cockpit Interaction System](../../../fbw-a32nx/support/reported-issues.md#cockpit-interaction-system) you can push and pull knobs on the FCU like this: + +![Pulling-knob](../../../fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/Pulling-knob.png){loading=lazy width=30%} + +## Available Guidance Modes + +The following guidancve modes are available and displayed in the PFD's FMA as either active or armed. See our [PFD FMA](../../a32nx-briefing//pfd/fma.md) documentation. + +| Guidance | MANAGED | SELECTED | +|:---------|:--------------------------|:---------------| +| LATERAL | NAV, APP NAV | HDG-TRK | +| | LOC*, LOC | | +| | RWY | | +| | RWY TRK | | +| | LAND | | +| | GA TRK | | +| | ROLL OUT | | +| | | | +| VERTICAL | SRS (TO and GA) | | +| | CLB, DES | OP CLB, OP DES | +| | ALT CST*, ALT CST | ALT*, ALT | +| | ALT CRZ | EXPEDITE | +| | G/S*, G/S | | +| | FINAL, FINAL APP | | +| | FLARE | | +| | TCAS | | +| SPEED | FMGC REFERENCE | FCU REFERENCE | +| | (ECON, Auto SPD, SPD LIM) | | +| | EXPEDITE | | diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/vnav.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/vnav.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..970493aa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-guidance/vnav.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Vertical Guidance diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-phases.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-phases.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3f5e2444 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-phases.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +# Flight Phases + +The A320 flight management system defines a set of flight phases each flight will sequence through. + +It is important to understand these flight phases as they have an impact on planning a flight as well as on the lateral and vertical guidance of the aircraft. + +![FLight Phases](../../fbw-a32nx/assets/flypad/flight-phases.png "FLight Phases") + +The most prominent place where these phases become visible are the MCDU PERF pages where all phases, apart from PREFLIGHT and DONE, have their own page. + +## PREFLIGHT Phase + +During the PREFLIGHT phase the pilot initializes the Flight Management Guidance Computer (FMGC) and sets up various systems in the aircraft. + +Flight planning and performance planning happen during this phase. + +## TAKEOFF Phase + +The TAKEOFF phase starts when applying take off thrust (FLX or TOGA) and extends until reaching the acceleration altitude. + +Autopilot can be engaged at 100ft above ground or 5 seconds ofter takeoff, whichever is later. + +At thrust reduction altitude the thrust levers are normally set in the climb thurst detent (CL detent). The FMGC is in managed mode at this point guiding the aircraft vertically and laterally along the flight plan. + +## CLIMB Phase + +The CLIMB phase extends from the acceleration altitude to the top of climb (ToC) cruise flight level (displayed and modifiable on the MCDU PROG page). + +The FMS guides the aircraft and commands acceleration when above the terminal area speed restriction altitude. + +The system observes speed/altitude constraints that have been entered in the flight plan. + +When all managed modes have been selected and confirmed, the FMS gives speed, altitude, and lateral guidance during climb. + +## CRUISE Phase + +The CRUISE phase extends from the top of climb (ToC) point to +the top of descent (ToD) point. + +It may also includes intermediate climbs as well as en route descents. At anytime, the pilot can define a step climb to determine the cost and time savings of flying at a different flight level. Step climbs and descents are entered on the MCDU STEP ALTS page which is accessed from a VERT REV page or from the MCDU F-PLN page A. + +The FMS transitions to the descent phase when a subsequent descent is initiated within 200 NM of the destination and no preplanned step descent exists in front of the aircraft. + +## DESCENT Phase + +The DESCENT phase starts at the top--of--descent point (which is less than 200 NM from destination) by pushing the ALT knob for a managed descent or pulling the ALT knob for an open or selected descent from the cruise altitude. + +The pilot is required to confirm and initiate all descents from cruise altitude by pushing or pulling the ALT knob on the FCU. The managed descent does not occur until the pilot initiates the descent following clearance from ATC. + +## APPROACH Phase + +The APPROACH phase starts when the pilot activates and confirms the approach on the PERF descent page, or when the approach deceleration pseudo waypoint (DECEL) is passed and the aircraft is below 9500 ft AGL in managed flight. + +## GO-AROUND Phase + +The GO-AROUND phase is activated when the thrust levers are moved to the TOGA position while in the APPROACH phase. The FMS then guides the aircraft through the missed approach procedure. + +To return to the APPROACH flight phase, activate and confirm the APPROACH phase on the PERF GO-AROUND page. + +## DONE Phase + +The DONE phase is activated after the aircraft has been on the ground for at least 30 seconds and all engines are shut down. + +During the done phase, the FMS clears the active flight plan in +preparation for reinitialization. diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/.pages b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/.pages new file mode 100644 index 000000000..78243e117 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/.pages @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +# Edit this page to get: +# - Title for the whole directory +# - Titles for specific pages or subdirectories +# - Order of pages (otherwise alphabetical order) + +title: Flight Planning +nav: +# - Overview: overview.md + - fixinfo.md +# - Flight Plan: fplan.md +# - ... diff --git a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/fixinfo.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fixinfo.md similarity index 66% rename from docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/fixinfo.md rename to docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fixinfo.md index d7f2bea2b..55ced7737 100644 --- a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/fixinfo.md +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fixinfo.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ## Overview The MCDU FIX INFO pages are used to create waypoint intersections of the -flight plan with radials, radiuses, and abeam intercept points associated +flight plan with radial, radius, and abeam intercept points associated with a waypoint. These lines or circles are displayed on the ND and also used to compute intercept waypoints which are then added to the active flight plan. @@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ These lines or circles are displayed on the ND and also used to compute intercep The A32NX has implemented the display of these lines and circles on the ND. !!! warning "" - The computed intercept waypoints and ABEAM functionality are not yet implemented. + The computed intercept waypoints and ABEAM functionality are not yet implemented. This page will be updated as soon as these features are implemented. ## Use Cases @@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ A reference fix (REF FIX) named EGKK is used to show the three different methods - Abeam: - An Abeam is a line from the REF FIX onto the flight path meeting the flight path at a 90° angle. -![Fix Info Examples](../assets/fixinfo/fixinfo-example.png "Fix Info Examples") +![Fix Info Examples](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/fixinfo-example.png "Fix Info Examples") After entering a radial, radius or abeam the FMS calculates if an intersection with the flight path is possible and provides the option to create a waypoint into the flight plan. @@ -65,29 +65,29 @@ You will find the option to select the FIX INFO page on the top most waypoint of For this go to the MCDU F-PLN page and select the top most waypoint with the left LSK (line select key). -![Top most waypoint in F-PLN](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-top-wp.png "Top most waypoint in F-PLN"){loading=lazy} +![Top most waypoint in F-PLN](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-top-wp.png "Top most waypoint in F-PLN"){loading=lazy} This brings up the lateral revision page for this waypoint and also displays the FIX INFO page option. Press the right LSK next to `FIX INFO` -![Lateral Revision page](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-lat-rev.png "Lateral Revision page"){loading=lazy} +![Lateral Revision page](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-lat-rev.png "Lateral Revision page"){loading=lazy} ### 2) Enter a Navigation Fix -![Enter a navigation fix](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-enterfix.png "Enter a navigation fix"){loading=lazy} +![Enter a navigation fix](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-enterfix.png "Enter a navigation fix"){loading=lazy} ### 3) Enter Radial or Radius -![Fix Info page](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo.png "Fix Info page"){loading=lazy} +![Fix Info page](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo.png "Fix Info page"){loading=lazy} With radius 63NM around the waypoint ABTUM: -![Fix Info with radius set](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-radius.png "Fix Info with radius set"){loading=lazy} +![Fix Info with radius set](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-radius.png "Fix Info with radius set"){loading=lazy} ### 4) Additional Fix Info Pages You can define up to 4 different fixes by selecting the horizontal skew navigation button to go to the next page. -![Go to previous or next page](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-pages.png "Go to previous or next page"){loading=lazy} +![Go to previous or next page](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-pages.png "Go to previous or next page"){loading=lazy} ## Examples @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ FL340 with arrival TEBRA2G into Gatwick EGKK. A descent is required at 63NM before ABTUM as calculated by the flyPad Top of Descent calculator. -![EGKK STAR TEBRA2G](../assets/fixinfo/navigraph-egkk-tebra2g.png "EGKK STAR TEBRA2G"){loading=lazy} +![EGKK STAR TEBRA2G](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/navigraph-egkk-tebra2g.png "EGKK STAR TEBRA2G"){loading=lazy}
*Copyright © 2021 Navigraph / Jeppesen
"Navigraph Charts are intended for flight simulation use only, not for navigational use."* @@ -108,22 +108,22 @@ A descent is required at 63NM before ABTUM as calculated by the flyPad Top of De !!! block "" - ![Fix Info with radius set](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-radius.png "Fix Info with radius set"){loading=lazy width=48%} - ![ABTUM 63NM circle](../assets/fixinfo/nd-abtum-circle.png "ABTUM 63NM circle"){loading=lazy width=48%} + ![Fix Info with radius set](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-radius.png "Fix Info with radius set"){loading=lazy width=48%} + ![ABTUM 63NM circle](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/nd-abtum-circle.png "ABTUM 63NM circle"){loading=lazy width=48%} ### ILS Localizer Extension Line To visualize the ILS localizer for the approach the runway fix can be used to display a radial line corresponding to the ILS track course. !!! block "" - ![Fix Info Page EGKK26L](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-egkk26l.png "Fix Info Page EGKK26L"){loading=lazy width=48%} - ![Localizer Line for EGKK 26L](../assets/fixinfo/nd-egkk26l-locline.png "Localizer Line for EGKK 26L"){loading=lazy width=48%} + ![Fix Info Page EGKK26L](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-fixinfo-egkk26l.png "Fix Info Page EGKK26L"){loading=lazy width=48%} + ![Localizer Line for EGKK 26L](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/nd-egkk26l-locline.png "Localizer Line for EGKK 26L"){loading=lazy width=48%} ### VOR Intercept in SID In this scenario we have a departure on 36R in KMCO (Orlando) with the ORLANDO 4 DEPARTURE SID (ORLA4). This departure expects ATC to assign headings after departure to intercept the filed/assigned route. -![KMCO OLRA4 SID](../assets/fixinfo/navigraph-kmco-orla4.png "KMCO OLRA4 SID") +![KMCO OLRA4 SID](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/navigraph-kmco-orla4.png "KMCO OLRA4 SID")
*Copyright © 2021 Navigraph / Jeppesen
"Navigraph Charts are intended for flight simulation use only, not for navigational use."* @@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ As you can read in the Initial Climb description for 36R we need to meet certain To visualize these points we can use the fix info page to define a 2NM distance circle and 2 lines for R155 and R090/270 on the ND. !!! block "" -![Fix Info ORL](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-orl-fixinfo1.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} -![Fix Info ORL](../assets/fixinfo/mcdu-orl-fixinfo2.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} +![Fix Info ORL](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-orl-fixinfo1.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} +![Fix Info ORL](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/mcdu-orl-fixinfo2.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} !!! block "" -![Fix Info ORL](../assets/fixinfo/nd-orl-fixinfo1.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} -![Fix Info ORL](../assets/fixinfo/nd-orl-fixinfo2.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} +![Fix Info ORL](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/nd-orl-fixinfo1.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} +![Fix Info ORL](../../assets/advanced-guides/fixinfo/nd-orl-fixinfo2.png "Fix Info ORL"){loading=lazy width=48%} diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fplan.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fplan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..af2f95188 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fplan.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Flight Planning using the MCDU + diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/holds.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/holds.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0ce993a01 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/holds.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Holds diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/offset.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/offset.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1535c26ac --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/offset.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Offset diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/overview.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/overview.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..26c67f9f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/overview.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +# Flight Planning Using the MCDU diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/overview.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/overview.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..7cfd39018 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +# Overview + +Welcome to the A32NX Advanced Guides. + +This is a collection of guides and tutorials for real A320 features which go beyond the scope of our beginner guide. This collection will grow over time as we add topics and also add features to the A32NX add-on. + +Each page was reviewed by an A320 type rated pilot and provides accurate information to aircraft operation. + +!!! info "Airline SOP" + Please be aware that different airlines may have slightly different procedures at different stages of flight. + +**For Simulation Use Only** + +--- + +## Important Pages + +[A.FLOOR](protections/afloor.md){ .md-button } + +--- + +## Topics: + +- [Flight Phases](flight-phases.md) +- [Flight Planning](flight-planning/fixinfo.md) +- [Flight Guidance](flight-guidance/overview.md) +- [Protections](protections/overview.md) + + +--- + +If you have any issues or feedback with this guide, please file an issue here: + +[:fontawesome-brands-github:{: .github } - **FBW Docs Issues**](https://github.com/flybywiresim/docs/issues){target=new} + +For general questions please visit our Discord: + +[:fontawesome-brands-discord:{: .discord } - **Discord Link**](https://discord.gg/flybywire){target=new} + diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/.pages b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/.pages new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d242665fd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/.pages @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Edit this page to get: +# - Title for the whole directory +# - Titles for specific pages or subdirectories +# - Order of pages (otherwise alphabetical order) + +title: Protections +nav: + - Normal Law: overview.md + - afloor.md +# - ... diff --git a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/afloor.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/afloor.md similarity index 71% rename from docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/afloor.md rename to docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/afloor.md index 9a0e6d432..79bfaf9e1 100644 --- a/docs/fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/afloor.md +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/afloor.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -# Alpha Floor Protection +# Alpha Floor and TOGA LK ## Overview @@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ This feature is part of our custom autopilot and autothrust system - available i ### Trigger Conditions -When the angle of attack and airspeed of the aircraft reaches the alpha protection range indicated by the yellow and black band on the PFD speed page. Simply put A.FlOOR will trigger when approaching a stall in the aircraft's current configuration. +When the angle of attack and airspeed of the aircraft reaches the alpha floor protection range indicated by the yellow and black band on the PFD speed page. Simply put, A.FlOOR will trigger when approaching a stall in the aircraft's current configuration. !!! danger "Reactivation of autopilot will not be possible when in A.FLOOR conditions" ### FMA Indications -When A.FLOOR protection is active this will be indicated in the left most FMA on the PFD in green with a flashing amber box around it. +When A.FLOOR protection is active this will be indicated in the left most FMA on the PFD in green with a flashing amber box around it. -![A.FLOOR](../assets/feature-guides/afloor1.png){width=80% loading=lazy} +![A.FLOOR](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/afloor/afloor1.png){width=80% loading=lazy} ### Resolving A.FLOOR -To recover from the A.FLOOR condition and prevent further stall conditions, manually pitch the nose downwards to increase your speed and to reduce the angle of attack. When angle of attack is sufficiently reduced and the aircraft speed is out of the alpha protection range you can safely switch autopilot back on. +To recover from the A.FLOOR condition and prevent further stall conditions, manually pitch the nose downwards to increase your speed and to reduce the angle of attack. When angle of attack is sufficiently reduced and the aircraft speed is out of the alpha protection range you can safely switch autopilot back on. ==Note: In most situations the A.FLOOR condition will be followed by a TOGA LK FMA indication on the PFD.== @@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ To recover from the A.FLOOR condition and prevent further stall conditions, manu ## TOGA LK -This indication typically appears after triggering A.FLOOR protection where TOGA (take off go around) thrust has been set automatically and "locked". This autothurst mode will be kept active until the crew has safely resolved the previous A.FLOOR condition. +This indication typically appears after triggering A.FLOOR protection where TOGA (take off go around) thrust has been set automatically and "locked". This autothurst mode will be kept active until the crew has safely resolved the previous A.FLOOR condition. -![tglk](../assets/feature-guides/tglk1.png){width=80% loading=lazy} +![tglk](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/afloor/tglk1.png){width=80% loading=lazy} ### Resolving TOGA LK Resolution of TOGA LK is quite simple and accomplished in a few easy steps. -1. Disconnect the autothrust on the flight control unit [(FCU)](../../pilots-corner/a32nx-briefing/flight-deck/glareshield/fcu.md). +1. Disconnect the autothrust on the flight control unit [(FCU)](../../../pilots-corner/a32nx-briefing/flight-deck/glareshield/fcu.md). 2. Set the new position for the thrust levers (or return to CLB detent). -3. Reactivate autothrust. +3. Reactivate autothrust. -After these steps are complete you should be able to resume your flight normally with autothrust and autopilot enabled. \ No newline at end of file +After these steps are complete you should be able to resume your flight normally with autothrust and autopilot enabled. diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/overview.md b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/overview.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ecd53dd16 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/overview.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +# Normal Law Protections in the A320 + +The A320 has various flight envelope protections which protect the aircraft from entering certain critical situations while Normal Law is active. + +The guides in this section shall cover some of the main envelope protections of the A320's Normal Law. + +??? info "Control Laws" + The fly-by-wire principle of the A320 uses several "Laws" on how to control the flight control surfaces in relation to the pilot's input to side stick. + + - Normal Law: + - normal conditions even after single failure of sensors, electrical system, hydraulic system or flight control computer + - Alternate Law: + - activated after certain double (or triple) failures + - Direct Law: + - Mainly after double or triple IRS failure + - Mechanical Backup (after loss of all electrical power): + - Trim wheel + - Rudder pedals + + The different laws will support different types of protections and change the relationship between pilot's stick input and flight control interfaces. + +## Envelope Protections Overview: + +- [High Speed Protection](#high-speed-protection) +- [High Angle of Attack Protection](#high-angle-of-attack-protection) +- [Alpha Floor Protection](#alpha-floor-protection) +- [Manoeuvre Protection](#manoeuvre-protection) +- [Attitude Protection](#attitude-protection) +- [Windshear Protection](#windshear-protection) +- [Low Energy Protection](#low-energy-protection) + +## High Speed Protection + +High Speed Protection (HSP) aims to protect the aircraft from overspeed situation exceeding the V~mo~ or M~mo~ speeds (maximum operating speeds in knots or mach). + +See also [V-Speeds](../..//beginner-guide/abbreviations.md#v-speeds) + +### Engagement Conditions + +HSP is activated at or above V~mo~ or M~mo~ speeds (maximum operating speeds in knots or mach), depending on flight conditions. + +### Indication and warnings + +The overspeed limits are shown on the speed band on the PFD as a black and red strip and a pair of green lines. + +!!! block "" + ![Speedband Overspeed Limits](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/speedband_overspeed.png "Speedband Overspeed Limits"){loading=lazy align=left width=12%} + + - 1: V~max~ = Lowest of V~mo~, M~mo~, V~LE~, V~FE~ + - 2: V~mo~ + 6kt or M~mo~ + 0.01 Overspeed Protection becomes active + - 3: Current IAS (In Air Speed) + - 4: Current Mach speed + +High Speed Protection triggers the following warnings + +- Continuous repetitive chime +- Master warning light +- Overspeed red message on ECAM +- Red and black strip along the PFD scale + +### Protective Actions + +- Automatic AP disconnection (V~mo~ + 15kt or M~mo~ + 0.04) +- When V~mo~ + 6kt or M~mo~ + 0.01 is reached a positive load factor demand is automatically applied (pitch up action) +- When full nose-down stick is maintained speed is limited to around V~mo~ + 16kt and M~mo~ + 0.04 (pilot nose-down authority is reduced) +- When side stick is released the aircraft's bank angle will return to 0° (instead of 33° outside of HSP) +- Bank angle limit is reduced from 67° to 40° +- Pitch trim is frozen + +### Recommended Action to Recover + +- Extend Speed Brake +- Increase pitch +- Reduce thrust and/or activate A/THR + +## High Angle of Attack Protection + +The Angle of Attack Protection in the A320 is in simple terms a protection against a too high angle of attack and in consequence stalling the aircraft. + +??? info "Angle of Attack" + "The Angle of Attack is the angle at which relative wind meets an Aerofoil. It is the angle formed by the Chord of the aerofoil and the direction of the relative wind or the vector representing the relative motion between the aircraft and the atmosphere." + + Based on the article [Angle of Attack (AOA)](https://skybrary.aero/articles/angle-attack-aoa){target=new}, Source: www.skybrary.aero. + +The angle of attack is commonly called α (alpha) which we will use in the following sections. + +### Engagement Conditions + +The High Angle of Attack Protection is engaged when: + +- current angle of attack ia greater that α~prot~ (in Normal Law) when above 100ft RA +- Below 100 ft RA during the landing, when α~max~ is reached + +### Indication and warnings + +!!! block "" + ![High Angle of Attack Protection Speeds](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/speedband_aoa.png "High Angle of Attack Protection Speeds"){loading=lazy align=left width=15%} + + - 1: Green Dot Speed is the best lift-to-drag ratio speed in the clean configuration. + - 2: V~LS~ is minimal selectable speed providing an appropriate margin to the stall speed. The autopilot will not go below this speed if autothrust is active. + - 3: Selected speed in the FCU + - 4: α~prot~ limit + - this speed is maintained when side stick is neutral + - if sidestick if deflected aft this will eventually activate α~floor~ A/THR protection - see [Alpha Floor Protection](#alpha-floor-protection) + - 5: α~max~ is the speed with the maximum angle of attack (AoA) the aircraft will allow + - this speed is maintained when side stick is deflected fully aft + - it has a small margin before reaching the stall AoA + +### Protective Actions + +- Automatic AP disconnection +- If α becomes greater than α~prot~ then angel of attack will become proportional to stick deflection. Autotrim will stop which results in a nose-down tendency. +- If α reaches α~floor~ the autothrust system will apply go-around thrust. See [Alpha Floor Protection](#alpha-floor-protection). +- α~max~ cannot be exceeded even with the pilot pulling the stick full backward. In other words the cannot be stalled in Normal Law by the pilot's pitch up stick input. + +### Recommended Action to Recover + +- Push sidestick forward to reduce pitch and gain speed. + +- If Alpha Floor Protection (α~floor~) is activated see next chapter [Alpha Floor Protection](#alpha-floor-protection) + +## Alpha Floor Protection + +The Alpha Floor Protection automatically sets TOGA thrust when a very high angle of attack is reached. + +### Engagement Conditions + +Alpha Floor Protection **engages** after lift-off until 100ft RA before landing, when: + +- α is >α~floor~ + - 9.5° in CONFIG 0, 15° in CONFIG 1 and 2, 14° in CONFIG 3, 13° in CONFIG FULL +- Sidestick deflection is >14° when either + - [High Angle of Attack Protection](#high-angle-of-attack-protection) is active, or + - the [Attitude Protection](#attitude-protection) for pitch is active. + +Alpha Floor Protection is **inhibited**, when: + +- speed is above 0.6 Mach +- TCAS mode is engaged + +### Indication and warnings + +!!! block "" + ![A.FLOOR FMA](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/alpha-floor-fma.png "A.FLOOR FMA"){loading=lazy align=left width=15%} + + If the α~floor~ (A.FLOOR) protection is triggered the Autothrust FMA shows this symbol with a flashing amber border. + +### Protective Actions + +Alpha Floor Protection signals the autothrust system to set TOGA thrust. Thrust lever positions are ignored. + +As α~floor~ also implies α~prot~ see [High Angle of Attack Protection](#high-angle-of-attack-protection) for additional actions. + +### Recommended Action to Recover + +See our specific guide on how to recover from A.FLOOR: [A.FLOOR and TOGA LK](afloor.md) + +## Manoeuvre Protection + +Manoeuvre Protection, also called Load Factor Protection, enables immediate PF reaction, by pulling the sidestick to full aft without any risk of overstressing the aircraft. + +The load factor limit is: + +- -1.0 to +2.5g load factor for clean configuration +- 0 to +2.0g positive load factor for other configurations + +### Indication and warnings + +!!! block "" + ![G LOAD factor warning on ECAM](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/gload-factor-ecam.png "G LOAD factor warning on ECAM"){loading=lazy align=left} + + The lower ECAM displays the load factor (G LOAD) in amber, when the value is above 1.4g or below 0.7g for more than 2s. + +## Attitude Protection + +Attitude Protection is meant to complement AOA and high speed protection in extreme conditions and in windshear. + +For this it limits: + +- Bank angle: + - limited to 33° stick released + - limited to 67° stick fully deflected + +- Pitch angle: + - limited to 30° nose up + - limited to 15° nose down + +If these limits are approached, the aircraft pitch and roll rate decrease and stop at the limit. + +### Indication and warnings + +!!! block "" + ![Attitude Limits on PFD](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/attitude_limits.png "Attitude Limits on PFD"){loading=lazy align=left width=45%} + + ![Attitude Limits on PFD](../../assets/advanced-guides/protections/attitude_limits_2.png "Attitude Limits on PFD"){loading=lazy align=right width=45%} + +- 1: Bank limit indicator at 67° +- 2: Pitch down limit indicator at -15° +- 3: Pitch up limit indicator at 30° + +## Windshear Protection + +!!! warning "Not yet available in the A32NX on Microsoft Flight Simulator" + +Windshear Protection is available during take off and approach phases when: + +- at takeoff 3s after lift off up to 1.300ft RA +- at landing from 1.300ft RA to 50ft RA +- as least CONF 1 + +### Indication and warnings + +- Visual “WINDSHEAR” red message displayed on both PFDs for a minimum of 15s. +- Aural synthetic voice announcing “WINDSHEAR” three times. + +### Recommended Action to Recover + +- Flight Director pitch order based on the speed reference system (SRS). +- Pilot must set TOGa thrust immediately and follow the FD pitch order to execute optimum escape maneuver. + +## Low Energy Protection + +!!! warning "Not yet available in the A32NX on Microsoft Flight Simulator" + +If the aircraft’s energy level is going below a threshold an aural low-energy “SPEED SPEED SPEED” alert warns the pilot to increase thrust, in order to regain a positive flight path angle through pitch control. + +It is available in Configuration 2, 3, and FULL. The FAC computes the energy level with the following inputs: + +- Aircraft configuration +- Horizontal deceleration rate +- Flight path angle. + +The aural alert is inhibited when: + +- TOGA is selected, or +- Below 100 ft RA, or +- Above 2 000 ft RA, or +- Alpha-floor, or +- the ground proximity warning system alert is triggered, or +- in alternate or direct law, or +- if both radio altimeters fail. + +During deceleration, the low-energy aural alert is triggered before alpha floor (unless alpha floor is triggered by stick deflection). 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guide will cover these phases: Also a great aid for knowing when to descend is the new FIX INFO feature available in the Development Version. You can add a ring around a waypoint or fix with a specified distance. As we need 57NM for our descent from FL320 to FL140 at ABTUM we can set the fix distance ring to 57NM. - - Now we can easily see or TOD (top of descent) on the ND. + + Now we can easily see or TOD (top of descent) on the ND. !!! block "" - + ![FIX INFO Distance Ring](../assets/beginner-guide/descent/fix-info-ring.png "FIX INFO Distance Ring"){loading=lazy width=45% align=left} - + ![ND Fix Distance Ring](../assets/beginner-guide/descent/nd-fix-distance-ring.png "ND Fix Distance Ring"){loading=lazy width=45% align=right} The MCDU FIX INFO page can be access by selecting the first waypoint on the F-PLN page and pressing LSK 1L "FIX INFO". - - See our feature guide [Fix Info](../../fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/fixinfo.md) for how to use this function. - - !!! warning "Available in the Development version!" + + See our feature guide [Fix Info](../advanced-guides/flight-planning/fixinfo.md) for how to use this function. + + !!! warning "Available in the Development version!" #### How to Calculate the Required Distance for Descent diff --git a/docs/pilots-corner/index.md b/docs/pilots-corner/index.md index e02573e25..3b500ec14 100644 --- a/docs/pilots-corner/index.md +++ b/docs/pilots-corner/index.md @@ -7,11 +7,13 @@ This section is aimed at sim pilots of all levels and covers topics regarding fl ## Quick Links [Beginner Guide](beginner-guide/overview.md){ .md-button } +[Advanced Guides](advanced-guides/overview.md){ .md-button } [A320neo Pilot Briefing](a32nx-briefing/index.md){ .md-button } ## Topics - [Beginner Guide](beginner-guide/overview.md) +- [Advanced Guides](advanced-guides/overview.md) - [Airliner Flying Guide](airliner-flying-guide/overview.md) - [A320neo Pilot Briefing](a32nx-briefing/index.md) - [Standard Operating Procedures](SOP.md) diff --git a/mkdocs.yml b/mkdocs.yml index 4d645c0ab..0890ec567 100644 --- a/mkdocs.yml +++ b/mkdocs.yml @@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ plugins: # Folder: /a32nx-devs/ 'a32nx-dev/overview.md': 'dev-corner/development-guide.md' 'a32nx-dev/texture-changes.md': 'dev-corner/texture-changes.md' + # TEMP redirects + # A.FLOOR + 'fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/afloor.md': 'pilots-corner/advanced-guides/protections/afloor.md' + # Fix Info + 'fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/fixinfo.md': 'pilots-corner/advanced-guides/flight-planning/fixinfo.md' + # additional redirects: 'fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/throttle-calibration.md': 'fbw-a32nx/feature-guides/flyPad/throttle-calibration.md' # Convenience redirects: diff --git a/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.png b/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a066f2c27 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.png differ diff --git a/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.pptx b/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.pptx new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8a245c763 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.pptx differ diff --git a/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.psd b/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.psd new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e9fea35d9 Binary files /dev/null and b/src/assets/advanced-guides/FlightPhases.psd differ