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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<title>Remote Sensing for Identifying Rooftop Farming and Gardening Potentials in Jakarta, Indonesia</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content="Sheng Hu, Zhaowei Cui, Lunan Wei, Mengyu Ding" />
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<textarea id="source">
class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide
.title[
# Remote Sensing for Identifying Rooftop Farming and Gardening Potentials in Jakarta, Indonesia
]
.author[
### Sheng Hu, Zhaowei Cui, Lunan Wei, Mengyu Ding
]
.institute[
### CASA, UCL
]
.date[
### 2024/02/04 (updated: 2024-03-19)
]
---
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# Location
### Jakarta, Indonesia
* Jakarta is the nation's **capital city** and the centre of the **largest metropolis** of Indonesia.
* Jakarta covers **661.23 sq.km.** and has a population of **10,679,951** as of mid-2022.
* Jakarta is the **economic**, **cultural**, and **political centre** of Indonesia.
<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center;">
<div style="flex: 1; margin-right: 10px;">
<img src="images/Jakarta.jpg" alt="Image description" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;">
</div>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
---
# Problem Definition
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Air Pollution]
.pull-left[
#### Severity：
Jakarta was again ranked **the most polluted city** in the world by Swiss technology company IQAir.
In early 2023, air pollution potentially caused more than **10,000** deaths, more than **5,000** hospitalizations for cardio-respiratory diseases, and more than **7,000** adverse health outcomes in children each year in Jakarta. The total economic burden attributable to air pollution was estimated to be US$ **2.9** billion.
]
.pull-right[
<img src="images/JakartaAQL.jpg"
height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Heat Island]
.pull-left[
#### Increase in area:
Previous research shows the area of UHI, in Jakarta in 1989 reached **84.53 sq.km.** or **0.1 %** of the total area. The areas of UHI Jakarta were **36.5%**, **84.7%**, and **85.2%** of the total areas respectively in 2008, 2013 and 2018.
#### Increase in temperature:
The results show that the SUHI intensity is approximately **3°C–6°C** and AUHI is approximately **1°C–2.5 °C**.
]
.pull-right[
<img src="images/heat.jpg"
width="500px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"> <!-- The image source font size -->
Source: <a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-distribution-of-surface-temperature-of-Jakarta-in-year-2001-and-2014_fig4_301317835"
style="color: #7910FF;">Map of distribution of surface temperature of Jakarta in year 2001 and 2014 </a> <!-- Hyper color -->
<!-- 额外图源记得写一下描述 -->
</div>
]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Food Insecurity]
.pull-left[
#### Poverty:
**3.48 %** of Jakarta’s residents – over **312,180** people – fall below the poverty line. **High food prices** and **inadequate distribution** systems cause **low-income communities** have limited access to nutritious food.
#### Supply:
Jakarta experiences a **agricultural land reduction**.
Flood happened recently in **1996**, **1999**, **2007**, **2013**, and **2020**. These special events poses challenges to the city's food supply.
]
.pull-right[
<img src="images/food.jpg"
width="500px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"> <!-- The image source font size -->
Source: <a
href="https://www.plantagbiosciences.org/people/rob-o-hagan/2017/08/29/the-state-of-food-security-in-indonesia-and-west-java/"
style="color: #7910FF;">The Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Indonesia (FSVA) 2015 </a> <!-- Hyper color -->
<!-- 额外图源记得写一下描述 -->
</div>
]
]
]
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
---
class: inverse, middle, left
# Objective:
# Symbiotic coexistence of built environment and nature
---
# SDG Alignment
<!-- write a three columns style -->
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.three-cols {
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text-align: left;
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.three-cols > div {
flex-basis: 30%; /* Adjust this value based on your content and spacing needs */
margin: 0 1%; /* Adds a little space between columns */
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</style>
<div class="three-cols">
<div>
<!-- Left SDG 2 -->
<img src="images/SDG_image/SDGimage2.jpeg" alt="Image description" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;">
<p>ZERO HUNGER (SDG 2)</p>
End hunger and ensure year-round access to safe, nutritious and sufficient food</p>
</div>
<div>
<!-- Middle SDG 13 -->
<img src="images/SDG_image/SDGimage13.jpeg" alt="Image description" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;">
<p>Climate action for adaptation, resilience and mitigation (SDG 13)</p>
improvement Air quality</p>
</div>
<div>
<!-- Right SDG 15 -->
<img src="images/SDG_image/SDGimage15.jpeg" alt="Image description" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;">
<p>Green space, habitats and biodiversity (SDG 15)</p>
Green space creation and/or management</p>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"> <!-- The image source font size -->
<p>Source: <a href="https://www.globalgoals.org/goals/"
style="color: #7910FF;"> The Global Goals </a> <!-- Hyper color -->
<!-- 额外图源记得写一下描述 -->
</div>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
---
# Case Study / Global North
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[NYC]
.pull-left[
<img src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6063c397ece4057779563706/a93311a6-47ac-4d51-b121-4e8ce7dc26ad/DSC01942+%281%29.JPG?format=1500w"
height="270px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"> <!-- The image source font size -->
Vice Media’s 15,000sf green roof by Brooklyn Grange. Source: <a
href="https://www.brooklyngrangefarm.com/commercial/vice-media"
style="color: #7910FF;">Brooklyn Grange</a> <!-- Hyper color -->
<!-- 额外图源记得写一下描述 -->
</div>
]
.pull-right[
* Policy Instruments: Tax Abatement Eligibility (PTA3).
* Legislation: Local Law 92 of 2019 and Local Law 94 of 2019: Green and Solar Roof Requirements for New Buildings and Complete Roof Replacements. Source: <a
href="https://www.nyc.gov/assets/buildings/pdf/green_roof_solar_ll92-n-94of2019_sn.pdf"
style="color: #7910FF;">New York Buildings</a>
* Analysis by Tong et al. (2016) indicates a 7% to 33% PM2.5 reduction in the selected neighbourhood in Brooklyn.
* City-wide initiative launched by NYC Department of City Planning:<a
href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/agriculture/faqs/frequently-asked-questions.page"
style="color: #7910FF;"> Zone Green</a>, estimated to improve urban resilience, improve well-being and quality of life.(Beaupre, 2017)
]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Manchester]
.pull-left[
<img src="images/MancityCaseStudy.png"
height="270px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"> <!-- The image source font size -->
Roof level innovation offers climate resilient vision for Manchester Source: <a
href="https://www.polypipe.com/news/roof-level-innovation-offers-climate-resilient-vision-manchester"
style="color: #7910FF;">Originally from Civils & Green Urbanisation, Rooftop Greening in Mancity</a> <!-- Hyper color -->
<!-- 额外图源记得写一下描述 -->
</div>
]
.pull-right[
* Manchester developed a green roof strategy- Sustainable Cities: Options for Responding to Climate Change Impacts and Outcomes. (<a
href="https://hummedia.manchester.ac.uk/institutes/mui/cure/research/scorchio/meetings/stakeholders/CS_Selection_process_060509.pdf"
style="color: #7910FF;">SCORCHIO</a>)
* Partnering with Manchester University, the project utilised an Urban Heat Island map to identify city areas susceptible to elevated temperatures exacerbated by climate change.
* Public buildings were selected as pilot projects for green roof retrofitting, focusing on reducing the heat island effect and air pollution.
<br> <!-- 空行做排版，可自行删除 -->
<br>
]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Washington D.C.]
.pull-left[
<img src="images/USACasestudy.png"
height="270px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
<div style="font-size: 14px;"> <!-- The image source font size -->
Rooftop Gardening in Washington D.C.Source: <a
href="https://land8.com/washington-d-c-leads-north-americas-10-green-roof-industry-growth-of-2013/"
style="color: #7910FF;">Originally from Green Roofs for Healthy Cities (GRHC), Green Roofs</a> <!-- Hyper color -->
<!-- 额外图源记得写一下描述 -->
</div>
]
.pull-right[
* Incentive programs, the one launched in Washington D.C., offer financial support to building owners for installing green roofs, providing up to $15 per square foot in certain areas (Rudzinskas, Lutz, & McElhinney, 2017).
* These policies aim to lower the upfront costs of green roof installation, making it a more feasible option for improving air quality, reducing air pollution and heat island effect.
]
]
]
---
# Prospective Outcomes
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Outcomes]
* #### Capturing pollutants in the air
* #### Providing shade and evaporative cooling
* #### Enhancing urban food security
* #### Utilizing rainwater
* #### Increasing green spaces
* #### Attracting community participation.
]
.panel[.panel-name[Air polution]
#### Air Quality Improvement
Rooftop gardens can help to improve air quality by capturing airborne pollutants and particulate matter. By filtering pollutants from the air, rooftop gardens contribute to a healthier urban environment, which can indirectly contribute to cooling effects by reducing the formation of smog and haze.
]
.panel[.panel-name[Food Insecurity]
#### Improved Food Security and Self-sufficiency
Rooftop agriculture enhances urban food security, reducing reliance on external food supplies. Growing food within the city also reduces food transportation distances, thereby lowering carbon emissions.
#### Sponge city
Rooftop agriculture can improve urban water resource management by collecting and utilizing rainwater, reducing pressure on stormwater runoff and drainage systems.
]
.panel[.panel-name[Heat Island]
#### Cooling city
Rooftop gardening adds vegetation to otherwise heat-absorbing surfaces, such as rooftops, which helps to reduce the heat island effect by providing shade and evaporative cooling. Plants release water vapor through a process called transpiration. This evaporation process has a cooling effect, similar to sweating in humans.
]
.panel[.panel-name[Well being]
#### Urban Greening
Rooftop agriculture contributes to increasing green spaces in cities, improving the urban environment, enhancing air quality, and providing more leisure areas for city dwellers.
#### Community Engagement and Social Connection
Rooftop agriculture projects often attract community participation, fostering community cooperation and connections, and increasing urban residents' awareness of and involvement in food production.
]
]
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
---
class: inverse, middle, left
# Solution:
# Rooftop Farming and Gardening
---
# Current Policy Stack
.pull-left[
* **Strategy for Air Pollution Control** (SPPU)
* **Green open space masterplan at Jakarta Capital City**, Indonesia for climate change mitigation. Jakarta Government Plans to Add **800** Green Open Spaces to Deal with Air Pollution in 2023.
* In 2017, the city of Jakarta initiated a **peri-urban farming program** under its **Urban Agriculture Program** that aimed to achieve sustainable agricultural production, rural economic sustainability and long-term environmental sustainability.
]
.pull-right[
<img src="images/seals.jpg"
height="400px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
]
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
---
# Case Study / Jarkada
<style>.panelset{--panel-tab-foreground: honeydew;--panel-tab-background: seagreen;}</style>
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Commercial]
.pull-left[
<img src="images/Case study_Motivation/casestudy1.jpg"
height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
]
.pull-right[
#### sigit.kusumawijaya
* A recentpopular development is turning rooftops into dining areas,such as **cafes**, **bars** or **restaurants**.
* The demand comes not only from clients in **Jakarta** but also from other cities, such as **Yogyakarta**, and from **Bali**.
* Driven by a healthy lifestyle, many now also focus on productive plants, such as **water spinach**, **spinach**, **tomatoes**, **chilies** and etc
]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Education]
.pull-left[
<img src="images/Case study_Motivation/casestudy2.webp"
height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
]
.pull-right[
#### Santri
* The Jakarta Food Security, Marine, and Agriculture (KPKP) Office distributed **hydroponic racks** to facilitate urban farming in several Islamic boarding **schools** under the framework of National Santri Day 2022
* Santri (Islamic boarding school students) can also learn urban farming methods and produce local food products by utilizing the limited land as well as participate in the movement to realize independent food security in Indonesia," she stated.
]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Community]
.pull-left[
<img src="images/Case study_Motivation/casestudy3.jpeg"
height="300px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
]
.pull-right[
#### Super Indo
* Committed to creating a better environment and community, Super Indo has now successfully opened its **fifth** garden with the most modern concept.
]
]
]
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
---
class: inverse, middle, left
# Methodology:
# Using Remote Sensing for Identifying Rooftop Farming/Gardening Potentials in Jakarta
---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
# Value and Data Flow
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Data Value]
<img src="images/data_value_chain.png" height="380px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/data_abstract.pdf" download="data_concept.pdf" >
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Data Flow]
<img src="images/dataflow.png" height="380px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
]
]
---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
# Methodology Overview
<p align="center">
<img src="images/methodology/methodology_overview.png" height="505px"/>
</p>
.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/methodology_overview.pdf" download="methodology_overview.pdf" >
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]
---
# Model Architecture
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
<p align="center">
<img src="images/methodology/ML_Overview.png" height="505px"/>
</p>
.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/ML.pdf" download="ml.pdf" >
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]
---
# Project Data Source 1
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Data Type</td>
<td>Potential Dataset</td>
<td>Access</td>
<td>Resolution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Building Footprint Data</td>
<td>Google's Open Buildings Dataset, Jakarta Building Records, Crowd-sourced World-wide Building Footprint (See et al., 2022), BIM (Building Information Model) </td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>Google Open Buildings: <0.5m, not up to date; </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Urban Temperature</td>
<td>MODIS, Jakarta’s Historical Temperature Data</td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>MODIS: Daily to Monthly, Bands 1–2: 250 meter. Bands 3–7: 500 meter. Bands 8: 36 – 1000 meter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Weather</td>
<td>Global Forecast System (GFS), Jakarta Weather Data</td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>GFS: forecast interval every 6 hours, spatial resolution: 28 KM;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Air Quality</td>
<td>Sentinel-5P, Air quality data of Jakarta</td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>Sent 5P: daily, 5.5km x 3.5 km. Other Commercial Remote Sensing Data Air Quality Data. Ground Sensor Data: i.e. AQI (Lead: annual 0.50 μg/m3; PM 2.5: daily 25 μg/m3; PM10: daily 8 μg/m3; SO2: daily 0.02 ppm; NO2: daily 0.12 ppm; etc.),
</tr>
</table>
---
# Project Data Source 2
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Data Type</td>
<td>Potential Dataset</td>
<td>Access</td>
<td>Resolution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rainfall</td>
<td>Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG), Jakarta ground rainfall records</td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>0.1 millimeters (mm) | per month</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>High resolution Satellite SAR/ Optiacal Imagery</td>
<td>Landsat 8/9, Sentinel-2/Sentinel-1, and Other Commercial Data</td>
<td>Open-source and Commercial</td>
<td>Spatial resolution: 10 to 60m, Temporal: revisit less than 1 day </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Other Environment Data</td>
<td>Wind Speed Data, Humidity, Historical Vegetation Coverage Data, Light Pollution Data etc.</td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>Various resolutions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Existing Land Use Data</td>
<td>Latest LULC Dataset (Putri, Abadi and Kafafa, 2020)</td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>Published data ranging from 30m to 60m. <br> Temporal: Historical records.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Census Data</td>
<td>Source: <a
href="https://energydata.info/dataset/indonesia--population-density-2015"
style="color: #7910FF;">Jakarta WorldPop Data</a></td>
<td>Open-source</td>
<td>Population density per pixel at 100 metre resolution</td>
</tr>
</table>
---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
# Project Analysis
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[SWOT]
<img src="images/SWOTUpdate.png" height="440px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/swot_feasibility.pdf" download="swot_feasibility.pdf" >
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">
</a>]
]
.panel[.panel-name[Feasibility]
<img src="images/FeasibilityUpdate.png" height="500px" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"/>
]
]
---
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20px; right: 40px;">
<img src="images/team_logo.png" alt="Logo" style="height: 75px; width: auto;">
</div>
# Project Planning
.panelset[
.panel[.panel-name[Workpack Breakdown]
<p align="center">
<img src="images/WP_Breakdown.png" height="410px"/>
</p>
.foognote[Original file available: <a href="illustrations/pm_all.pdf" download="pm_all.pdf" >
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/dereksgithub/group_RS_casa0023/a21fb1ab0c2bc3f1171a7fc73f6f656f7974e71f/icons/pdf_icon.png" height="18px" alt="Download Original">