diff --git a/system/Helpers/number_helper.php b/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
index a0d0496452c3..bf577ed293f6 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/number_helper.php
@@ -84,8 +84,9 @@ function number_to_amount($num, int $precision = 0, ?string $locale = null)
         // Strip any formatting & ensure numeric input
         try {
             // @phpstan-ignore-next-line
-            $num = 0 + str_replace(',', '', $num);
+            $num = 0 + str_replace(',', '', (string) $num);
         } catch (ErrorException) {
+            // Catch "Warning:  A non-numeric value encountered"
             return false;
         }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/NumberHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/NumberHelperTest.php
index 9b3afa61992f..7e5fe2a358c4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/NumberHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/NumberHelperTest.php
@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@ public function testRomanNumber(): void
         $this->assertSame('X', number_to_roman(10));
     }
 
+    public function testRomanNumberString(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame('XCVI', number_to_roman('96'));
+    }
+
     public function testRomanNumberRange(): void
     {
         $this->assertNull(number_to_roman(-1));
@@ -70,6 +75,11 @@ public function testNumberToSize(): void
         $this->assertSame('456 Bytes', number_to_size(456, 1, 'en_US'));
     }
 
+    public function testNumberToSizeString(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame('456 Bytes', number_to_size('456', 1, 'en_US'));
+    }
+
     public function testKbFormat(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame('4.5 KB', number_to_size(4567, 1, 'en_US'));
@@ -109,6 +119,11 @@ public function testThousands(): void
         $this->assertSame('1,000 thousand', number_to_amount('999999', 0, 'en_US'));
     }
 
+    public function testThousandsInt(): void
+    {
+        $this->assertSame('123 thousand', number_to_amount(123000, 0, 'en_US'));
+    }
+
     public function testMillions(): void
     {
         $this->assertSame('123.4 million', number_to_amount('123,400,000', 1, 'en_US'));
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst
index a3dc9fabb74d..92eec136e1c8 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services.rst
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ come in handy.
 Instead of creating the instance ourself, we let a central class create an instance of the
 class for us. This class is kept very simple. It only contains a method for each class that we want
 to use as a service. The method typically returns a **shared instance** of that class, passing any dependencies
-it might have into it. Then, we would replace our timer creation code with code that calls this new class:
+it might have into it. Then, we would replace our timer creation code with code that calls this global function or Services class:
 
 .. literalinclude:: services/002.php
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ As many CodeIgniter classes are provided as services, you can get them like the
 
 .. literalinclude:: services/013.php
 
-The ``$typography`` is an instance of the Typography class, and if you call ``\Config\Services::typography()`` again, you will get the exactly same instance.
+The ``$timer`` is an instance of the Timer class, and if you call ``service('timer')`` again, you will get the exactly same instance.
 
 The Services typically return a **shared instance** of the class. The following code creates a ``CURLRequest`` instance at the first call. And the second call returns the exactly same instance.
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Therefore, the parameter ``$options2`` for the ``$client2`` does not work. It is
 Getting a New Instance
 ======================
 
-If you want to get a new instance of the Typography class, you need to pass ``false`` to the argument ``$getShared``:
+If you want to get a new instance of the Timer class, you need to pass ``false`` to the argument ``$getShared``:
 
 .. literalinclude:: services/014.php
 
@@ -85,6 +85,8 @@ always return the same instance:
 
 .. literalinclude:: services/003.php
 
+.. note:: Since v4.5.0, when you don't pass parameters to the service, the global function ``service()`` is recommended due to performance improvements.
+
 If the creation method requires additional parameters, they can be passed after the service name:
 
 .. literalinclude:: services/004.php
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/002.php
index cb292ecaeb42..cedf5d19ed65 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/002.php
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
+$timer = service('timer');
+
+// The code above is the same as the code below.
 $timer = \Config\Services::timer();
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/012.php b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/012.php
index bd3c89f971ec..6ef5d3480f5e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/012.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/012.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$postManager = \Config\Services::postManager();
+$postManager = service('postManager');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/013.php b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/013.php
index 0c82ed0e95fa..ae24e20cb91d 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/013.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/013.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$typography = \Config\Services::typography();
+$timer = service('timer');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/014.php b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/014.php
index ce012f44a65b..4becccb41f78 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/014.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/014.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$typography = \Config\Services::typography(false);
+$timer = \Config\Services::timer(false);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/015.php b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/015.php
index efaf1be9f00d..fcf178ad6aff 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/015.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/concepts/services/015.php
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
     'baseURI' => 'http://example.com/api/v1/',
     'timeout' => 3,
 ];
-$client1 = \Config\Services::curlrequest($options1);
+$client1 = service('curlrequest', $options1);
 
 $options2 = [
     'baseURI' => 'http://another.example.com/api/v2/',
     'timeout' => 10,
 ];
-$client2 = \Config\Services::curlrequest($options2);
+$client2 = service('curlrequest', $options2);
 // $options2 does not work.
 // $client2 is the exactly same instance as $client1.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/extending/basecontroller/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/extending/basecontroller/003.php
index 2f6fcb9d08cb..b7bcab22545d 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/extending/basecontroller/003.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/extending/basecontroller/003.php
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ public function initController(/* ... */)
         // Do Not Edit This Line
         parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
 
-        $this->session = \Config\Services::session();
+        $this->session = service('session');
     }
 }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst
index 61b92a99df92..d0a23758e348 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/common_functions.rst
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ Miscellaneous Functions
     :returns:    The shared Request object.
     :rtype:    IncomingRequest|CLIRequest
 
-    This function is a wrapper for ``Services::request()``.
+    This function is a wrapper for ``Services::request()`` and ``service('request')``.
 
 .. php:function:: response()
 
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ Miscellaneous Functions
     :returns:    The shared Response object.
     :rtype:    Response
 
-    This function is a wrapper for ``Services::response()``.
+    This function is a wrapper for ``Services::response()`` and ``service('response')``.
 
 .. php:function:: route_to($method[, ...$params])
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/018.php b/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/018.php
index 3cba09951d8b..9546e4a606ae 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/018.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/errors/018.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-$response = \Config\Services::response()
+$response = service('response')
     ->redirect('https://example.com/path')
     ->setHeader('Some', 'header')
     ->setCookie('and', 'cookie');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/form_helper.rst b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/form_helper.rst
index 68c7090408df..9a2d9f026abb 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/helpers/form_helper.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/helpers/form_helper.rst
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Escaping Field Values
 *********************
 
 You may need to use HTML and characters such as quotes within your form
-elements. In order to do that safely, you'll need to use
+elements. In order to do that safely, you'll need to use the
 :doc:`common function <../general/common_functions>`
 :php:func:`esc()`.
 
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ The following functions are available:
 
     Creates an opening form tag with a site URL **built from your** ``Config\App::$baseURL``.
     It will optionally let you add form attributes and hidden input fields, and
-    will always add the `accept-charset` attribute based on the charset value in your
-    config file.
+    will always add the `accept-charset` attribute based on the ``$charset`` property in your
+    **app/Config/App.php** config file.
 
     The main benefit of using this tag rather than hard coding your own HTML is that
     it permits your site to be more portable in the event your URLs ever change.
@@ -103,16 +103,21 @@ The following functions are available:
 
             <form action="http://example.com/index.php/email/send" class="email" id="myform" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8">
 
-        If :ref:`CSRF <cross-site-request-forgery>` filter is turned on ``form_open()`` will generate CSRF field at the beginning of the form. You can specify ID of this field by passing csrf_id as one of the ``$attribute`` array:
+        If :ref:`CSRF <cross-site-request-forgery>` filter is turned on ``form_open()`` will generate CSRF field at the beginning of the form. You can specify ID of this field by passing **csrf_id** as an element of the ``$attributes`` array:
 
         .. literalinclude:: form_helper/007.php
 
         will return::
 
             <form action="http://example.com/index.php/u/sign-up" method="post" accept-charset="utf-8">
-            <input type="hidden" id="my-id" name="csrf_field" value="964ede6e0ae8a680f7b8eab69136717d">
+            <input type="hidden" id="my-id" name="csrf_test_name" value="964ede6e0ae8a680f7b8eab69136717d">
 
-        .. note:: To use auto-generation of CSRF field, you need to turn CSRF filter on to the form page. In most cases it is requested using the ``GET`` method.
+        .. note:: To use auto-generation of CSRF field, you need to turn on the :ref:`CSRF filter <enable-csrf-protection>` in **app/Config/Filters.php** file.
+            In most cases the form page is requested using the GET method. Normally, CSRF protection is required
+            for POST/PUT/DELETE/PATCH requests, but even for GET requests, CSRF filters must be enabled for pages that display Forms.
+            
+            If you enable CSRF filter with :ref:`filters-globals`, it will be active for all request types.
+            But if you enable CSRF filter with ``public array $methods = ['POST' => ['csrf']];``, the hidden CSRF field will not be added in GET requests.
 
     **Adding Hidden Input Fields**
 
@@ -145,7 +150,7 @@ The following functions are available:
 
     :param    string    $name: Field name
     :param    string    $value: Field value
-    :returns:    An HTML hidden input field tag
+    :returns:    An HTML hidden input element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you generate hidden input fields. You can either submit a
@@ -171,7 +176,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    string    $value: Field value
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
     :param  string  $type: The type of input field. i.e., 'text', 'email', 'number', etc.
-    :returns:    An HTML text input field tag
+    :returns:    An HTML text input element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you generate a standard text input field. You can minimally pass
@@ -206,7 +211,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    array    $data: Field attributes data
     :param    string    $value: Field value
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML password input field tag
+    :returns:    An HTML password input element
     :rtype:    string
 
     This function is identical in all respects to the :php:func:`form_input()`
@@ -217,7 +222,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    array    $data: Field attributes data
     :param    string    $value: Field value
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML file upload input field tag
+    :returns:    An HTML file upload input element
     :rtype:    string
 
     This function is identical in all respects to the :php:func:`form_input()`
@@ -229,7 +234,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    array    $data: Field attributes data
     :param    string    $value: Field value
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML textarea tag
+    :returns:    An HTML textarea element
     :rtype:    string
 
     This function is identical in all respects to the :php:func:`form_input()`
@@ -244,7 +249,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    array    $options: An associative array of options to be listed
     :param    array    $selected: List of fields to mark with the *selected* attribute
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML dropdown select field tag
+    :returns:    An HTML select (dropdown) element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you create a standard drop-down field. The first parameter will
@@ -278,7 +283,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    array    $options: An associative array of options to be listed
     :param    array    $selected: List of fields to mark with the *selected* attribute
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML dropdown multiselect field tag
+    :returns:    An HTML select element with multiple attribute
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you create a standard multiselect field. The first parameter will
@@ -326,7 +331,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    string    $value: Field value
     :param    bool    $checked: Whether to mark the checkbox as being *checked*
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML checkbox input tag
+    :returns:    An HTML checkbox input element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you generate a checkbox field. Simple example:
@@ -357,7 +362,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    string    $value: Field value
     :param    bool    $checked: Whether to mark the radio button as being *checked*
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML radio input tag
+    :returns:    An HTML radio input element
     :rtype:    string
 
     This function is identical in all respects to the :php:func:`form_checkbox()`
@@ -368,7 +373,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    string    $label_text: Text to put in the <label> tag
     :param    string    $id: ID of the form element that we're making a label for
     :param    string    $attributes: HTML attributes
-    :returns:    An HTML field label tag
+    :returns:    An HTML label element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you generate a <label>. Simple example:
@@ -387,7 +392,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    string    $data: Button name
     :param    string    $value: Button value
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML input submit tag
+    :returns:    An HTML input submit element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you generate a standard submit button. Simple example:
@@ -403,7 +408,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    string    $data: Button name
     :param    string    $value: Button value
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML input reset button tag
+    :returns:    An HTML input reset element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you generate a standard reset button. Use is identical to
@@ -414,7 +419,7 @@ The following functions are available:
     :param    string    $data: Button name
     :param    string    $content: Button label
     :param    mixed    $extra: Extra attributes to be added to the tag either as an array or a literal string
-    :returns:    An HTML button tag
+    :returns:    An HTML button element
     :rtype:    string
 
     Lets you generate a standard button element. You can minimally pass the
@@ -452,10 +457,10 @@ The following functions are available:
     :returns:    Field value
     :rtype:    string
 
-    Permits you to set the value of an input form or textarea. You must
+    Permits you to set the value of an input or textarea element. You must
     supply the field name via the first parameter of the function. The
     second (optional) parameter allows you to set a default value for the
-    form. The third (optional) parameter allows you to turn off HTML escaping
+    field value. The third (optional) parameter allows you to turn off HTML escaping
     of the value, in case you need to use this function in combination with
     i.e., :php:func:`form_input()` and avoid double-escaping.
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation/001.php
index 3c55e788eff9..fbd07a975ee3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/content_negotiation/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$negotiate = \Config\Services::negotiator();
+$negotiate = service('negotiator');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
index 303f80b551fd..4425ce03d3bf 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
@@ -139,6 +139,8 @@ Filters can be specified by adding their alias to either the ``before`` or ``aft
 
 .. literalinclude:: filters/013.php
 
+.. _filters-globals:
+
 $globals
 --------
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/002.php
index 94d680abbdc3..ec5839354911 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/002.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$request = \Config\Services::request();
+$request = service('request');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/003.php
index 78378b4396aa..dedb10513b62 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/003.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/incomingrequest/003.php
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ public function __construct(RequestInterface $request)
     }
 }
 
-$someClass = new SomeClass(\Config\Services::request());
+$someClass = new SomeClass(service('request'));
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching.rst
index 169fc681f6e6..f4adc04a93df 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching.rst
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The following example shows a common usage pattern within your controllers.
 
 .. literalinclude:: caching/001.php
 
-You can grab an instance of the cache engine directly through the Services class:
+You can grab an instance of the cache engine directly through the global function ``service()``:
 
 .. literalinclude:: caching/002.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching/002.php
index ed453264b505..d1b936cdd842 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/caching/002.php
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <?php
 
-$cache = \Config\Services::cache();
+$cache = service('cache');
 
 $foo = $cache->get('foo');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/002.php
index 8c2fb03fea9d..ecbe37ed088b 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/002.php
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
 
 // pass in a Config\Cookie instance before constructing a Cookie class
-Cookie::setDefaults(new CookieConfig());
+Cookie::setDefaults(config(CookieConfig::class));
 $cookie = new Cookie('login_token');
 
 // pass in an array of defaults
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/003.php
index f878ff8592d1..6e9094fe7b77 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/003.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/003.php
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
 use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
 
-$oldDefaults = Cookie::setDefaults(new CookieConfig());
+$oldDefaults = Cookie::setDefaults(config(CookieConfig::class));
 $cookie      = new Cookie('my_token', 'muffins');
 
 // return the old defaults
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/007.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/007.php
index ff79582a5d07..ea4dcc97876f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/007.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/007.php
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-use Config\Services;
-
-$cookieStore = Services::response()->getCookieStore();
+$cookieStore = service('response')->getCookieStore();
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/009.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/009.php
index 6db5a50bfc1e..3e73bb0cafaf 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/009.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/009.php
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
-use Config\Services;
 
 // check if cookie is in the current cookie collection
 $store = new CookieStore([
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@
 
 // check if cookie is in the current Response's cookie collection
 cookies()->has('login_token');
-Services::response()->hasCookie('remember_token');
+service('response')->hasCookie('remember_token');
 
 // using the cookie helper to check the current Response
 // not available to v4.1.1 and lower
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/010.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/010.php
index 8211a4a2b23e..b2a18323cdac 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/010.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/010.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 // getting cookie in the current Response's cookie collection
 cookies()->get('login_token');
-Services::response()->getCookie('remember_token');
+service('response')->getCookie('remember_token');
 
 // using the cookie helper to get cookie from the Response's cookie collection
 helper('cookie');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php
index 6dcb79807380..80052c7c9218 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/013.php
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 <?php
 
-use Config\Services;
-
 cookies()->get(); // array of Cookie objects
 
 // alternatively, you can use the display method
 cookies()->display();
 
 // or even from the Response
-Services::response()->getCookies();
+service('response')->getCookies();
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/014.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/014.php
index 0e6ae6772146..9be64c5cf651 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/014.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/014.php
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStore;
-use Config\Services;
 
 $store = new CookieStore([
     new Cookie('login_token'),
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/015.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/015.php
index 040a2f8a9882..696e9c7c73d3 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/015.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/015.php
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 
-use Config\Services;
-
-Services::response()->setCookie('admin_token', 'yes');
-Services::response()->deleteCookie('login_token');
+service('response')->setCookie('admin_token', 'yes');
+service('response')->deleteCookie('login_token');
 
 // using the cookie helper
 helper('cookie');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php
index eadbc8083e98..4cc1fe4a67a6 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/cookies/017.php
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
-use Config\Services;
 
-$response = Services::response();
+$response = service('response');
 
 $cookie = new Cookie(
     'remember_token',
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
index 30c5e2bf4d88..b33fad802f4a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Loading the Library
 
 The library can be loaded either manually or through the :doc:`Services class </concepts/services>`.
 
-To load with the Services class call the ``curlrequest()`` method:
+To load with the Services class call the ``curlrequest()`` method or global function ``service()``:
 
 .. literalinclude:: curlrequest/002.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/002.php
index 5d84bfe442b5..ae7264ffdcdb 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/002.php
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
+$client = service('curlrequest'); // Since v4.5.0, this code is recommended due to performance improvements
+
+// The code above is the same as the code below.
 $client = \Config\Services::curlrequest();
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/003.php
index 5f02e4f18c00..6453b64e736a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/003.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/003.php
@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
     'baseURI' => 'http://example.com/api/v1/',
     'timeout' => 3,
 ];
-$client = \Config\Services::curlrequest($options);
+$client = service('curlrequest', $options);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php
index 4d6a14fadbb0..654d72d2687f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/004.php
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 <?php
 
+use Config\App;
+
 $client = new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequest(
-    new \Config\App(),
+    config(App::class),
     new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI(),
-    new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response(new \Config\App()),
+    new \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response(config(App::class)),
     $options
 );
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/005.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/005.php
index ab2b479c4a18..c81ebfd8df5b 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/005.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/005.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-$client = \Config\Services::curlrequest();
+$client = service('curlrequest');
 
 $response = $client->request('GET', 'https://api.github.com/user', [
     'auth' => ['user', 'pass'],
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/008.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/008.php
index 611909c2df7d..2f14c6974cd0 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/008.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/008.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-$client = \Config\Services::curlrequest([
+$client = service('curlrequest', [
     'baseURI' => 'https://example.com/api/v1/',
 ]);
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email/001.php
index 914193c15203..f7873714bab5 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email/001.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-$email = \Config\Services::email();
+$email = service('email');
 
 $email->setFrom('your@example.com', 'Your Name');
 $email->setTo('someone@example.com');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/001.php
index 8f840be59245..1481d20c2758 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$encrypter = \Config\Services::encrypter();
+$encrypter = service('encrypter');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/003.php
index 772a2172417f..a84d6b3852f4 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/003.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/003.php
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 <?php
 
-$config         = new \Config\Encryption();
+use Config\Encryption;
+
+$config         = config(Encryption::class);
 $config->key    = 'aBigsecret_ofAtleast32Characters';
 $config->driver = 'OpenSSL';
 
-$encrypter = \Config\Services::encrypter($config);
+$encrypter = service('encrypter', $config);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/013.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/013.php
index c49d282f42da..f7ef52060b6b 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/013.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/encryption/013.php
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
 use Config\Encryption;
-use Config\Services;
 
 $config         = new Encryption();
 $config->driver = 'OpenSSL';
@@ -15,4 +14,4 @@
 $config->encryptKeyInfo = 'encryption';
 $config->authKeyInfo    = 'authentication';
 
-$encrypter = Services::encrypter($config, false);
+$encrypter = service('encrypter', $config);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images.rst
index 08efccfe92f9..a439c3321a0b 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images.rst
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ Initializing the Class
 **********************
 
 Like most other classes in CodeIgniter, the image class is initialized
-in your controller by calling the Services class:
+in your controller by calling the global function ``service()``:
 
 .. literalinclude:: images/001.php
 
-You can pass the alias for the image library you wish to use into the
-Service function:
+You can pass the alias for the image library you wish to use into the global
+function ``service()``:
 
 .. literalinclude:: images/002.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/001.php
index 780bb37b3a4d..3001f4561029 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$image = \Config\Services::image();
+$image = service('image');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/002.php
index 9215a57e9e23..3ff0135e21d9 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/002.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$image = \Config\Services::image('imagick');
+$image = service('image', 'imagick');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/007.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/007.php
index 5faaf426ebb0..aa5c2a8d4313 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/007.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/007.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-$image = \Config\Services::image();
+$image = service('image');
 
 try {
     $image->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/008.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/008.php
index 01406733d31b..a7963d420573 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/008.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/008.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-$info = \Config\Services::image('imagick')
+$info = service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
     ->getFile()
     ->getProperties(true);
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 $xOffset = ($info['width'] / 2) - 25;
 $yOffset = ($info['height'] / 2) - 25;
 
-\Config\Services::image('imagick')
+service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
     ->crop(50, 50, $xOffset, $yOffset)
     ->save('/path/to/new/image.jpg');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/009.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/009.php
index 6314181ef435..e24cfcc40a4a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/009.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/009.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-\Config\Services::image()
+service('image')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
     ->convert(IMAGETYPE_PNG)
     ->save('/path/to/new/image.png');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/010.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/010.php
index b70b179815cd..696eab880516 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/010.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/010.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-\Config\Services::image('imagick')
+service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
     ->fit(100, 150, 'left')
     ->save('/path/to/new/image.jpg');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/011.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/011.php
index f18fb55545a1..e816af48c647 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/011.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/011.php
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <?php
 
-\Config\Services::image('imagick')
+service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.png')
     ->flatten()
     ->save('/path/to/new/image.jpg');
 
-\Config\Services::image('imagick')
+service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.png')
     ->flatten(25, 25, 112)
     ->save('/path/to/new/image.jpg');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/012.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/012.php
index 581a984238bd..eb99b11ae3b1 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/012.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/012.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-\Config\Services::image('imagick')
+service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
     ->flip('horizontal')
     ->save('/path/to/new/image.jpg');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/013.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/013.php
index c51a7126be8d..7c1780565a5d 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/013.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/013.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-\Config\Services::image('imagick')
+service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
     ->resize(200, 100, true, 'height')
     ->save('/path/to/new/image.jpg');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/014.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/014.php
index 32943ed142c6..cfe551a4c411 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/014.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/images/014.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-\Config\Services::image('imagick')
+service('image', 'imagick')
     ->withFile('/path/to/image/mypic.jpg')
     ->text('Copyright 2017 My Photo Co', [
         'color'      => '#fff',
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/001.php
index ec86f0e73490..4b67fd5511de 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$pager = \Config\Services::pager();
+$pager = service('pager');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/002.php
index c1bc432220d8..46c0fd09341b 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/002.php
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers;
 
+use App\Models\UserModel;
+
 class UserController extends BaseController
 {
     public function index()
     {
-        $model = new \App\Models\UserModel();
+        $model = model(UserModel::class);
 
         $data = [
             'users' => $model->paginate(10),
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/003.php
index 6ea631c7a9bc..262385ea0eb8 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/003.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/003.php
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 <?php
 
+use App\Models\UserModel;
+
 // In your Controller.
-$model = new \App\Models\UserModel();
+$model = model(UserModel::class);
 
 $data = [
     'users' => $model->where('ban', 1)->paginate(10),
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/004.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/004.php
index a8ef4d296125..b7af3ec83d2a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/004.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/004.php
@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers;
 
+use App\Models\PageModel;
+use App\Models\UserModel;
+
 class UserController extends BaseController
 {
     public function index()
     {
-        $userModel = new \App\Models\UserModel();
-        $pageModel = new \App\Models\PageModel();
+        $userModel = model(UserModel::class);
+        $pageModel = model(PageModel::class);
 
         $data = [
             'users' => $userModel->paginate(10, 'group1'),
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/005.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/005.php
index dec2c3161e76..2dc3405b8a62 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/005.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/005.php
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 
-$userModel = new \App\Models\UserModel();
+use App\Models\UserModel;
+
+$userModel = model(UserModel::class);
 $page      = 3;
 
 $users = $userModel->paginate(10, 'group1', $page);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/018.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/018.php
index 002d034a643c..afabd1c8c998 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/018.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/pagination/018.php
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 <?php
 
+use App\Models\UserModel;
+
 // In your Controller.
-$model = new \App\Models\UserModel();
+$model = model(UserModel::class);
 
 $data = [
     'users' => $model->banned()->paginate(10),
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
index 9aa684101c57..07e2e8756d18 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
@@ -152,6 +152,8 @@ This provides a nicer experience than simply crashing.
 
 Even when the redirect value is ``true``, AJAX calls will not redirect, but will throw a SecurityException.
 
+.. _enable-csrf-protection:
+
 Enable CSRF Protection
 ======================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security/001.php
index fe504ef35a8e..f81de1a9432c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$security = \Config\Services::security();
+$security = service('security');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions/001.php
index b1fa9aac3530..f1f2159e16e0 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/sessions/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$session = \Config\Services::session($config);
+$session = service('session', $config);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/001.php
index 20086d3fc60a..8b3cc13038aa 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/001.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 <?php
 
-$throttler = \Config\Services::throttler();
+$throttler = service('throttler');
 $throttler->check($name, 60, MINUTE);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/002.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/002.php
index 440ad582245b..9e3fec98c963 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/002.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/throttler/002.php
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
-use Config\Services;
 
 class Throttle implements FilterInterface
 {
@@ -19,12 +18,12 @@ class Throttle implements FilterInterface
      */
     public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
     {
-        $throttler = Services::throttler();
+        $throttler = service('throttler');
 
         // Restrict an IP address to no more than 1 request
         // per second across the entire site.
         if ($throttler->check(md5($request->getIPAddress()), 60, MINUTE) === false) {
-            return Services::response()->setStatusCode(429);
+            return service('response')->setStatusCode(429);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography/001.php
index 0c82ed0e95fa..9685611c7691 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/typography/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$typography = \Config\Services::typography();
+$typography = service('typography');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/004.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/004.php
index 01e5f9b648bd..2c3a5340521a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/004.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/004.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$validation = \Config\Services::validation();
+$validation = service('validation');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/008.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/008.php
index 41e37f0652ef..68c345e5181e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/008.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/008.php
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 
-$validation = \Config\Services::validation();
-$request    = \Config\Services::request();
+$validation = service('validation');
+$request    = service('request');
 
 if ($validation->withRequest($request)->run()) {
     // If you use the input data, you should get it from the getValidated() method.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/044.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/044.php
index 7f3a0e0e0902..df2598d1906c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/044.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/044.php
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?php
 
-$validation = \Config\Services::validation();
+$validation = service('validation');
 $validation->setRules([
     'username' => 'required',
     'password' => 'required|min_length[10]',
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/046.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/046.php
index f37def009eba..d9c244cdf31e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/046.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/046.php
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 namespace App\Controllers;
 
-use Config\Services;
-
 class Form extends BaseController
 {
     // Define a custom validation rule.
@@ -16,7 +14,7 @@ public function process()
     {
         // ...
 
-        $validation = Services::validation();
+        $validation = service('validation');
         $validation->setRules(
             [
                 'foo' => [
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser/001.php
index 56f7f51e4a07..e9f733df13e4 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_parser/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$parser = \Config\Services::parser();
+$parser = service('parser');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_renderer/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_renderer/001.php
index 2772e22cad0d..1c594a1a8e26 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_renderer/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/view_renderer/001.php
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 <?php
 
-$view = \Config\Services::renderer();
+$view = service('renderer');
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark.rst b/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark.rst
index 0277c5476e1f..bac8ddd8a560 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark.rst
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ the ``start()`` and ``stop()`` methods.
 Timer::start()
 ==============
 
-The ``start()`` methods takes a single parameter: the name of this timer. You can use any string as the name
+The ``start()`` method takes a single parameter: the name of this timer. You can use any string as the name
 of the timer. It is only used for you to reference later to know which measurement is which:
 
 .. literalinclude:: benchmark/001.php
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark/001.php b/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark/001.php
index ce3bd09ac87f..4818bb3cdc26 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark/001.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/benchmark/001.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 <?php
 
-$benchmark = \Config\Services::timer();
+$benchmark = service('timer');
 $benchmark->start('render view');