client.h

/* -*- C -*- */
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2016-2020 Seagate Technology LLC and/or its Affiliates
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 * For any questions about this software or licensing,
 * please email opensource@seagate.com or cortx-questions@seagate.com.
 *
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#pragma once

#ifndef __MOTR_CLIENT_H__
#define __MOTR_CLIENT_H__

#include "lib/vec.h"
#include "lib/types.h"
#include "sm/sm.h"             /* struct m0_sm */
#include "rpc/rpc_machine.h"   /* M0_RPC_DEF_MAX_RPC_MSG_SIZE */
#include "fid/fid.h"
#include "lib/cookie.h"
#include "xcode/xcode_attr.h"
/**
 * @defgroup client
 *
 * Overview
 * --------
 *
 * Examples of Motr applications are:
 *
 *     - Motr file system client (m0t1fs);
 *
 *     - Lustre osd-motr module (part of LOMO);
 *
 *     - Lustre HSM backend (part of Castor-A200);
 *
 *     - SWIFT or S3 backend (part of WOMO);
 *
 *     - Motr-based block device (part of BOMO);
 *
 * Client interface is divided into the following sub-interfaces:
 *
 *     - access sub-interface, which provides basic abstraction to build storage
 *       application;
 *
 *     - management sub-interface, which provides methods for Motr cluster
 *       deployment, configuration, re-configuration and monitoring;
 *
 *     - extension sub-interface, which allows applications to extend Motr
 *       functionality without modifying the core Motr.
 *
 * This header describes the access sub-interface of client, simply called
 * "client interface" hereafter.
 *
 * In the following "an application" means a code invoking the client interface
 * and "the implementation" refers to the implementation of the said interface.
 *
 * Client provides the following abstractions:
 *
 *     - object (m0_obj) is an array of fixed-size blocks;
 *
 *     - index (m0_idx) is a key-value store;
 *
 *     - realm (m0_realm) is a spatial and temporal part of system with a
 *       prescribed access discipline. Objects, indices and operations live in
 *       realms;
 *
 *     - operation (m0_op) is a process of querying or updating system
 *       state;
 *
 * Realms are further sub-divided in:
 *
 *     - transaction (m0__dtx) is a collection of operations atomic in the
 *       face of failures;
 *
 *     - epoch (m0_epoch) is a collection of operations done by an
 *       application, which moves the system from one application-consistent
 *       state to another;
 *
 *     - container (m0_container) is a collection of objects used by a
 *       particular application or group of applications;
 *
 *     - other types of realms, as can be added in the future.
 *
 * Object, index and realm are sub-types of entity (m0_entity). Entities
 * provide state, interface and behavior shared by all sub-types.
 *
 * All client entry points, except for m0_op_wait(), are non-blocking.
 * To perform a potentially lengthy activity, that might involve network
 * communication (for example, read from an object), the client entry point
 * (m0_obj_op() in the case of object read), sets up an operation
 * (m0_ops) structure containing the parameters of the activity and
 * immediately returns to the caller. The caller should explicitly launch a set
 * of previously prepared operations by calling m0_op_launch().
 * Separation of preparation and launch provides for more efficient network
 * communication, where multiple operations are accumulated in the same network
 * message.
 *
 * In-memory structures (m0_{obj,index,realm,...}) correspond to some
 * storage entities maintained by the implementation. The implementation does
 * not enforce this correspondence. If an application keeps multiple in-memory
 * structures for the same storage entity (whether in the same process address
 * space or not), it is up to the application to keep the structures coherent
 * (the very notion of coherency, obviously, being application-dependent). At
 * the one end of the spectrum, an application can employ a fully coherent,
 * distributed cache for entities, providing strong consistency guarantees. On
 * the other end, an application can tolerate multiple inconsistent views of the
 * same storage entities, providing NFSv2-like semantics.
 *
 * Sub-typing
 * ----------
 *
 * @verbatim
 *
 *        entity (create, delete, open, close, fini) [abstract, no constructor]
 *          |
 *          |
 *          +---- object (init, read, write, alloc, free)
 *          |
 *          |
 *          +---- index (init, get, put, next)
 *          |
 *          |
 *          +---- realm () [abstract, no constructor]
 *                  |
 *                  |
 *                  +---- container (init)
 *                  |
 *                  |
 *                  +---- epoch (init)
 *                  |
 *                  |
 *                  +---- dtx (init)
 *
 *
 *        op (init, wait, setup, launch, kick, free, fini)
 *           [has private sub-types in private.h]
 *
 * @endverbatim
 *
 * Identifiers
 * -----------
 *
 * An entity exists in some realm and has a 128-bit identifier, unique within
 * the cluster and never re-used. The high 8 bits of an identifier denote the
 * entity type. Identifier management is up to the application, except that the
 * single identifier M0_UBER_REALM is reserved for the "uber realm",
 * representing the root of the realm hierarchy, and within each entity type,
 * identifiers less than M0_ID_APP are reserved for the implementation's
 * internal use.
 *
 * @todo A library on top of client for fast scalable identifier allocation will
 * be provided as part of Motr.
 *
 * The implementation is free to reserve some 8-bit combinations for its
 * internal use.
 *
 * @todo an interface to register 8-bit combinations for application use (to
 * introduce application-specific "entity-like" things).
 *
 * Operations
 * ----------
 *
 * An operation structure tracks the state of execution of a request made to the
 * implementation.
 *
 * An operation structure is a state machine going through states described by
 * enum m0_op_state:
 *
 * @verbatim
 *                                  (0)
 *                                   |
 *                                   |
 *                                   V
 *              +---------------INITIALISED
 *              |                    |
 *              |                    | m0_op_launch()
 *              V                    V
 *           FAILED<-------------LAUNCHED
 *              ^                    |
 *              |                    |
 *              |                    V
 *              +----------------EXECUTED---------------->STABLE
 * @endverbatim
 *
 * An operation in INITIALISED, FAILED or STABLE state is called "complete" and
 * "outstanding" (or "in-progress") otherwise.
 *
 * An operation is in INITIALISED state after allocation. In this state, the
 * operation processing is not yet started, the application is free to modify
 * operation parameters with a call to m0_op_setup() or direct field
 * access.
 *
 * Multiple initialised operation structures can be simultaneously moved to the
 * LAUNCHED state, by a call to m0_op_launch(). This call starts actual
 * operation processing. No changes to the operation structure are allowed by
 * the application after this call is made and until the operation completes.
 * To improve caching and utilisation of system resources, the implementation
 * is free to delay any operation-related acitivities, such as sending network
 * messages, for some time after the operation is launched. The value of
 * m0_op::op_linger is an application-provided hint about the absolute
 * time by which such delays should be limited.
 *
 * In case of successful execution, a launched operation structure eventually
 * reaches EXECUTED state, meaning that the operation was executed at least in
 * the volatile stores of the respective services. When the operation enters
 * EXECUTED state, the m0_op_ops::oop_executed() call-back, if provided
 * by the application, is invoked. By the time this state is entered, the
 * operation return code is in m0_op::op_sm::sm_rc, and all return
 * information (object data in case of READ, keys and values in case of GET and
 * NEXT) are already placed in the application-supplied buffers.
 *
 * After an operation has been executed, it can still be lost due to a
 * failure. The implementation continues to work toward making the operation
 * stable. When this activity successfully terminates, the operation enters the
 * STABLE state and the m0_op_ops::oop_stable() call-back is invoked, if
 * provided. Once an operation is stable, the implementation guarantees that the
 * operation would survive any "allowed failure", where allowed failures include
 * at least transient service failures (crash and restart with volatile store
 * loss), transient network failures and client failures.
 *
 * In case of a failure, the operation structure moves into FAILED state, the
 * m0_op_ops::oop_failed() call-back is invoked, and no further state
 * transitions will ensue.
 *
 * The implementation is free to add another states to the operation state
 * machine.
 *
 * All operation structures embed "generic operation" m0_op as the first
 * member.
 *
 * The application can track the state of the operation either synchronously, by
 * waiting until the operation reaches a particular state (m0_op_wait()),
 * or asynchronously by supplying (m0_op_setup()) a call-back to be
 * called when the operation reaches a particular state.
 *
 * Operation structures are either pre-allocated by the application or allocated
 * by the appropriate entry points, see the "op" parameter of m0_obj_op()
 * for an example. When an operation structure is pre-allocated, the application
 * must set m0_op::op_size to the size of the pre-allocated structure
 * before passing it to a client entry point. This allows the implementation to
 * check that the pre-allocated structure has enough room and return an error
 * (-EMSGSIZE) otherwise.
 *
 * Operation errors are returned through m0_op::op_sm::sm_rc.
 *
 * Operations, common for all entity types are implemented at the entity level:
 * m0_entity_create(), m0_entity_delete(),
 * m0_entity_fini().
 *
 * A typical usage would involve initialisation of a concrete entity (e.g.,
 * object), execution of some generic operations and then of some concrete
 * operations, for example:
 *
 * @code
 * m0_obj  o;
 * m0_op  *ops[2] = {};
 *
 * // initialise object in-memory structure.
 * m0_obj_init(&o, &container, &id, 0);
 *
 * // initiate object creation. m0_entity_create() allocated the
 * // operation and stores the pointer to it in ops[0].
 * m0_entity_create(NULL, &o.ob_entity, &ops[0]);
 *
 * // initiate write data in the object.
 * result = m0_obj_op(&o, M0_OC_WRITE, ..., &ops[1]);
 *
 * // launch both operations (creation and write)
 * m0_op_launch(ops, ARRAY_SIZE(ops));
 *
 * // wait until creation completes
 * result = m0_op_wait(op[0], M0_BITS(M0_OS_STABLE,
 *                                    M0_OS_FAILED),
 *                                    M0_TIME_NEVER);
 * // wait until write completes
 * result = m0_op_wait(op[1], M0_BITS(M0_OS_STABLE,
 *                                    M0_OS_FAILED),
 *                                    M0_TIME_NEVER);
 * // finalise the object
 * m0_entity_fini(&o.ob_entity);
 *
 * // free the operations
 * m0_op_free(op[0]);
 * m0_op_free(op[1]);
 * @endcode
 *
 * Object
 * ------
 *
 * A client object is an array of blocks, which can be read from and written
 * onto at the block granularity.
 *
 * Block size is a power of two bytes and is selected at the object creation
 * time.
 *
 * An object has no traditional application-visible meta-data (in particular, it
 * has no size). Instead it has meta-data, called "block attributes" associated
 * with each block. Block attributes can be used to store check-sums, version
 * numbers, hashes, etc. Because of the huge number of blocks in a typical
 * system, the overhead of block attributes book-keeping must be kept at a
 * minimum, which puts restrictions on the block attribute access interface
 * (@todo to be described).
 *
 * There are 4 types of object operations, in addition to the common entity
 * operations:
 *
 *     - READ: transfer blocks and block attributes from an object to
 *       application buffers;
 *
 *     - WRITE: transfer blocks and block attributes from application buffers to
 *       an object;
 *
 *     - ALLOC: pre-allocate certain blocks in an implementation-dependent
 *       manner. This operation guarantees that consecutive WRITE onto
 *       pre-allocated blocks will not fail due to lack of storage space;
 *
 *     - FREE: free storage resources used by specified object
 *       blocks. Consecutive reads from the blocks will return zeroes.
 *
 * READ and WRITE operations are fully scatter-gather-scatter: data are
 * transferred between a sequence of object extents and a sequence of
 * application buffers, the only restrictions being:
 *
 *     - total lengths of the extents must be equal to the total size of the
 *       buffers, and
 *
 *     - extents must be block-size aligned and sizes of extents and buffers
 *       must be multiples of block-size.
 *
 * Internally, the implementation stores an object according to the object
 * layout (specified at the object creation time). The layout determines
 * fault-tolerance and performance related characteristics of the
 * object. Examples layouts are:
 *
 *     - network striping with parity de-clustering. This is the default layout,
 *       it provides a flexible level of fault-tolerance, high availability in
 *       the face of permanent storage device failures and full utilisation of
 *       storage resources;
 *
 *     - network striping without parity (raid0). This provides higher space
 *       utilisation and lower processor costs than parity de-clustering at the
 *       expense of fault-tolerance;
 *
 *     - network mirroring (raid1). This provides high fault-tolerance and
 *       availability at the cost of storage space consumption;
 *
 *     - de-dup, compression, encryption.
 *
 * Index
 * -----
 *
 * A client index is a key-value store.
 *
 * An index stores records, each record consisting of a key and a value. Keys
 * and values within the same index can be of variable size. Keys are ordered by
 * the lexicographic ordering of their bit-level representation. Records are
 * ordered by the key ordering. Keys are unique within an index.
 *
 * There are 4 types of index operations:
 *
 *     - GET: given a set of keys, return the matching records from the index;
 *
 *     - PUT: given a set of records, place them in the index, overwriting
 *       existing records if necessary, inserting new records otherwise;
 *
 *     - DEL: given a set of keys, delete the matching records from the index;
 *
 *     - NEXT: given a set of keys, return the records with the next (in the
 *       ascending key order) keys from the index.
 *
 * Indices are stored according to a layout, much like objects.
 *
 * Realm
 * -----
 *
 * To define what a realm is, consider the entire history of a client storage
 * system. In the history, each object and index is represented as a "world
 * line" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_line), which starts when the
 * entity is created and ends when it is deleted. Points on the world line
 * correspond to operations that update entity state.
 *
 * A realm is the union of some continuous portions of different world
 * lines. That is, a realm is given by a collection of entities and, for each
 * entity in the collection, a start and an end point (operations) on the
 * entity world line. A realm can be visualised as a cylinder in the history.
 *
 * The restriction placed on realms is that each start point in a realm must
 * either be the first point in a world line (i.e., the corresponding entity is
 * created in the realm) or belong to the same realm, called the parent of the
 * realm in question. This arranges realms in a tree.
 *
 * @note Realms are *not* necessarily disjoint.
 *
 * A realm can be in the following application-controllable states:
 *
 *     - OPEN: in this state the realm can be extended by executing new
 *       operations against entities already in the realm or creating new
 *       entities in the realm;
 *
 *     - CLOSED: in this state the realm can no longer be extended, but it is
 *       tracked by the system and maintains its identity. Entities in a closed
 *       realm can be located and read-only operations can be executed on them;
 *
 *     - ABSORBED: in this state the realm is no longer tracked by the
 *       system. All the operations executed as part of the realm are by now
 *       stable and absorbed in the parent realm;
 *
 *     - FAILED: an application aborted the realm or the implementation
 *       unilaterally decided to abort it. The operations executed in the realm
 *       are undone together with a transitive closure of dependent operations
 *       (the precise definition being left to the implementation
 *       discretion). Thus, failure of a realm can lead to cascading failures of
 *       other realms.
 *
 * Examples of realms are:
 *
 *     - a container (m0_container) can be thought of as a "place" where
 *       a particular storage application lives. In a typical scenario, when an
 *       application is setup on a system, a new container, initially empty,
 *       will be created for the application. The application can create new
 *       entities in the container and manipulate them without risk of conflicts
 *       (e.g., for identifier allocation) with other applications. A container
 *       can be thought of as a virtualised storage system for an application. A
 *       container realm is open as long as application needs its persistent
 *       data. When the application is uninstalled, its realm is deleted;
 *
 *     - a snapshot realm is created with a container as the parent and is
 *       immediately closed. From now on, the snapshot provides a read-only view
 *       of container objects at the moment of the snapshot creation. Finally,
 *       the snapshot is deleted. If a snapshot is not closed immediately, but
 *       remains open, it is a writeable snapshot (clone)---a separate branch in
 *       the container's history. A clone is eventually deleted without being
 *       absorbed in the parent container;
 *
 *     - an epoch (m0_epoch) is a realm capturing part of the
 *       application's work-flow for resilience. Often an HPC application works
 *       by interspersing "compute phases", when actual data processing is done,
 *       with an "IO phase" when a checkpoint of application state is saved on
 *       the storage system for failure recovery purposes. A client application
 *       would, instead, keep an open "current" epoch realm, closed at the
 *       compute-IO phase transition, with the new epoch opened immediately. The
 *       realm tree for such application would look like
 *
 * @verbatim
 *
 *     CONTAINER--->E--->E---...->E--->CURRENT
 *
 * @endverbatim
 *
 *       Where all E epochs are closed and in the process of absorbtion, and all
 *       earlier epochs already absorbed in the container.
 *
 *       If the application fails, it can restart either from the container or
 *       from any closed epoch, which are all guaranteed to be consistent, that
 *       is, reflect storage state at the boundry of a compute phase. The final
 *       CURRENT epoch is potentially inconsistent after a failure and should be
 *       deleted.
 *
 *     - a distributed transaction (m0__dtx) is a group of operations,
 *       which must be atomic w.r.t. to failures.
 *
 * Ownership
 * ---------
 *
 * client entity structures (realms, objects and indices) are allocated by the
 * application. The application may free a structure after completing the
 * corresponding finalisation call. The application must ensure that all
 * outstanding operations on the entity are complete before finalisation.
 *
 * An operation structure allocated by the application, must remain allocated
 * until the operation is complete. Before a complete operation structure can be
 * re-used, it should be finalised by a call to m0_op_fini(). An
 * operation structure allocated by the client implementation can be finalised
 * and re-used as one allocated by the application, and must be eventually freed
 * by the application (by calling m0_op_free()) some time after the
 * operation completes.
 *
 * Data blocks used by scatter-gather-scatter lists and key-value records are
 * allocated by the application. For read-only operations (M0_OC_READ,
 * M0_IC_GET and M0_IC_NEXT) the application may free the data
 * blocks as soon as the operation reaches EXECUTED or FAILED state. For
 * updating operations, the data blocks must remain allocated until the
 * operation stabilises.
 *
 * Concurrency
 * -----------
 *
 * The client implementation guarantees that concurrent calls to the same index
 * are linearizable.
 *
 * All other concurrency control, including ordering of reads and writes to a
 * client object, and distributed transaction serializability, is up to the
 * application.
 *
 * For documentation links, please refer to this file :
 * doc/motr-design-doc-list.rst
 *
 * @todo entity type structures (to provide constructors, 8-bit identifier tags
 * and an ability to register new entity types).
 *
 * @todo handling of extensible attributes (check-sums, version numbers, etc.),
 * which require interaction with the implementation on the service side.
 *
 * @{
 */

/**
 * Operation codes for entity, object and index.
 */
enum m0_entity_opcode {
	M0_EO_INVALID,    /* 0 */
	M0_EO_CREATE,     /* 1 */
	M0_EO_DELETE,     /* 2 */
	M0_EO_SYNC,       /* 3 */
	M0_EO_OPEN,       /* 4 */
	M0_EO_GETATTR,    /* 5 */
	M0_EO_SETATTR,    /* 6 */
	M0_EO_LAYOUT_GET, /* 7 */
	M0_EO_LAYOUT_SET, /* 8 */
	M0_EO_NR          /* 9 */
} M0_XCA_ENUM;

/** Object operation codes. */
enum m0_obj_opcode {
	/** Read object data. */
	M0_OC_READ = M0_EO_NR + 1,  /* 10 */
	/** Write object data. */
	M0_OC_WRITE,                /* 11 */
	/** Pre-allocate space. */
	M0_OC_ALLOC,                /* 12 */
	/** De-allocate space, consecutive reads will return 0s. */
	M0_OC_FREE,                 /* 13 */
	M0_OC_NR                    /* 14 */
} M0_XCA_ENUM;

/* Index operation codes. */
enum m0_idx_opcode {
	/** Lookup a value with the given key. */
	M0_IC_GET = M0_OC_NR + 1,  /* 15 */
	/** Insert or update the value, given a key. */
	M0_IC_PUT,                 /* 16 */
	/** Delete the record, if any, for the given key. */
	M0_IC_DEL,                 /* 17 */
	/** Given a key, return the next keys and their values. */
	M0_IC_NEXT,                /* 18 */
	/** Check the given index for existence. */
	M0_IC_LOOKUP,              /* 19 */
	/**
	 * Given an index id, get the list of next indices.
	 *
	 * @note the index ids will be fetched into the keys array
	 *       argument of m0_idx_op().
	 */
	M0_IC_LIST,                /* 20 */
	M0_IC_NR                   /* 21 */
} M0_XCA_ENUM;

/**
 * Option to set on an index operation.
 *
 * See @ref m0_idx_op_setoption.
 */
enum m0_op_idx_option {
	/**
	 * Index operations are distributed across one or more CAS services
	 * to achieve the configured durability. This option specifies the
	 * minimum number of services that must successfully complete an
	 * operation for the operation as a whole to be considered
	 * successful. The value for this option must be greater than zero
	 * or a special value. This should normally be set to
	 * @ref M0_DIX_MIN_REPLICA_QUORUM to ensure consistency.
	 */
	M0_OIO_MIN_SUCCESS = 1,
};

/**
 * Flags passed to m0_obj_op() to specify object IO operation behaviour.
 */
enum m0_op_obj_flags {
	/**
	 * If a hole is met during read, return zeros instead of error.
	 * WARNING: this might result in a corrupted data, when the hole was
	 * caused by some error during write. So it's better to verify it.
	 */
	M0_OOF_HOLE = 1 << 0,
	/**
	 * Write, alloc and free operations wait for the transaction to become
	 * persistent before returning.
	 */
	M0_OOF_SYNC = 1 << 1,
	/**
	 * Last unit(s) of the object. User must specify this flag when reading
	 * or writing last unit(s) of the object to indicate where the object
	 * ends. Otherwise, in degraded read mode, libmotr may try to read all
	 * the missing units of the last parity group, including those which
	 * are beyond the object end, and may end up with too many errors to be
	 * able to recover the data. Or, on writing, it may trigger needless
	 * RMW and result with the wrong parity data after reading the stale
	 * data units of the existing old object.
	 *
	 * Note: this flag is needed, because Motr does not know the size of
	 * objects it stores. (But the user does know, for example, by storing
	 * objects' metadata in KV-store.)
	 */
	M0_OOF_LAST = 1 << 2,
	/**
	 * Use this flag to indicate that the provided extents at indexvec
	 * for the I/O operation fully span the parity groups, and that RMW
	 * (read-modify-write) should not happen. Motr will check it, and
	 * return -EINVAL if it is not so.
	 */
	M0_OOF_FULL = 1 << 3,
} M0_XCA_ENUM;

/**
 * Types of entities supported by client.
 */
enum m0_entity_type {
	M0_ET_REALM,
	M0_ET_OBJ,
	M0_ET_IDX
} M0_XCA_ENUM;

/**
 * Flags passed to m0_entitiy_create(), m0_entity_open() to specify
 * application's behaviour.
 */
 enum m0_entity_flags {
	/**
	 * If motr client application has the capability to store object
	 * metadata by itself (such as pool version and layout, which can
	 * be stored by the application at motr distributed index, for example),
	 * it can use this flag to avoid sending additional metadata fops on
	 * such object operations as CREATE, OPEN, DELETE, GETATTR and, thus,
	 * improve its performance.
	 *
	 * Before calling m0_entity_create() or m0_entity_open(), application
	 * is expected to set obj->ob_entity->en_flags |= M0_ENF_META. When
	 * m0_entity_create() returns, the pool version and layout id will be
	 * available for the application at obj->ob_attr.oa_pver and
	 * obj->ob_attr.oa_lid respectively.
	 *
	 * For example, create workflow can look like this:
	 *
	 *   obj->ob_entity.en_flags |= M0_ENF_META;
	 *   m0_entity_create(NULL, &obj->ob_entity, &ops[0]);
	 *   // Save the returned pool version and lid into app_meta_data
	 *   app_meta_data.pver = obj->ob_attr.oa_pver;
	 *   app_meta_data.lid  = obj->ob_attr.oa_lid;
	 *
	 * And read workflow:
	 *
	 *   obj->ob_entity.en_flags |= M0_ENF_META;
	 *   // Set the pool version and lid from app_meta_data
	 *   obj->ob_attr.oa_pver = app_meta_data.pver;
	 *   obj->ob_attr.oa_lid  = app_meta_data.lid;
	 *   m0_entity_open(NULL, &obj->ob_entity, &ops[0]);
	 */
	M0_ENF_META = 1 << 0,
	/**
	 * If this flags is set during entity_create() that means application
	 * do not support update operation.
	 * XXX: This flag is not in use and will be deleted soon, so please
	 *      remove it from your code. If you need to avoid RMW when writing
	 *      the non-full last parity group, use M0_OOF_LAST flag instead.
	 */
	M0_ENF_NO_RMW =  1 << 1,

	/**
	 * Note below two flags are for Data Integrity:
	 * M0_ENF_DI - This flag should be set if application is passing checksum
	 *             into ioo_attr
	 * M0_ENF_GEN_DI - This flag should be set if application wants Motr to
	 *                 generate checksum. Default checksum will be generated using
	 *                 this M0_CKSUM_DEFAULT_PI algorithm
	 * Note: Ideally only one flag should be set for DI, if both is set the Motr
	 * will give priority to DI generation (M0_ENF_GEN_DI)
	 */
	/**
	 * This flag is to indicate that application is passing checkum for the IO.
	 */
	M0_ENF_DI = 1 << 2,
	 /* This flag will let Motr generate DI for the IO. */
	M0_ENF_GEN_DI = 1 << 3

 } M0_XCA_ENUM;

/**
 * Generic client operation structure.
 */
struct m0_op {
	uint64_t                       op_magic;

	/**
	 * Operation code.
	 *
	 * @see m0_entity_opcode, m0_realm_opcode
	 * @see m0_obj_opcode, m0_idx_opcode,
	 */
	unsigned int                   op_code;
	/** Operation result code */
	int32_t                        op_rc;
	/** Each op has its own sm group. */
	struct m0_sm_group             op_sm_group;
	/** Operation state machine. */
	struct m0_sm                   op_sm;
	/** Application-supplied call-backs. */
	const struct m0_op_ops        *op_cbs;
	/** The entity this operation is on. */
	struct m0_entity              *op_entity;
	/** Caching dead-line. */
	m0_time_t                      op_linger; /* a town in Luxembourg. */
	/** Size of the ambient operation structure. */
	size_t                         op_size;
	/** Part of a cookie (m0_cookie) used to identify this operation. */
	uint64_t                       op_gen;
	/**
	 * Back pointer to parent op and it is used to form an execution plan
	 * for a group of ops. An example: an composite layout IO op is divided
	 * into a few IO ops to sub-objects. Each sub-object IO op has an
	 * pointer to the composite IO op.
	 */
	struct m0_op                  *op_parent;
	struct m0_sm_ast               op_parent_ast;
	/** list of pending transactions. */
	struct m0_tl                   op_pending_tx;
	struct m0_mutex                op_pending_tx_lock;
	/* Operation's private data, can be used as arguments for callbacks.*/
	void                          *op_datum;
	uint64_t                       op_count;

	/**
	 * This flag is set when there is an onging cancel operation.
	 * There is no refcount in this op. But the op cancelling AST
	 * needs this op being valid. The op cancelling AST will
	 * semaphore up when it is done. The m0_op_fini() checks this flag
	 * and semaphore down on it if needed. This will make sure the op
	 * is not freed before the op cancel is done.
	 */
	bool                           op_cancelling;
	struct m0_semaphore            op_sema;
	/**
	 * Private field, to be used by internal implementation.
	 */
	void                          *op_priv;
	struct m0_mutex                op_priv_lock;
};

/**
 * Operation state, stored in m0_op::op_sm::sm_state.
 */
enum m0_op_state {
	M0_OS_UNINITIALISED,
	M0_OS_INITIALISED,
	M0_OS_LAUNCHED,
	M0_OS_EXECUTED,
	M0_OS_STABLE,
	M0_OS_FAILED,
	M0_OS_NR
};

/**
 * Common structure shared by objects, indices and realms.
 */
struct m0_entity {
	/** Entity type. */
	enum m0_entity_type en_type;
	/** Globally unique, not re-usable entity identifier. */
	struct m0_uint128   en_id;
	/** Parent realm, this entity lives in. */
	struct m0_realm    *en_realm;
	/**
	 * Entity state machine. Used internally by the implementation. For the
	 * reference, the state diagram is:
	 *
	 * @verbatim
	 *                  create
	 *        CREATING<--------+
	 *            |            |
	 *            |            |
	 *            |            |
	 *            |            |
	 *            +---------->INIT<----------------------CLOSING
	 *            |            | |                           ^
	 *            |            | |                           |
	 *            |            | |                           | close
	 *            |            | |                           |
	 *        DELETING<--------+ +-------->OPENING-------->OPEN
	 *                  delete      open
	 * @endverbatim
	 *
	 */
	struct m0_sm        en_sm;
	/** Each entity has its own sm group. */
	struct m0_sm_group  en_sm_group;
	/** list of pending transactions. */
	struct m0_tl        en_pending_tx;
	struct m0_mutex     en_pending_tx_lock;
	uint32_t            en_flags;
};

/**
 * Object attributes.
 *
 * This is supplied by an application when an object is created and returned by
 * the implementation when an object is opened.
 */
struct m0_obj_attr {
	/** Binary logarithm (bit-shift) of object minimal block size. */
	m0_bcount_t   oa_bshift;

	/** Layout ID for an object. */
	uint64_t      oa_layout_id;

	/**
	 * The pool this object stores data to. A pool can be selected when
	 * creating an object by specifying this field. A pool version matching
	 * the specified pool fid is then chosen for the object. The pool
	 * version is then stored as one of its attributes in service's backend.
	 */
	struct m0_fid oa_pool;

	/** Pool version fid */
	struct m0_fid oa_pver;

	/**
	 * Buffer size for object IO. Set this before m0_obj_init() to generate
	 * optimal layout id during m0_entity_create().
	 */
	size_t        oa_buf_size;
};

/**
 * Layout is of an entity containing information to locate data
 * (node, service, device). TODO: rewrite the definition.
 */
enum m0_client_layout_type {
	M0_LT_PDCLUST = 0,
	M0_LT_COMPOSITE,
	M0_LT_CAPTURE,
	M0_LT_NR
};

/**
 * Object is an array of blocks. Each block has 64-bit index and a block
 * attributes.
 */
struct m0_client_layout;
struct m0_obj {
	struct m0_entity          ob_entity;
	struct m0_obj_attr        ob_attr;
	struct m0_client_layout  *ob_layout;
	/** Cookie associated with a RM context */
	struct m0_cookie   ob_cookie;
};

struct m0_client_layout {
	struct m0_entity            ml_entity;
	enum m0_client_layout_type  ml_type;
	/* Back pointer to the object it belongs to. */
	struct m0_obj              *ml_obj;
	const struct m0_client_layout_ops *ml_ops;
};

/**
 * Index attributes.
 * 
 * This is supplied by an application and return by the implementation
 * when an index is created.
 *
 */
struct m0_idx_attr {
	/** DIX pool layout type. Please refer to enum dix_layout_type. */
	uint32_t      idx_layout_type;
	/** DIX pool version. */
	struct m0_fid idx_pver;
};

/**
 * Index is an ordered key-value store.
 *
 * A record is a key-value pair. A new record can be inserted in an index,
 * record with a given key can be looked for, updated or deleted.
 *
 * An index can be iterated starting from a given key. Keys are ordered in the
 * lexicographical order of their bit-representations.
 *
 * Entity identifier in_entity::en_id format depends on index service type.
 * M0_IDX_MOCK and M0_IDX_CASS services accept arbitrary
 * identifiers. M0_IDX_DIX service supports two types of indices:
 * - distributed index, which is identified by well-formed motr fid having
 *   m0_dix_fid_type type.
 * - non-distributed index, which is identified by well-formed motr fid having
 *   m0_cas_index_fid_type type.
 */
struct m0_idx {
	struct m0_entity   in_entity;
	struct m0_idx_attr in_attr;
};

#define	M0_COMPOSITE_EXTENT_INF (0xffffffffffffffff)
struct m0_composite_layer_idx_key {
	struct m0_uint128 cek_layer_id;
	m0_bindex_t       cek_off;
};

struct m0_composite_layer_idx_val {
	m0_bcount_t cev_len;
};

enum m0_realm_type {
	M0_ST_CONTAINER,
	M0_ST_EPOCH,
	M0_ST_DTX,
	M0_ST_NR
};

/**
 * Forward declaration: m0_client represents a client instance, a connection
 * to a motr cluster.
 *
 * Defined in motr/client_internal.h
 */
struct m0_client;

/**
 * Realm is where entities (including other realms) live.
 *
 * @see m0_container, m0_epoch, m0__dtx.
 */
struct m0_realm {
	struct m0_entity   re_entity;
	enum m0_realm_type re_type;
	struct m0_client  *re_instance;
};

/**
 * Container is a special type of realm, used to partition storage system among
 * applications.
 */
struct m0_container {
	struct m0_realm co_realm;
};

/**
 * Epoch is a special type of realm, used by an application (or a
 * collaborative set of applications) to partition their work in consistent
 * portions.
 *
 * Epoch boundary should be a consistent (from application point of view) state
 * of storage. By resuming from a given epoch, applications can implement a
 * scalable failure recovery mechanism.
 */
struct m0_epoch {
	struct m0_realm ep_realm;
};

/**
 * Distributed transaction is a special type of realm, which is a group of
 * operations atomic w.r.t. certain failures.
 */
struct m0__dtx {
	struct m0_realm dt_realm;
};

/**
 * Operation callbacks.
 */
struct m0_op_ops {
	void (*oop_executed)(struct m0_op *op);
	void (*oop_failed)(struct m0_op *op);
	void (*oop_stable)   (struct m0_op *op);
};

/**
 * m0_config contains configuration parameters to setup an
 * client instance.
 */
struct m0_config {
	/** oostore mode is set when 'is_oostore' is TRUE. */
	bool        mc_is_oostore;
	/**
	 * Flag for verify-on-read. Parity is checked when doing
	 * READ's if this flag is set.
	 */
	bool        mc_is_read_verify;

	/**
	 * Flag to enable/disable addb2 initialization
	 */
	bool        mc_is_addb_init;

	/** Local endpoint.*/
	const char *mc_local_addr;
	/** HA service's endpoint.*/
	const char *mc_ha_addr;
	/** Process fid for rmservice@client. */
	const char *mc_process_fid;
	const char *mc_profile;

	/**
	 * The minimum length of the 'tm' receive queue,
         * use M0_NET_TM_RECV_QUEUE_DEF_LEN if unsure.
         */
	uint32_t    mc_tm_recv_queue_min_len;
	/**
	 * The maximum rpc message size, use M0_RPC_DEF_MAX_RPC_MSG_SIZE
	 * if unsure.
	 */
	uint32_t    mc_max_rpc_msg_size;

	/* TODO: This parameter is added for a temporary solution of
	 * layout selection for s3 team. This has to be removed when
	 * sophisticated solution is implemented.*/
	uint32_t    mc_layout_id;

	int         mc_idx_service_id;
	void       *mc_idx_service_conf;

	/**
 	 * ADDB size
 	 */
	m0_bcount_t mc_addb_size;
};

/** The identifier of the root of realm hierarchy. */
extern const struct m0_uint128 M0_UBER_REALM;

/**
 * First identifier that applications are free to use.
 *
 * It is guaranteed that M0_UBER_REALM falls into reserved extent.
 * @invariant m0_uint128_cmp(&M0_UBER_REALM, &M0_ID_APP) < 0
 */
extern const struct m0_uint128 M0_ID_APP;

/**
 * Resource Manager(RM) Object Locks
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * Resource: is an entity in Motr for which a notion of ownership can be
 *           well-defined.
 * Resource Manager: is a service which manages the granting and revocation
 *                   of resources to and from clients and services.
 * Objects: are resources for the Resource Manager(RM).
 * Remote RM creditor: is the RM service running on a remote server.
 * Borrowing: the rights to use the resource from remote RM,
 *           'locks' the object.
 * Relinquishing: the rights to use the resource to remote RM, 'unlocks'
 *                the object.
 * Write Locks: behave like mutexes and maintain mutual exclusion.
 * Read Locks: facilitate shared access to the object made by other requests.
 * Lock conflict: When a request for lock has to wait for other lock request(s)
 *                to release the lock.
 * Fairness: Object lock maintains fairness among lock requests by enforcing
 *           FCFS among lock requests (Note: fairness can be guaranteed if the
 *           clocks are synchronized among RM services).
 *
 * The object can be locked with exclusive access by using write
 * locks and shared access by using read locks. An object locked with write
 * lock cannot be locked by other lock requests and any subsequent requests
 * for locks will conflict. An object locked with read lock will not conflict
 * with other subsequest read locks.
 *
 * To maintain fairness and prevent writer starvation, any read lock requests
 * made after the arrival of a write lock request, will wait and wont bypass
 * FCFS ordering to acquire lock.
 *
 * @verbatim
 *     type of lock held    |   new request for lock   |    conflict?
 * -------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------
 *           Write          |           Write          |       Yes
 *           Write          |           Read           |       Yes
 *           Read           |           Write          |       Yes
 *           Read           |           Read           |       No
 * -------------------------+--------------------------+-----------------
 * @endverbatim
 *
 * There is no restriction on the granularity of locks on application level.
 *
 * The RM context (represented by m0_rm_lock_ctx) holds information
 * about the object which is needed by the RM to lock/unlock this object,
 * and act as a local owner for the object.
 *
 * The RM context is cached in client instance to avoid multiple
 * initializations. It is created and initialized on the first call
 * of m0_obj_lock_init for a particular object and upon subsequent calls
 * for the same object, it takes a reference of cached RM context and attaches
 * it to the instance of the object.
 *
 * In single threaded environment, it's recommended that the object lock is
 * initialized only once, followed by a sequence of lock and unlock before
 * finalizing the lock.
 *
 * In multi-threaded environment, every in-memory instance of the same object
 * should be initialised local to the thread. They will share the same instance
 * of RM context which is cached in client instance. The usage is same as with
 * single threaded environment after initialization.
 * eg:
 *
 * @verbatim
 *         Thread 1                inst             Thread 2
 *        ----------             ---------------          ----------
 *            |                         |                     |
 *            |                         |                     |
 * m0_obj_lock_init(ob) --> ref_cnt = 1                |
 *            |                         |                     |
 *            |                         |                     |
 *            |                    ref_cnt = 2 <-- m0_obj_lock_init(ob)
 * m0_obj_lock_get(ob)           |                     |
 *            |                         |          m0_obj_lock_get(ob)
 *            |                         |                  (wait)
 *            |                         |                  (wait)
 * m0_obj_lock_put(ob)           |                     |
 *            |                         |                     |
 * m0_obj_lock_fini(ob) --> ref_cnt = 1                |
 *            |                         |          m0_obj_lock_put(ob)
 *            X                         |                     |
 *                                 ref_cnt = 0 <-- m0_obj_lock_fini(ob)
 *                                      |                     |
 *                                      |                     X
 * @endverbatim
 *
 * Locks are shared among requests for objects in same group.
 * Default groups:
 * #m0_rm_group - part of client group.
 * #m0_rm_no_group - part of no group.(stand-alone objects)
 * #NULL - it is also treated as not part of any group.
 *
 * The application should implement mechanisms to properly handle sharing of
 * locks among multiple threads.
 *
 * @code
 * void *io_thread(void *)
 * {
 *	m0_obj         ob1;
 *	m0_rm_lock_req req;
 *	m0_uint128            rm_group1 = M0_UINT128(0, 1);
 *
 *	m0_obj_lock_init(&ob1, &rm_group1);
 *	m0_obj_lock_get(&ob1, &req, &rm_group1);
 *      ...
 *	//Mechanism to handle lock sharing & do IO.
 *	...
 *	m0_obj_lock_put(&req);
 *	m0_obj_lock_fini(&ob1);
 * }
 *
 * void perform_mutiple_io(void)
 * {
 *	pthread_t th1;
 *	pthread_t th2;
 *
 *	pthread_create(&th1, NULL, io_thread, NULL);
 *	pthread_create(&th2, NULL, io_thread, NULL);
 *	pthread_join(th1, NULL);
 *	pthread_join(th2, NULL);
 * }
 * @endcode
 *
 * An object is 'locked' by requesting the RM creditor to borrow the rights to
 * use a resource. When the request completes, a
 * channel(m0_rm_lock_req::rlr_chan) is signalled
 * and a callback is executed for the clink attached to the channel.
 */

/**
 * Forward declaration: m0_rm_lock_req represents a request to
 * borrow/relinquish rights to use a resource form remote RM creditor
 * and lock/unlock the object.
 */
struct m0_rm_lock_req;

/**
 * Initializes the RM object lock for this object and attaches a RM context
 * with this object.
 *
 * @pre     m0_obj_init()
 * @param   obj an instance of object.
 * @param   group group_id for the object.
 * @retval  0 On success.
 * @retval -ENOMEM when there is no memory for ctx or fid.
 */
int m0_obj_lock_init(struct m0_obj *obj);

/**
 * Finalizes the object lock and decreased the rm_ctx::rmc_ref::ref_cnt.
 * If the rm_ctx::rmc_ref::ref_cnt becomes 0, then finalize the
 * cached RM context.
 *
 * @pre   m0_obj_init()
 * @pre   m0_obj_lock_init()
 * @param obj an instance of object.
 */
void m0_obj_lock_fini(struct m0_obj *obj);

/**
 * Acquires the write lock for the object asynchronously.
 * Recursive locking is not supported.
 *
 * This is a wrapper over m0_obj_lock_get();
 *
 * @pre    m0_obj_init()
 * @pre    m0_obj_lock_init()
 * @param  obj a pointer to m0_obj.
 * @param  req representing a request to RM.
 * @param  clink a link which will listen on a channel for the signal of
 *         completion.
 * @retval 0 On success.
 */
int m0_obj_write_lock_get(struct m0_obj *obj,
			struct m0_rm_lock_req *req,
			struct m0_clink *clink);

/**
 * Acquires the write lock for the object.
 * Recursive locking is not supported.
 * This is a blocking function.
 *
 * This is a wrapper over m0_obj_lock_get_sync();
 *
 * @pre    m0_obj_init()
 * @pre    m0_obj_lock_init()
 * @param  obj A pointer to m0_obj.
 * @param  req Representing a request to RM.
 * @retval 0 On success.
 */
int m0_obj_write_lock_get_sync(struct m0_obj *obj,
			       struct m0_rm_lock_req *req);

/**
 * Acquires the read lock for the object asynchronously.
 * Recursive locking is not supported.
 * Locks don't conflict among requests for read lock.
 *
 * This is a wrapper over m0_obj_lock_get();
 *
 * @pre    m0_obj_init()
 * @pre    m0_obj_lock_init()
 * @param  obj   A pointer to m0_obj.
 * @param  req   Representing a request to RM.
 * @param  clink A link which will listen on m0_rm_lock_req::rlr_chan
 *               channel for the signal of completion.
 * @retval 0 On success.
 */
int m0_obj_read_lock_get(struct m0_obj *obj,
			 struct m0_rm_lock_req *req,
			 struct m0_clink *clink);

/**
 * Acquires the read lock for the object.
 * Recursive locking is not supported.
 * This is a blocking function.
 * Locks don't conflict among requests for read lock.
 *
 * This is a wrapper over m0_obj_read_lock_get_sync();
 *
 * @pre    m0_obj_init()
 * @pre    m0_obj_lock_init()
 * @param  obj A pointer to m0_obj.
 * @param  req Representing a request to RM.
 * @retval 0 On success.
 */
int m0_obj_read_lock_get_sync(struct m0_obj *obj,
			      struct m0_rm_lock_req *req);

/**
 * Releases the RM lock for the object.
 *
 * @param req Representing a request to RM.
 */
void m0_obj_lock_put(struct m0_rm_lock_req *req);

/**
 * Sets application-manipulable operation parameters.
 *
 * @param op Operation to be setup with callback functions.
 * @param cbs Callback functions.
 * @param linger The absolute time by which delays should be limited.
 * If linger < m0_time_now(), the op is executed as soon as possible.
 *
 * @pre op != NULL
 * @pre op->op_sm.sm_state == M0_OS_INITIALISED
 */
void m0_op_setup(struct m0_op *op,
		 const struct m0_op_ops *cbs,
		 m0_time_t linger);
/**
 * Launches a collection of operations. Operations must belong to the same
 * m0_ instances.
 *
 * @note the launched operations may be in other states than
 * M0_OS_LAUNCHED by the time this call returns.
 *
 * @param op Array of operations to be launched.
 * @param nr Number of operations.
 *
 * @pre ergo(op != NULL)
 * @pre m0_forall(i, nr, op[i] != NULL)
 * @pre m0_forall(i, nr, op[i]->op_sm.sm_state == M0_OS_INITIALISED)
 * @pre m0_forall(i, nr, m0_entity_type_is_valid(op[i]->op_entity))
 * @post m0_forall(i, nr, op[i]->op_sm.sm_state >= M0_OS_LAUNCHED)
 */
void m0_op_launch(struct m0_op **op, uint32_t nr);

/**
 * Waits until the operation reaches a desired state.
 *
 * @param bits Bitmask of states based on m0_op_state. M0_BITS() macro
 * should be used to build a bitmask. *
 * @param op Single operation to wait on.
 * @param to Absolute timeout for the wait.
 *
 * @code
 * // Wait until the operation completes, 10 seconds max.
 * result = m0_op_wait(op, M0_BITS(M0_OS_STABLE,
 *                                 M0_OS_FAILED),
 *                     m0_time_from_now(10, 0));
 * if (result == -ETIMEDOUT)
 *          // Timed out.
 * else if (result == 0) {
 *         // Wait completed in time.
 *         if (op->op_sm.sm_state == M0_OS_STABLE) {
 *                 ...
 *         } else {
 *                 M0_ASSERT(op->op_sm.sm_state == M0_OS_FAILED);
 *                 ...
 *         }
 * } else {
 *         // Some other error.
 * }
 * @endcode
 *
 * @pre op != NULL
 * @pre bits != 0
 * @pre (bits & ~M0_BITS(M0_OS_LAUNCHED, M0_OS_EXECUTED,
 *                      M0_OS_STABLE, M0_OS_FAILED)) == 0
 */
int32_t m0_op_wait(struct m0_op *op, uint64_t bits, m0_time_t to);

/**
 * Cancels client operations. Caller is expected to wait
 * for operation to move to one of the terminal states. The process of
 * cancellation does not guarantee restoring an object to any consistent
 * state and is left to application. Eg. cancellation of "create" operation
 * does not invoke "unlink" operation internally, and application shall
 * restore the consistency by either "unlinking" the object or trying
 * to recreate the same.
 * @TODO: Revisit the logic once DTM0 lands into dev.
 *
 * @param op collection of operations to cancel.
 *
 * @pre op != NULL
 * @pre cancellation callback is defined for every operation.
 */
void m0_op_cancel(struct m0_op **op, uint32_t nr);

/**
 * Asks the implementation to speed up progress of this operation toward
 * stability.
 *
 * The implementation is free to either honour this call by modifying various
 * internal caching and queuing policies to process the operation with less
 * delays, or to ignore this call altogether. This call may incur resource
 * under-utilisation and other overheads.
 *
 * @param op Operation to be kicked.
 *
 * @pre op != NULL
 * @pre op->op_sm.sm_state >= M0_OS_INITIALISED
 */
void m0_op_kick(struct m0_op *op);

/**
 * An API to return the return code from an op.
 *
 * This is basically a function that abstracts the return code member access
 * for applications using client.
 *
 * @param op Operation whose return code is to be accessed.
 *
 * @pre op != NULL
 */
int32_t m0_rc(const struct m0_op *op);

/**
 * Finalises a complete operation. The state machine will be moved to
 * M0_OS_UNINITIALISED.
 *
 * @param op Operation being finalised.
 *
 * @pre op != NULL
 * @pre M0_IN(op->op_sm.sm_state, (M0_OS_INITIALISED,
 *                                 M0_OS_STABLE, M0_OS_FAILED))
 */
void m0_op_fini(struct m0_op *op);

/**
 * Frees a complete operation, allocated by the implementation.
 *
 * @param op Operation being freed.
 *
 * @pre op != NULL
 * pre op->op_sm.sm_state == M0_OS_UNINITIALISED
 */
void m0_op_free(struct m0_op *op);

void m0_container_init(struct m0_container        *con,
		       struct m0_realm            *parent,
		       const struct m0_uint128    *id,
		       struct m0_client           *instance);
void m0_epoch_init    (struct m0_epoch            *epoch,
		       struct m0_realm            *parent,
		       const struct m0_uint128    *id);
void m0__dtx_init     (struct m0__dtx             *dtx,
		       struct m0_realm            *parent,
		       const struct m0_uint128    *id);

/**
 * Initialises a client object so that it can be created or deleted, or have
 * read, write, alloc and free operations executed on it.
 *
 * The size of data and parity buffer (m0_obj::ob_attr::oa_bshift) is
 * set to default value 'M0_DEFAULT_BUF_SHIFT'.
 *
 * If layout_id == 0, then this object will be set with optimal layout id
 * according to the object size set in m0_obj::ob_attr::oa_buf_size.
 * If Object size is not set, then this object will be set with
 * default layout id (See struct m0_obj_attr).
 *
 * @param obj The object to initialise.
 * @param parent The realm operations on this object will be part of.
 * @param id The identifier assigned by the application to this object.
 * @param layout_id The layout id assigned by the application to this object.
 *
 * @pre obj != NULL
 * @pre parent != NULL
 * @pre id != NULL && m0_uint128_cmp(&M0_ID_APP, id) < 0
 */
void m0_obj_init(struct m0_obj           *obj,
		 struct m0_realm         *parent,
		 const struct m0_uint128 *id,
		 uint64_t                 layout_id);
/**
 * Finalises an obj, leading to finilise entity and to free any additiona
 *  memory allocated to represent it.
 *
 * @param obj Pointer to the object to finalise.
 *
 * @pre obj != NULL
 */
void m0_obj_fini(struct m0_obj *obj);

/**
 * Initialises the index corresponding to a given object.
 *
 * Keys in this index are 64-bit block offsets (in BE representation, with
 * lexicographic ordering) and the values are battrs (and maybe data?) for the
 * block.
 *
 * The index structure, initialised by this function, provides access to object
 * data through client index interface.
 *
 * @post m0_uint128_eq(&idx->in_entity.en_id, &obj->ob_entity.en_id)
 */
void m0_obj_idx_init(struct m0_idx       *idx,
		     const struct m0_obj *obj);

/**
 * Initialises object operation.
 *
 * @param obj Object the operation is targeted to.
 * @param opcode Operation code for the operation.
 * @param ext  Extents in the object, measured in blocks.
 * @param data Application buffers for the operation.
 * @param attr Application buffers for block attributes.
 * @param mask Attribute mask.
 * @param[in, out] op Pointer to the operation pointer. If the operation pointer
 *                 is NULL, client will allocate one. Otherwise, client will
 *                 check the operation and make sure it is reusable for this
 *                 operation.
 *
 * @return 0 for successful initialisation of operation. Otherwise
 *         standard linux system error code.
 *
 * @remarks "data" defines buffers from which data are read on WRITE and
 * written to on READ.
 *
 * @remarks "attr" and "mask" together define which block attributes are read
 * or written.
 *
 * @remarks The application can provide a pre-allocated operation. Otherwise,
 * a new operation is allocated by this entry point, which eventually must be
 * explicitely freed by the app.
 *
 * @pre obj != NULL
 * @pre M0_IN(opcode, (M0_OC_READ, M0_OC_WRITE,
 *                     M0_OC_ALLOC, M0_OC_FREE))
 * @pre ext != NULL
 * @pre obj->ob_attr.oa_bshift >= M0_MIN_BUF_SHIFT
 * @pre m0_vec_count(&ext->iv_vec) % (1ULL << obj->ob_attr.oa_bshift) == 0
 * @pre op != NULL
 * @pre ergo(M0_IN(opcode, (M0_OC_READ, M0_OC_WRITE)),
 *           data != NULL && attr != NULL &&
 *           m0_vec_count(&ext->iv_vec) == m0_vec_count(&data->ov_vec) &&
 *           m0_vec_count(&attr->ov_vec) == 8 * m0_no_of_bits_set(mask) *
 *                       (m0_vec_count(&ext->iv_vec) >> obj->ob_attr.oa_bshift)
 * @pre ergo(M0_IN(opcode, (M0_OC_ALLOC, M0_OC_FREE)),
 *           data == NULL && attr == NULL && mask == 0)
 * @pre ergo(opcode == M0_OC_READ, !(flags & ~(M0_OOF_HOLE|M0_OOF_LAST)))
 * @pre ergo(opcode != M0_OC_READ,
 *           !(flags & ~(M0_OOF_SYNC|M0_OOF_LAST|M0_OOF_FULL)))
 *
 * @post ergo(*op != NULL, *op->op_code == opcode &&
 *            *op->op_sm.sm_state == M0_OS_INITIALISED)
 */
int m0_obj_op(struct m0_obj       *obj,
	      enum m0_obj_opcode   opcode,
	      struct m0_indexvec  *ext,
	      struct m0_bufvec    *data,
	      struct m0_bufvec    *attr,
	      uint64_t             mask,
	      uint32_t             flags,
	      struct m0_op       **op);

/**
 * Initialises client index in a given realm.
 *
 * Notes for M0_IDX_DIX index service type:
 * 'id' should be a valid motr fid of type 'x' (see m0_dix_fid_type). Zero fid
 * container is reserved for distributed meta-indices and shouldn't be used for
 * user indices, i.e. indices with M0_FID_TINIT('x', 0, *) fids are reserved.
 *
 * @code
 * struct m0_fid fid = M0_FID_TINIT('x', 1, 1);
 *
 * m0_idx_init(&idx, &realm, (struct m0_uint128 *)&fid);
 * @endcode
 *
 * Non-distributed indices (having fid type 'i') are going to be supported in
 * future.
 */
void m0_idx_init(struct m0_idx    *idx,
			struct m0_realm  *parent,
			const struct m0_uint128 *id);

void m0_idx_fini(struct m0_idx *idx);

/**
 * Initialises an index operation.
 *
 * For M0_IC_NEXT operation arguments should be as follows:
 * - 'keys' buffer vector first element should contain a starting key and other
 *   elements should be set to NULL. Buffer vector size indicates number of
 *   records to return.
 *   Starting key can be NULL. In this case starting key is treated as the
 *   smallest possible key of the index. If starting key doesn't exist in the
 *   index, then retrieved records will start with the smallest key following
 *   the starting key. Otherwise, a record corresponding to the starting key
 *   will be included in a result.
 * - 'vals' vector should be at least of the same size as 'keys' and should
 *   contain NULLs. After successful operation completion retrieved index
 *   records are stored in 'keys' and 'vals' buffer vectors. If some error
 *   occurred during i-th index record retrieval then rcs[i] != 0. -ENOENT error
 *   means that there are no more records to return.
 *
 * For M0_IC_GET operation arguments should be as follows:
 * - 'keys' buffer vector should contain keys for records being requested.
 *   At least one key should be specified and no NULL keys are allowed.
 * - 'vals' vector should be at least of the same size as 'keys' and should
 *   contain NULLs. After successful operation completion retrieved record
 *   values are stored in 'vals' buffer vector. If some value retrieval has
 *   failed, then corresponding element in 'rcs' array != 0.
 *
 * 'rcs' holds array of per-item return codes for the operation. It should be
 * allocated by user with a size of at least 'keys->ov_vec.v_nr' elements. For
 * example, 6 records with keys k0...k5 were requested through GET request with
 * k3 being absent in the index. After operation completion rcs[3] will be
 * -ENOENT and rcs[0,1,2,4,5] will be 0.
 *
 * Per-item return codes are more fine-grained than global operation return
 * code (op->op_sm.sm_rc). On operation completion the global return code
 * is set to negative value if it's impossible to process any item (invalid
 * index fid, lost RPC connection, etc.).
 * - If the operation global return code is 0, then user should check per-item
 *   return codes.
 * - If the operation global return code is not 0, then per-item return codes
 *   are undefined.
 *
 * 'rcs' argument is mandatory for all operations except M0_IC_LOOKUP.
 *
 * For M0_CLOVIC_IC_PUT flags argument may be set.
 * - 'flags' is a bit-mask of m0_op_idx_flags enum. M0_OIF_OVERWRITE and
 *   M0_OIF_SYNC_WAIT are supported for now.
 *   If M0_OIF_OVERWRITE flag is set then records with existing keys are
 *   overwritten, otherwise operation returns -EEXIST for existing keys.
 *   If M0_OIF_SYNC_WAIT flag is set then it ensures that reply would be sent
 *   only when transaction is persisted. This flag can only be used
 *   with M0_IC_PUT or M0_IC_DEL.
 *
 * @pre idx != NULL
 * @pre M0_IN(opcode, (M0_IC_LOOKUP, M0_IC_LIST,
 *                     M0_IC_GET, M0_IC_PUT,
 *                     M0_IC_DEL, M0_IC_NEXT))
 * @pre ergo(*op != NULL, *op->op_size >= sizeof **op)
 * @pre ergo(opcode == M0_IC_LOOKUP, rcs != NULL)
 * @pre ergo(opcode != M0_IC_LOOKUP, keys != NULL)
 * @pre M0_IN(opcode, (M0_IC_DEL,
 *                     M0_IC_LOOKUP,
 *                     M0_IC_LIST)) == (vals == NULL)
 * @pre ergo(opcode == M0_IC_LIST,
 *           m0_forall(i, keys->ov_vec.v_nr,
 *                     keys->ov_vec.v_count[i] == sizeof(struct m0_uint128)))
 * @pre ergo(opcode == M0_IC_GET, keys->ov_vec.v_nr != 0)
 * @pre ergo(opcode == M0_IC_GET,
 *           m0_forall(i, keys->ov_vec.v_nr, keys->ov_buf[i] != NULL))
 * @pre ergo(flags == M0_OIF_SYNC_WAIT,
 *           M0_IN(opcode, (M0_IC_PUT, M0_IC_DEL)))
 * @pre ergo(vals != NULL, keys->ov_vec.v_nr == vals->ov_vec.v_nr)
 * @post ergo(result == 0, *op != NULL && *op->op_code == opcode &&
 *                         *op->op_sm.sm_state == M0_OS_INITIALISED)
 */
/**
 * @todo For now 'rcs' may be NULL if index backend is not Motr KVS
 * and operation code is not M0_IC_GET.
 * All backends should be updated to fill 'rcs' for all operation codes.
 */
int m0_idx_op(struct m0_idx       *idx,
	      enum m0_idx_opcode   opcode,
	      struct m0_bufvec    *keys,
	      struct m0_bufvec    *vals,
	      int32_t             *rcs,
	      uint32_t             flags,
	      struct m0_op       **op);

/**
 * Set an option on an index operation.
 *
 * The index op must have been previously initialized with @ref m0_idx_op.
 * It is undefined behavior to change an option after the index op has
 * been launched. The meaning of each option is documented in
 * @ref m0_op_idx_option.
 */
void m0_idx_op_setoption(struct m0_op *op,
			 enum m0_op_idx_option option,
			 int64_t value);

void m0_realm_create(struct m0_realm    *realm,
		     uint64_t wcount, uint64_t rcount,
		     struct m0_op **op);

void m0_realm_open(struct m0_realm   *realm,
		   uint64_t wcount, uint64_t rcount,
		   struct m0_op **op);

void m0_realm_close(struct m0_realm   *realm,
		    uint64_t wcount, uint64_t rcount,
		    struct m0_op **op);

/**
 * Sets an operation to create or delete an entity.
 *
 * @param pool Specify the pool to store the entity if it is not NULL,
 * otherwise a pool selected by internal policy is used.
 * @param entity In-memory representation of the entity that is to be created.
 * @param[out] op Pointer to the operation. The operation can be pre-allocated
 * by the application. Otherwise, this entry point will allocate it if succeed.
 * @return 0 for success, (*op)->op_sm.sm_rc otherwise.
 *
 * @pre entity != NULL
 * @pre op != NULL
 */
/**@{*/
int m0_entity_create(struct m0_fid    *pool,
		     struct m0_entity *entity,
		     struct m0_op    **op);
int m0_entity_delete(struct m0_entity *entity,
		     struct m0_op    **op);
/**@}*/

/**
 * Sets an operation to open an entity.
 *
 * @param entity The entity that needs to be opened.
 * @param[out] op Pointer to the operation which can be pre-allocated by the
 * application. Else, this entry point will allocate it if succeed.
 * @return 0 for success, (*op)->op_sm.sm_rc otherwise
 *
 * @pre entity != NULL
 * @pre op != NULL
 */
int m0_entity_open(struct m0_entity *entity,
		   struct m0_op **op);
/**
 * Finalises an entity, freeing any additional memory allocated to represent it.
 *
 * @param entity Pointer to the entity to finalise.
 *
 * @pre entity != NULL
 * @pre entity->en_sm.sm_state == M0_ES_INIT
 */
void m0_entity_fini(struct m0_entity *entity);

/**
 * Returns the maximum size a client operation is expected to be.
 * If pre-allocating 'struct m0_op's, allocations smaller than this
 * size may be rejected with EMSGSIZE
 */
size_t m0_op_maxsize(void);

/**
 * Initialises state machine types et al.
 *
 * @param m0c Where to store the allocated instance.
 * @param conf client configuration parameters.
 * @param init_m0 Indicate whether or not Motr needs to be initialised.
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 *
 * @pre m0c must point to a NULL struct m0_client *.
 * @pre local_ep must not be NULL or the empty string.
 */
int m0_client_init(struct m0_client **m0c,
		   struct m0_config *conf,
		   bool init_m0);

/**
 * Finalises client, finalise state machine group et al.
 *
 * @pre (m0c != NULL).
 */
void m0_client_fini(struct m0_client *m0c, bool fini_m0);

/**
 * Returns the process fid of the motr instance.
 *
 * @param m0c The client instance being queried.
 * @param proc_fid The returned process fid.
 * @return 0 for success and valid process fid is stored in proc_fid,
 * anything else for an error.
 */
void m0_process_fid(const struct m0_client *m0c,
		    struct m0_fid *proc_fid);

/**
 * Allocates and initialises an SYNC operation.
 *
 * @param sop A new SYNC op is created, entities and ops can be added
 *            into this SYNC op once it's initialised.
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 */
int m0_sync_op_init(struct m0_op **sop);

/**
 * Adds an entity to SYNC op.
 *
 * @param sop The SYNC op where an entity is added to.
 * @param entity The entity to be SYNC-ed.
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 */
int m0_sync_entity_add(struct m0_op *sop,
		       struct m0_entity *ent);
/**
 * Adds an `op` to SYNC op.
 *
 * @param sop The SYNC op where an entity is added to.
 * @param op The operation to be SYNC-ed.
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 */
int m0_sync_op_add(struct m0_op *sop,
		   struct m0_op *op);

/**
 * Blocking version of entity sync API, corresponding to m0t1fs_fsync()
 * in m0t1fs.
 *
 * @param ent The object is going to be sync'ed.
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 */
int m0_entity_sync(struct m0_entity *ent);

/**
 * Motr sync instance entry point, corresponding to m0t1fs_sync_fs()
 * in m0t1fs.
 *
 * @param m0c The Motr instance is going to be sync'ed.
 * @param wait Ask client to wait till pending tx's are done if set to
 *             be "ture".
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 */
int m0_sync(struct m0_client *m0c, bool wait);

/**
 * Maps a unit size to a layout id defined in Motr.
 *
 * @param unit_size Parity group unit size set. Only those unit sizes defined
 *                  in layout/layout_pver.c are valid.
 * @return 0 for invalid unit sizes and layout id for valid unit sizes.
 *
 */
uint64_t m0_obj_unit_size_to_layout_id(int unit_size);

/**
 * Maps a layout id to unit size.
 *
 * @param layout_id The layout id to query. The layout_id must be one of the valid
 *                  layout ids defined in Motr.
 * @return The corresponding unit size of queried layout id.
 *
 */
int m0_obj_layout_id_to_unit_size(uint64_t layout_id);

uint64_t m0_client_layout_id(const struct m0_client *instance);

/**
 * Gets the layout type of an object.
 *
 * @param obj The object to query.
 * @return The layout type of object in question.
 */
enum m0_client_layout_type m0_obj_layout_type(struct m0_obj *obj);

/**
 * Add layer to the composite layout.
 *
 * @param layout   The layout to add to.
 * @param sub_obj  The sub object corresponds to the new layer. The API requires
 *                 object argument instead of its identifier as Motr
 *                 internally requires some object attributes to construct
 *                 the composite layout.
 * @param priority The layer's priority which is used to select which layer an
 *                 IO request goes to.
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 */
int m0_composite_layer_add(struct m0_client_layout *layout,
			   struct m0_obj *sub_obj, int priority);
/**
 * Delete layer from the composite layout.
 *
 * @param layout    The layout to delete from.
 * @param subobj_id The id of the sub-object (layer) to delete.
 */
void m0_composite_layer_del(struct m0_client_layout *layout,
			    struct m0_uint128 subobj_id);

/**
 * Returns an in-memory index representation for extents in a composite layer.
 *
 * @param layer_id The composite layer in question.
 * @param write    True for extents for WRITE, false for extents for READ.
 * @param idx      The returned index.
 * @return 0 for success, anything else for an error.
 */
int m0_composite_layer_idx(struct m0_uint128 layer_id,
			   bool write, struct m0_idx *idx);
/**
 * Helper APIs to copy and transform a layer key/value to/from buffer.
 * m0_composite_layer_idx_key_to_buf() transforms original key
 * to a representation in lexicographical order.
 */
int m0_composite_layer_idx_key_to_buf(
			struct m0_composite_layer_idx_key *key,
			void **out_kbuf, m0_bcount_t *out_klen);
void m0_composite_layer_idx_key_from_buf(
			struct m0_composite_layer_idx_key *key,
			void *kbuf);
int m0_composite_layer_idx_val_to_buf(
			struct m0_composite_layer_idx_val *val,
			void **out_vbuf, m0_bcount_t *out_vlen);
void m0_composite_layer_idx_val_from_buf(
			struct m0_composite_layer_idx_val *val,
			void *vbuf);

/**
 * Initialises layout operation.
 *
 * @param obj    The object which the layout is belong to.
 * @param layout Layout the operation is targeted to.
 * @param opcode Operation code for the operation.
 * @param[out] op Pointer to the operation pointer. If the operation pointer is
 *	       NULL, motr will allocate one. Otherwise, motr will check
 *	       the operation and make sure it is reusable for this operation.
 */
int m0_client_layout_op(struct m0_obj          *obj,
		 enum m0_entity_opcode          opcode,
		 struct m0_client_layout       *layout,
		 struct m0_op                 **op);

/**
 * Note: current version only support capturing pdclust layout for an object.
 *
 * To capture the layout for an object, an application has to issue LAYOUT_GET
 * op first to retrieve the object's layout.
 */
int m0_client_layout_capture(struct m0_client_layout *layout,
		      struct m0_obj *obj,
		      struct m0_client_layout **out);

/* Allocate/free in-memory layout data struct for an object. */
struct m0_client_layout*
m0_client_layout_alloc(enum m0_client_layout_type type);
void m0_client_layout_free(struct m0_client_layout *layout);

//** @} end of client group */

#include "motr/idx.h" /* export m0_idx operations and services to client. */
#include "cas/cas.h"

#endif /* __MOTR_CLIENT_H__ */

/*
 *  Local variables:
 *  c-indentation-style: "K&R"
 *  c-basic-offset: 8
 *  tab-width: 8
 *  fill-column: 80
 *  scroll-step: 1
 *  End:
 */
/*
 * vim: tabstop=8 shiftwidth=8 noexpandtab textwidth=80 nowrap
 */