draft-ietf-dmm-distributed-mobility-anchoring-10.txt

DMM                                                         H. Chan, Ed.
Internet-Draft                                                    X. Wei
Intended status: Informational                       Huawei Technologies
Expires: January 3, 2019                                          J. Lee
                                                    Sangmyung University
                                                                 S. Jeon
                                                 Sungkyunkwan University
                                                      CJ. Bernardos, Ed.
                                                                    UC3M
                                                            July 2, 2018


                     Distributed Mobility Anchoring
            draft-ietf-dmm-distributed-mobility-anchoring-10

Abstract

   This document defines distributed mobility anchoring in terms of the
   different configurations and functions to provide IP mobility
   support.  A network may be configured with distributed mobility
   anchoring functions for both network-based or host-based mobility
   support according to the needs of mobility support.  In the
   distributed mobility anchoring environment, multiple anchors are
   available for mid-session switching of an IP prefix anchor.  To start
   a new flow or to handle a flow not requiring IP session continuity as
   a mobile node moves to a new network, the flow can be started or re-
   started using a new IP address configured from the new IP prefix
   which is anchored to the new network.  The mobility functions and
   their operations and parameters are general for different
   configurations.

Status of This Memo

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   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 3, 2019.




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Copyright Notice

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   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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   described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Distributed Mobility Anchoring  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     3.1.  Configurations for Different Networks . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.1.  Network-based DMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       3.1.2.  Client-based DMM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.  IP Mobility Handling in Distributed Anchoring Environments -
       Mobility Support Only When Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  Nomadic case (no need of IP mobility): Changing to new IP
           prefix/address  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     4.2.  Mobility case, traffic redirection  . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  Mobility case, anchor relocation  . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   7.  Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   8.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     8.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     8.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

1.  Introduction

   A key requirement in distributed mobility management [RFC7333] is to
   enable traffic to avoid traversing a single mobility anchor far from
   an optimal route.  This document defines different configurations,
   functional operations and parameters for distributed mobility
   anchoring and explains how to use them to make the route changes to
   avoid unnecessarily long routes.

   Companion distributed mobility management documents are already
   addressing the architecture and deployment



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   [I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models], source address selection
   [I-D.ietf-dmm-ondemand-mobility], and control-plane data-plane
   signaling [I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp].  A number of distributed mobility
   solutions have also been proposed, for example, in
   [I-D.seite-dmm-dma], [I-D.bernardos-dmm-pmipv6-dlif],
   [I-D.sarikaya-dmm-for-wifi], [I-D.yhkim-dmm-enhanced-anchoring], and
   [I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc].

   Distributed mobility anchoring employs multiple anchors in the data
   plane.  In general, control plane functions may be separated from
   data plane functions and be centralized but may also be co-located
   with the data plane functions at the distributed anchors.  Different
   configurations of distributed mobility anchoring are described in
   Section 3.1.

   As an MN attaches to an access router and establishes a link between
   them, a /64 IPv6 prefix anchored to the router may be assigned to the
   link for exclusive use by the MN [RFC6459].  The MN may then
   configure a global IPv6 address from this prefix and use it as the
   source IP address in a flow to communicate with its correspondent
   node (CN).  When there are multiple mobility anchors assigned to the
   same MN, an address selection for a given flow is first required
   before the flow is initiated.  Using an anchor in an MN's network of
   attachment has the advantage that the packets can simply be forwarded
   according to the forwarding table.  However, after the flow has been
   initiated, the MN may later move to another network which assigns a
   new mobility anchor to the MN.  Since the new anchor is located in a
   different network, the MN's assigned prefix and the built MN IP
   address does not belong to the network where the MN is currently
   attached.

   When the MN wants to continue using its assigned prefix and IP
   address, e.g., to complete ongoing data sessions after it moved to a
   new network, the network needs to provide support for IP address- and
   session continuity, since routing packets to the MN through the new
   network deviates from applying default routes.  The IP session
   continuity needs of a flow (application) determines the how the IP
   address used by the traffic of this flow has to be anchored.  If the
   ongoing IP flow can cope with an IP prefix/address change, the flow
   can be reinitiated with a new IP address anchored in the new network.
   On the other hand, if the ongoing IP flow cannot cope with such
   change, mobility support is needed.  A network supporting a mix of
   flows both requiring and not requiring IP mobility support will need
   to distinguish these flows.







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2.  Conventions and Terminology

   All general mobility-related terms and their acronyms used in this
   document are to be interpreted as defined in the Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
   base specification [RFC6275], the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)
   specification [RFC5213], the "Mobility Related Terminologies"
   [RFC3753], and the DMM current practices and gap analysis [RFC7429].
   These include terms such as mobile node (MN), correspondent node
   (CN), home agent (HA), home address (HoA), care-of-address (CoA),
   local mobility anchor (LMA), and mobile access gateway (MAG).

   In addition, this document uses the following terms:

   Home network of a home address:  the network that has assigned the
      HoA used as the session identifier by the application running in
      an MN.  The MN may be running multiple application sessions, and
      each of these sessions can have a different home network.


   Anchor (of an IP prefix/address):  An IP prefix, i.e., Home Network
      Prefix (HNP), or address, i.e., HoA, assigned for use by an MN is
      topologically anchored to an anchor node when the anchor node is
      able to advertise a connected route into the routing
      infrastructure for the assigned IP prefix.  The traffic using the
      assigned IP address/prefix must traverse the anchor node.  We can
      refer to the function performed by IP anchor node as anchoring,
      which is a data plane function.


   Location Management (LM) function:  control plane function that keeps
      and manages the network location information of an MN.  The
      location information may be a binding of the advertised IP
      address/prefix, e.g., HoA or HNP, to the IP routing address of the
      MN or of a node that can forward packets destined to the MN.

      When the MN is a mobile router (MR) carrying a mobile network of
      mobile network nodes (MNN), the location information will also
      include the mobile network prefix (MNP), which is the aggregate IP
      prefix delegated to the MR to assign IP prefixes for use by the
      MNNs in the mobile network.

      In a client-server protocol model, location query and update
      messages may be exchanged between a Location Management client
      (LMc) and a Location Management server (LMs), where the location
      information can be updated to or queried from the LMc.
      Optionally, there may be a Location Management proxy (LMp) between
      LMc and LMs.




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      With separation of control plane and data plane, the LM function
      is in the control plane.  It may be a logical function at the
      control plane node, control plane anchor, or mobility controller.

      It may be distributed or centralized.


   Forwarding Management (FM) function:  packet interception and
      forwarding to/from the IP address/prefix assigned for use by the
      MN, based on the internetwork location information, either to the
      destination or to some other network element that knows how to
      forward the packets to their destination.

      This function may be used to achieve traffic indirection.  With
      separation of control plane and data plane, the FM function may
      split into a FM function in the data plane (FM-DP) and a FM
      function in the control plane (FM-CP).

      FM-DP may be distributed with distributed mobility management.  It
      may be a function in a data plane anchor or data plane node.

      FM-CP may be distributed or centralized.  It may be a function in
      a control plane node, control plane anchor or mobility controller.



3.  Distributed Mobility Anchoring

3.1.  Configurations for Different Networks

   We next describe some configurations with multiple distributed
   anchors.  To cover the widest possible spectrum of scenarios, we
   consider architectures in which the control and data planes are
   separated, as described in [I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models].

3.1.1.  Network-based DMM

   Figure 1 shows a general scenario for network-based distributed
   mobility management.

   The main characteristics of a network-based DMM solution are:

   o  There are multiple data plane anchors (i.e., DPA instances), each
      with an FM-DP function.
   o  The control plane may either be distributed (not shown in the
      figure) or centralized (as shown in the figure).
   o  The control plane and the data plane (Control Plane Anchor -- CPA
      -- and Data Plane Anchor -- DPA) may be co-located or not.  If the



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      CPA is co-located with the distributed DPAs, then there are
      multiple co-located CPA-DPA instances (not shown in the figure).
   o  An IP prefix/address IP1 (anchored to the DPA with IP address
      IPa1) is assigned for use by an MN.  The MN uses this IP1 address
      to communicate with CNs (not shown in the figure).
   o  The location management (LM) function may be co-located or split
      (as shown in the figure) into a separate server (LMs) and a client
      (LMc).  In this case, the LMs may be centralized whereas the LMc
      may be distributed or centralized.

              ____________  Network
          ___/            \___________
         /      +-----+                \___
        (       |LMs  |    Control         \
       /        +-.---+    plane            \
      /  +--------.---+    functions         \
     (   |CPA:    .   |    in the             )
     (   |FM-CP, LMc  |    network            )
     (   +------------+                        \
    /          . .                              \
   (           .     .                           )
   (           .         .                       )
   (           .             .                   \
    \    +------------+ +------------+Distributed )
     (   |DPA(IPa1):  | |DPA(IPa2):  |DPAs        )
     (   |anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 |          _/
      \  |FM-DP       | |FM-DP       | etc.    /
       \ +------------+ +------------+        /
        \___                Data plane  _____/
            \______         functions  /
                   \__________________/

         +------------+
         |MN(IP1)     | Mobile node attached
         |flow(IP1,..)| to the network
         +------------+

                 Figure 1: Network-based DMM configuration

3.1.2.  Client-based DMM

   Figure 2 shows a general scenario for client-based distributed
   mobility management.  In this configuration, the mobile node performs
   Control Plane Node (CPN) and Data Plane Node (DPN) mobility
   functions, namely the forwarding management and location management
   (client role) ones.





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          +-----+
          |LMs  |
          +-.---+
   +--------.---+
   |CPA:    .   |
   |FM-CP, LMp  |
   +------------+
         . .
         .     .
         .         .
         .             .
   +------------+ +------------+ Distributed
   |DPA(IPa1):  | |DPA(IPa2):  | DPAs
   |anchors IP1 | |anchors IP2 |
   |FM-DP       | |FM-DP       |  etc.
   +------------+ +------------+

   +------------+
   |MN(IP1)     |Mobile node
   |flow(IP1,..)|using IP1
   |FM,    LMc  |anchored to
   +------------+DPA(IPa1)

                 Figure 2: Client-based DMM configuration

4.  IP Mobility Handling in Distributed Anchoring Environments -
    Mobility Support Only When Needed

   IP mobility support may be provided only when needed instead of being
   provided by default.  Three cases can be considered:

   o  Nomadic case: no address continuity is required.  The IP address
      used by the MN changes after movement and traffic using old
      address is disrupted.  If session continuity is required, then it
      needs to be provided by a solution running at L4 or above.
   o  Mobility case, traffic redirection: address continuity is
      required.  When the MN moves, the previous anchor still anchors
      traffic using the old IP address, and forwards it to the new MN's
      location.  The MN obtains a new IP address anchored at the new
      location, and preferably uses it for new communications,
      established while connected at the new location.
   o  Mobility case, anchor relocation: address continuity is required.
      In this case the route followed by the traffic is optimized, by
      using some means for traffic indirection to deviate from default
      routes.

   A straightforward choice of mobility anchoring is the following: the
   MN's choses as source IP address of packets belonging to an IP flow,



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   an address allocated by the network the MN is attached to when the
   flow was initiated.  As such, traffic belonging to this flow
   traverses the MN's mobility anchor [I-D.seite-dmm-dma]
   [I-D.bernardos-dmm-pmipv6-dlif].

   The IP prefix/address at the MN's side of a flow may be anchored at
   the access router to which the MN is attached.  For example, when an
   MN attaches to a network (Net1) or moves to a new network (Net2), an
   IP prefix from the attached network is assigned to the MN's
   interface.  In addition to configuring new link-local addresses, the
   MN configures from this prefix an IP address which is typically a
   dynamic IP address.  It then uses this IP address when a flow is
   initiated.  Packets to the MN in this flow are simply forwarded
   according to the forwarding table.

   There may be multiple IP prefixes/addresses that an MN can select
   when initiating a flow.  They may be from the same access network or
   different access networks.  The network may advertise these prefixes
   with cost options [I-D.mccann-dmm-prefixcost] so that the mobile node
   may choose the one with the least cost.  In addition, these IP
   prefixes/addresses may be of different types regarding whether
   mobility support is needed [I-D.ietf-dmm-ondemand-mobility].  A flow
   will need to choose the appropriate one according to whether it needs
   IP mobility support.

4.1.  Nomadic case (no need of IP mobility): Changing to new IP prefix/
      address

   When IP mobility support is not needed for a flow, the LM and FM
   functions are not utilized so that the configurations in Section 3.1
   are simplified as shown in Figure 3.




















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   Net1                                                Net2

   +---------------+                                   +---------------+
   |AR1            |            AR is changed          |AR2            |
   +---------------+              ------->             +---------------+
   |CPA:           |                                   |CPA:           |
   |---------------|                                   |---------------|
   |DPA(IPa1):     |                                   |DPA(IPa2):     |
   |anchors IP1    |                                   |anchors IP2    |
   +---------------+                                   +---------------+

   +...............+                                   +---------------+
   .MN(IP1)        .              MN moves             |MN(IP2)        |
   .flow(IP1,...)  .              =======>             |flow(IP2,...)  |
   +...............+                                   +---------------+

               Figure 3: Changing to a new IP address/prefix

   When there is no need to provide IP mobility to a flow, the flow may
   use a new IP address acquired from a new network as the MN moves to
   the new network.

   Regardless of whether IP mobility is needed, if the flow has
   terminated before the MN moves to a new network, the flow may
   subsequently restart using the new IP address assigned from the new
   network.

   When IP session continuity is needed, even if a flow is ongoing as
   the MN moves, it may still be desirable for the flow to change to
   using the new IP prefix configured in the new network.  The flow may
   then close and then restart using a new IP address configured in the
   new network.  Such a change in the IP address of the flow may be
   enabled using a higher layer mobility support which is not in the
   scope of this document.

   In Figure 3, a flow initiated while the MN was using the IP prefix
   IP1 anchored to a previous access router AR1 in network Net1 has
   terminated before the MN moves to a new network Net2.  After moving
   to Net2, the MN uses the new IP prefix IP2 anchored to a new access
   router AR2 in network Net2 to start a new flow.  The packets may then
   be forwarded without requiring IP layer mobility support.

   An example call flow is outlined in Figure 4








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    MN                    AR1           AR2                           CN
     |MN attaches to AR1:  |             |                             |
     |acquire MN-ID and profile          |                             |
     |--RS---------------->|             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |<----------RA(IP1)---|             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
   Assigned prefix IP1     |             |                             |
   IP1 address configuration             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)-+------------------------------------------>|
     |                     |             |                             |
     |MN detaches from AR1 |             |                             |
     |MN attaches to AR2   |             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |--RS------------------------------>|                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |<--------------RA(IP2)-------------|                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
   Assigned prefix IP2     |             |                             |
   IP2 address configuration             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |<-new Flow(IP2,IPcn,...)-----------+---------------------------->|
     |                     |             |                             |

          Figure 4: Re-starting a flow with new IP prefix/address

4.2.  Mobility case, traffic redirection

   When IP mobility is needed for a flow, the LM and FM functions in
   Section 3.1 are utilized.  There are two possible cases: (i) the
   initial anchor remains the anchor and forwards traffic to a new
   locator in the new network, and (ii) the mobility anchor (data plane
   function) is changed but binds the MN's transferred IP address/
   prefix.  The latter enables optimized routes but requires some data
   plane node that enforces rules for traffic indirection.  Next, we
   focus on the first case.

   Mobility support can be provided by using mobility management methods
   such as ([Paper-Distributed.Mobility],
   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility.PMIP] and
   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility.Review]).  After moving, a certain MN's
   traffic flow may continue using the IP prefix from the prior network
   of attachment.  Yet some time later, the user application for the
   flow may be closed.  If the application is started again, the new
   flow may not need to use the prior network's IP address to avoid
   having to invoke IP mobility support.  This may be the case where a
   dynamic IP prefix/address rather than a permanent one is used.  The



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   flow may then use the new IP prefix in the network where the flow is
   being initiated.  Routing is again kept simpler without employing IP
   mobility and will remain so as long as the MN which is now in the new
   network has not moved again and left to another new network.

   An example call flow in this case is outlined in Figure 6.  In this
   example, the AR1 plays the role of FM-DP entity and redirects the
   traffic (e.g., using an IP tunnel) to AR2.  Another solution could be
   to place an FM-DP entity closer to the CN network to perform traffic
   steering to deviate from default routes (which will bring the packet
   to AR1 per default routing).  The LM and FM functions are implemented
   as shown in Figure 5.

   Net1                                                Net2

   +---------------+                                   +---------------+
   |AR1            |                                   |AR2            |
   +---------------+                                   +---------------+
   |CPA:           |                                   |CPA:           |
   |               |                                   |LM:IP1 at IPa1 |
   |---------------|      IP1 (anchored at Net1)       |---------------|
   |DPA(IPa1):     |      is redirected to Net2        |DPA(IPa2):     |
   |anchors IP1    |              =======>             |anchors IP2    |
   +---------------+                                   +---------------+

   +...............+                                   +---------------+
   .MN(IP1)        .              MN moves             |MN(IP2,IP1)    |
   .flow(IP1,...)  .              =======>             |flow(IP1,...)  |
   .               .                                   |flow(IP2,...)  |
   +...............+                                   +---------------+

                       Figure 5: Anchor redirection



















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    MN                    AR1           AR2                           CN
     |MN attaches to AR1:  |             |                             |
     |acquire MN-ID and profile          |                             |
     |--RS---------------->|             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |<----------RA(IP1)---|             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
   Assigned prefix IP1     |             |                             |
   IP1 address configuration             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)-+------------------------------------------>|
     |                     |             |                             |
     |MN detach from AR1   |             |                             |
     |MN attach to AR2     |             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |--RS------------------------------>|                             |
   IP mobility support such as that described in next sub-section
     |<--------------RA(IP2,IP1)---------|                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |                     +<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)---------------------->|
     |                     +<===========>+                             |
     |<-Flow(IP1,IPcn,...)-------------->+                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
   Assigned prefix IP2     |             |                             |
   IP2 address configuration             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
   Flow(IP1,IPcn) terminates             |                             |
     |                     |             |                             |
     |<-new Flow(IP2,IPcn,...)-----------+---------------------------->|
     |                     |             |                             |

   Figure 6: A flow continues to use the IP prefix from its home network
                    after MN has moved to a new network

   Multiple instances of DPAs (at access routers), which are providing
   IP prefix to the MNs, are needed to provide distributed mobility
   anchoring in an appropriate configuration such as those described in
   Figure 1 (Section 3.1.1) for network-based distributed mobility or in
   Figure 2 (Section 3.1.2) for client-based distributed mobility.

4.3.  Mobility case, anchor relocation

   We focus next on the case where the mobility anchor (data plane
   function) is changed but binds the MN's transferred IP address/
   prefix.  This enables optimized routes but requires some data plane
   node that enforces rules for traffic indirection.





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   IP mobility is invoked to enable IP session continuity for an ongoing
   flow as the MN moves to a new network.  Here the anchoring of the IP
   address of the flow is in the home network of the flow, which is not
   in the current network of attachment.  A centralized mobility
   management mechanism may employ indirection from the anchor in the
   home network to the current network of attachment.  Yet it may be
   difficult to avoid unnecessarily long route when the route between
   the MN and the CN via the anchor in the home network is significantly
   longer than the direct route between them.  An alternative is to
   switch the IP prefix/address anchoring to the new network.

   The IP prefix/address anchoring may move without changing the IP
   prefix/address of the flow.  Here the LM and FM functions in Figure 1
   in Section 3.1 are implemented as shown in Figure 7.

   Net1                                                Net2

   +---------------+                                   +---------------+
   |AR1            |                                   |AR2            |
   +---------------+                                   +---------------+

   |CPA:           |                                   |CPA:           |

   |LM:IP1 at IPa1 |                                   |LM:IP1 at IPa2 |
   |   changes to  |                                   |               |
   |   IP1 at IPa2 |                                   |               |
   |---------------|                                   |---------------|
   |DPA(IPa1):     | IP1 anchoring is effectively moved|DPA(IPa2):     |
   |anchored IP1   |              =======>             |anchors IP2,IP1|
   +---------------+                                   +---------------+

   +...............+                                   +---------------+
   .MN(IP1)        .              MN moves             |MN(IP2,IP1)    |
   .flow(IP1,...)  .              =======>             |flow(IP1,...)  |
   +...............+                                   +---------------+

                         Figure 7: Anchor mobility

   As an MN with an ongoing session moves to a new network, the flow may
   preserve IP session continuity by moving the anchoring of the
   original IP prefix/address of the flow to the new network.

   One way to accomplish such move is to use a centralized routing
   protocol, but note that this solution presents some scalability
   concerns and its applicability is typically limited to small
   networks.





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5.  Security Considerations

   Security protocols and mechanisms are employed to secure the network
   and to make continuous security improvements, and a DMM solution is
   required to support them [RFC7333].

   In a DMM deployment [I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models] various attacks
   such as impersonation, denial of service, man-in-the-middle attacks
   need to be prevented.

6.  IANA Considerations

   This document presents no IANA considerations.

7.  Contributors

   Alexandre Petrescu and Fred L.  Templin had contributed to earlier
   versions of this document regarding distributed anchoring for
   hierarchical network and for network mobility, although these
   extensions were removed to keep the document within reasonable
   length.

   This document has benefited from other work on mobility support in
   SDN network, on providing mobility support only when needed, and on
   mobility support in enterprise network.  These works have been
   referenced.  While some of these authors have taken the work to
   jointly write this document, others have contributed at least
   indirectly by writing these drafts.  The latter include Philippe
   Bertin, Dapeng Liu, Satoru Matushima, Pierrick Seite, Jouni Korhonen,
   and Sri Gundavelli.

   Valuable comments have been received from John Kaippallimalil,
   ChunShan Xiong, and Dapeng Liu. Dirk von Hugo, Byju Pularikkal,
   Pierrick Seite have generously provided careful review with helpful
   corrections and suggestions.  Marco Liebsch also performed a very
   detailed and helpful review of this document.

8.  References

8.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.bernardos-dmm-pmipv6-dlif]
              Bernardos, C., Oliva, A., Giust, F., Zuniga, J., and A.
              Mourad, "Proxy Mobile IPv6 extensions for Distributed
              Mobility Management", draft-bernardos-dmm-pmipv6-dlif-01
              (work in progress), March 2018.





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   [I-D.ietf-dmm-deployment-models]
              Gundavelli, S. and S. Jeon, "DMM Deployment Models and
              Architectural Considerations", draft-ietf-dmm-deployment-
              models-04 (work in progress), May 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp]
              Matsushima, S., Bertz, L., Liebsch, M., Gundavelli, S.,
              Moses, D., and C. Perkins, "Protocol for Forwarding Policy
              Configuration (FPC) in DMM", draft-ietf-dmm-fpc-cpdp-12
              (work in progress), June 2018.

   [I-D.ietf-dmm-ondemand-mobility]
              Yegin, A., Moses, D., Kweon, K., Lee, J., Park, J., and S.
              Jeon, "On Demand Mobility Management", draft-ietf-dmm-
              ondemand-mobility-14 (work in progress), March 2018.

   [I-D.matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc]
              Matsushima, S. and R. Wakikawa, "Stateless user-plane
              architecture for virtualized EPC (vEPC)", draft-
              matsushima-stateless-uplane-vepc-06 (work in progress),
              March 2016.

   [I-D.mccann-dmm-prefixcost]
              McCann, P. and J. Kaippallimalil, "Communicating Prefix
              Cost to Mobile Nodes", draft-mccann-dmm-prefixcost-03
              (work in progress), April 2016.

   [I-D.sarikaya-dmm-for-wifi]
              Sarikaya, B. and L. Li, "Distributed Mobility Management
              Protocol for WiFi Users in Fixed Network", draft-sarikaya-
              dmm-for-wifi-05 (work in progress), October 2017.

   [I-D.seite-dmm-dma]
              Seite, P., Bertin, P., and J. Lee, "Distributed Mobility
              Anchoring", draft-seite-dmm-dma-07 (work in progress),
              February 2014.

   [I-D.yhkim-dmm-enhanced-anchoring]
              Kim, Y. and S. Jeon, "Enhanced Mobility Anchoring in
              Distributed Mobility Management", draft-yhkim-dmm-
              enhanced-anchoring-05 (work in progress), July 2016.

   [RFC3753]  Manner, J., Ed. and M. Kojo, Ed., "Mobility Related
              Terminology", RFC 3753, DOI 10.17487/RFC3753, June 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3753>.






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   [RFC5213]  Gundavelli, S., Ed., Leung, K., Devarapalli, V.,
              Chowdhury, K., and B. Patil, "Proxy Mobile IPv6",
              RFC 5213, DOI 10.17487/RFC5213, August 2008,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5213>.

   [RFC6275]  Perkins, C., Ed., Johnson, D., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
              Support in IPv6", RFC 6275, DOI 10.17487/RFC6275, July
              2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6275>.

   [RFC6459]  Korhonen, J., Ed., Soininen, J., Patil, B., Savolainen,
              T., Bajko, G., and K. Iisakkila, "IPv6 in 3rd Generation
              Partnership Project (3GPP) Evolved Packet System (EPS)",
              RFC 6459, DOI 10.17487/RFC6459, January 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6459>.

   [RFC7333]  Chan, H., Ed., Liu, D., Seite, P., Yokota, H., and J.
              Korhonen, "Requirements for Distributed Mobility
              Management", RFC 7333, DOI 10.17487/RFC7333, August 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7333>.

   [RFC7429]  Liu, D., Ed., Zuniga, JC., Ed., Seite, P., Chan, H., and
              CJ. Bernardos, "Distributed Mobility Management: Current
              Practices and Gap Analysis", RFC 7429,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7429, January 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7429>.

8.2.  Informative References

   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility]
              Lee, J., Bonnin, J., Seite, P., and H. Chan, "Distributed
              IP Mobility Management from the Perspective of the IETF:
              Motivations, Requirements, Approaches, Comparison, and
              Challenges",  IEEE Wireless Communications, October 2013.

   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility.PMIP]
              Chan, H., "Proxy Mobile IP with Distributed Mobility
              Anchors",  Proceedings of GlobeCom Workshop on Seamless
              Wireless Mobility, December 2010.

   [Paper-Distributed.Mobility.Review]
              Chan, H., Yokota, H., Xie, J., Seite, P., and D. Liu,
              "Distributed and Dynamic Mobility Management in Mobile
              Internet: Current Approaches and Issues", February 2011.








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Authors' Addresses

   H. Anthony Chan (editor)
   Huawei Technologies
   5340 Legacy Dr. Building 3
   Plano, TX 75024
   USA

   Email: h.a.chan@ieee.org


   Xinpeng Wei
   Huawei Technologies
   Xin-Xi Rd. No. 3, Haidian District
   Beijing, 100095
   P. R. China

   Email: weixinpeng@huawei.com


   Jong-Hyouk Lee
   Sangmyung University
   31, Sangmyeongdae-gil, Dongnam-gu
   Cheonan 31066
   Republic of Korea

   Email: jonghyouk@smu.ac.kr


   Seil Jeon
   Sungkyunkwan University
   2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu
   Suwon, Gyeonggi-do
   Republic of Korea

   Email: seiljeon@skku.edu


   Carlos J. Bernardos (editor)
   Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
   Av. Universidad, 30
   Leganes, Madrid  28911
   Spain

   Phone: +34 91624 6236
   Email: cjbc@it.uc3m.es
   URI:   http://www.it.uc3m.es/cjbc/




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