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MANUAL.TXT
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@@@@@ @ @
@ @ @@ @ @ @@ @@@@@ @ @ @ @
@ @ @ @@ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@@@@@ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@ @@@@@@ @ @ @@@@@@ @@@@@ @ @ @ @
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @
@@@@@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@@@ @ @
+-----------------------+
| S a m a r u X |
| |
| U s e r M a n u a l |
+-----------------------+
A shell for the CP/M(tm) Operating System
Copyright (c) Miguel I. Garcia Lopez / FloppySoftware
www.floppysoftware.es
cpm-connections.blogspot.com
CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.
Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog.
Unix is a registered trademark of The Open Group.
This manual covers SamaruX version 3.00 / 27 Dec 2023
=== oOo ===
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.01 : SamaruX
CHAPTER 2 : ENVIRONMENT
2.01 : Command line
2.02 : Environment variables
2.03 : File and directory names
2.04 : Profiling the shell
2.05 : Terminal settings
2.06 : Compiling SamaruX and its commands
CHAPTER 3 : COMMANDS
3.01 : alias - Manage command aliases
3.02 : ascii - Print the character table
3.03 : batch - Execute commands from a file
3.04 : builtin - Print the internal command names
3.05 : cat - Concatenate files
3.06 : cd - Change the current working directory
3.07 : chmod - Change file modes (CP/M attributes)
3.08 : clear - Clear the console
3.09 : cp - Copy files
3.10 : cpm - Execute CP/M commands
3.11 : date - Print or set the system date and time
3.12 : df - Print free disk space
3.13 : diralias - Manage directory names
3.14 : dump - Print files in hexadecimal and ascii
3.15 : echo - Print its arguments
3.16 : ed - Edit small text files
3.17 : env - Manage environment variables
3.18 : exit - Quit the shell
3.19 : expr - Compute simple expressions
3.20 : false - Return false
3.21 : fortune - Print a random adage
3.22 : goto - Jump to label in batch mode
3.23 : grep - Find text patterns in files
3.24 : head - Print first lines from files
3.25 : history - Manage command line history
3.26 : if - Test condition
3.27 : ls - List files
3.28 : man - Print manual pages
3.29 : mem - Print memory usage
3.30 : more - Print the contents of text files
3.31 : mv - Rename files
3.32 : ps - Print running commands
3.33 : pwd - Print the current working directory
3.34 : read - Read a line from standard input
3.35 : rm - Remove files
3.36 : shift - Shift positional parameters to the left
3.37 : sleep - Suspend execution for a specified time
3.38 : sort - Sort text lines
3.39 : tail - Print last lines from files
3.40 : tee - Copy standard input to standard output
3.41 : true - Return true
3.42 : tty - Return terminal name
3.43 : type - Print information about command type
3.44 : uname - Return system name
3.45 : ver - Print SamaruX and CP/M versions and facts
3.46 : wc - Count newlines, words and characters
3.47 : whoami - Print the user name
=== oOo ===
+-----------+
| CHAPTER 1 | INTRODUCTION
+-----------+
+--------------+
| SECTION 1.01 | SamaruX
+--------------+
NAME
SamaruX - Unix-like shell for CP/M systems
(c) 2007-2023 FloppySoftware, Valencia, Spain
http://www.floppysoftware.es
https://cpm-connections.blogspot.com/
https://github.com/MiguelVis
SYNOPSIS
samarux [arg ...]
DESCRIPTION
SamaruX is a Unix-like shell for Z80 computers, running
the CP/M operating system from Digital Research Inc.
It has been developed with MESCC (Mike's Enhanced Small
C Compiler).
OPTIONS
The optional command line, is a command line for the shell.
If you enter a command line, then SamaruX will execute the
command and return to CP/M (this is known as CP/M mode).
If no command line is given, SamaruX presents the shell
prompt, waiting for user commands (this is known
as interactive mode).
In the interactive mode, enter the exit command to
leave SamaruX and return to CP/M.
In both modes, there is an optional profiling procedure,
to setup your environment, according to your
preferences.
SamaruX has some built-in commands, and since version
2.00, it has some external commands too.
EXAMPLES
samarux -- To enter to the interactive shell
samarux cat file.txt -- To execute the SamaruX cat
command and exit to CP/M
NOTES
See the topics in the manual (with man), to learn about
its commands, options, profiling, compiling, etc.
=== oOo ===
+-----------+
| CHAPTER 2 | ENVIRONMENT
+-----------+
+--------------+
| SECTION 2.01 | Command line
+--------------+
NAME
Command edition
SYNOPSIS
Rules to edit command lines
DESCRIPTION
An usual command line looks like this:
command arg0 arg1 arg2 ...
To include spaces in an argument, enclose it between
single quotes:
'This is a single argument'
Environment variables can be used in the command line as
arguments and they will be substituted with their values,
if you precede them with '$':
echo Your name is $USER
You can include more than a command in the same command
line, by separating them with the ';' character:
cp letter.old letter.new ; cat letter.new
A command line starting with the '#' character, it is a
comment, with no effect:
# This is a comment, not a command
You can redirect stdin (console input) with the '<'
character:
ed < letter.txt
You can redirect stdout (console output) with '>' or
'>>':
ls *.c > mydir.txt
echo 'Buy some butler' >> todo.txt
You can redirect the output of a command to the input
of another command (piping), with the character '|':
ls *.c | more
Or you can enter a combination of above.
You can use the following control characters to edit
the command line:
- To delete the last character:
BS / CTRL-H (0x08)
DEL (0x7F)
- To delete the entire line:
CTRL-U (0x15)
CTRL-X (0x18)
- To retype the line:
CTRL-R (0x12)
- To execute the line:
CR / CTRL-M (0x0D)
LF / CTRL-J (0x0A)
Be aware that in the case of external commands,
if the variable BINDIR exists, SamaruX will
search there the executable files.
If the variable doesn't exists, SamaruX will
search in the current working directory.
To force SamaruX to search in another directory,
prefix the filename with it:
a04:program
To force SamaruX to search in the current working
directory, prefix the filename with ':':
:program
NOTES
Some commands (alias) have restrictions on above.
Pipes are done using temporary files.
+--------------+
| SECTION 2.02 | Environment variables
+--------------+
NAME
Environment variables
SYNOPSIS
Environment (& pseudo-environment) variables
DESCRIPTION
Environment variables can be used in the command line as
arguments and they will be substituted with their values,
if you precede them with '$'.
Pseudo-environment variables are not stored as environment
variables, but they can be used in command lines as if
they were.
Some SamaruX environment variables include:
$BINDIR - Directory for SamaruX external commands.
$HOME - Default user directory.
$TERM - Terminal name.
$LINES - Terminal rows.
$COLUMNS - Terminal columns.
$USER - User name.
$PROMPT - Prompt string, with some special sequences:
%$ : $ symbol.
%u : User name (reads $USER).
%w : Working directory.
%% : % symbol.
$TMPDIR - Temporary directory.
$MANPATH - Path for manual file.
SamaruX pseudo-environment variables are:
$? - Exit code of last executed command (0 for SUCCESS,
1 for FAILURE).
When executing batch commands, there are some additional
pseudo-environment variables:
$0 - Batch file name.
$1 ... $9 - Batch arguments.
$# - Number of arguments supplied to batch.
EXAMPLES
echo My terminal is $TERM and I am $USER
rm myfile.txt ; echo RM exit code is $?
env PROMPT [%u in %w] %$
NOTES
See related topics as batch, profile, terminal, etc.
+--------------+
| SECTION 2.03 | File and directory names
+--------------+
NAME
File and directory names
SYNOPSIS
Rules to name files and directories
DESCRIPTION
SamaruX accepts all usual CP/M file names, including
wildcards (* and ?) with the usual behaviour.
In addition to this, you can specify the directory in
the file name.
A directory can be named with its drive letter and
user number.
Also, you can use the diralias command to name
directories, and use that name instead.
If the drive letter is not included, it's assumed to
be the current drive.(1)
If the user number is not included, it's assumed to
be the current user number.(1)
(1) Be aware that in some circunstances, SamaruX will
search a file in another directory, instead of the
current one, if you don't specify it in the
filename (see the variables BINDIR for external
executables, and MANPATH for manuals).
To force SamaruX to search a file in the current
working directory, prefix the filename with the
character ':', as in:
:myprog
man :mescc stdio
EXAMPLES
Legal file and directory names:
a01:file.txt -- File in drive A, user number 1
2:account.dat -- File in current drive, user number 2
*.h -- Files matching *.h in current directory
b2:*.c -- Files matching *.c in drive A, user
number 2
c3: -- Directory on drive A, user number 3
Using diralias to name directories:
diralias root a0:
ls root:*.x
cd root:
Illegal file and directory names:
a:letter.doc -- User number not included
c: -- User number not included
NOTES
In some commands, a directory name is equivalent to
all files in that directory (i.e. A2: means A2:*.*).
See the diralias command, to know more about directory
names.
+--------------+
| SECTION 2.04 | Profiling the shell
+--------------+
NAME
Profile
SYNOPSIS
Profiling the shell
DESCRIPTION
When running the shell, an optional startup file can be
used to setup your SamaruX environment:
profile.sx : For interactive mode.
profcpm.sx : For CP/M mode.
+--------------+
| SECTION 2.05 | Terminal settings
+--------------+
NAME
Terminal
SYNOPSIS
Terminal settings
DESCRIPTION
The terminal settings can be controlled by following
environment variables:
$TERM - Terminal name: vt52, vt100 (or ansi),
ascii.
$LINES - Terminal rows (> 0 and < 256).
$COLUMNS - Terminal columns (> 0 and < 256).
When a command asks for terminal rows or columns,
the procedure is as follows:
- If the environment variable exists and has a
legal value, this value is used.
- Else, if CP/M is version 3, the values from
the SCB (System Control Block) are used.
- Else, the default values are used (25 rows,
80 columns).
+--------------+
| SECTION 2.06 | Compiling SamaruX and its commands
+--------------+
NAME
How to compile the SamaruX shell and its commands
SYNOPSIS
This topic explains how to compile the shell with
its builtin commands, and the external commands.
DESCRIPTION
To compile the shell (and its builtin commands):
1.Compile with MESCC - in CP/M:
cc sx
2.Optimize the code (optional) - in CP/M:
ccopt sx.zsm
3.Assemble the ZSM file - in CP/M:
zsm sx
4.Build the COM file from the HEX file - in CP/M:
hextocom sx
Once you have build the shell, you must modify the
file samarux.h, and recompile all the SamaruX external
commands.
To compile an external command (for example: less.c):
1.Compile with MESCC - in CP/M:
cc less
2.Optimize the code (optional) - in CP/M:
ccopt less.zsm
3.Build the REL file - in the host OS:
zmac less.zsm --rel
4.Build the PRL file - in CP/M:
link less [OP]
5.Rename the file from PRL to X - in CP/M:
ren less.prl less.x
NOTES
To build the REL file, I use ZMAC version 03 Dec 2014,
a Z80 cross assembler, downloaded from George Phillips's
site: http://members.shaw.ca/gp2000/zmac.html.
Of course, you can use your preferred tools to achieve
the same results: emulators, hexcom, genprl, etc.
See the source files for more information.
=== oOo ===
+-----------+
| CHAPTER 3 | COMMANDS
+-----------+
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.01 | alias
+--------------+
NAME
alias - Manage command aliases
SYNOPSIS
alias [name [arg ...]]
DESCRIPTION
The command alias creates, removes and prints command
aliases.
To create (or modify) an alias, enter the alias name,
the real command name and the arguments (if any).
To remove an alias, simply enter the alias name.
To print all the aliases, enter a command line
without arguments.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
alias = Prints all the aliases
alias dir ls = Creates an alias without arguments
alias lf ls -f = Creates an alias with arguments
alias lf = Removes the named alias
NOTES
Aliases defined with arguments can't be executed with
pipes (single aliases, can).
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.02 | ascii
+--------------+
NAME
ascii - Print the character table
SYNOPSIS
ascii
DESCRIPTION
The command ascii prints the character table.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
ascii
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.03 | batch
+--------------+
NAME
batch - Execute commands from a file
SYNOPSIS
batch file [arg ...]
DESCRIPTION
The command batch executes commands from a file.
If it's not specified, the default type for the
file name will be ".sx".
When executing, the name of the file becomes
the $0 variable.
If arguments are included, the 1st argument becomes
the $1 variable, the 2nd argument becomes the $2
variable and so on.
The $# variable will have the number of arguments
supplied to batch.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
batch setmyenv John B01:
batch backup.sx
NOTES
Batch commands can be nexted up to 3 levels.
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.04 | builtin
+--------------+
NAME
builtin - Print the internal command names
SYNOPSIS
cmds
DESCRIPTION
The command builtin prints the available internal
command names.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
builtin
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.05 | cat
+--------------+
NAME
cat - Concatenate files
SYNOPSIS
cat [-kn] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
The command cat writes its input to the standard output.
If no arguments are given, it reads from the standard
input.
The - file means the standard input.
OPTIONS
-k Skip empty lines
-n Number lines
EXAMPLES
cat
cat -kn phrases.txt
cat -n facts.doc
cat header.txt - footer.txt > myletter.txt
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.06 | cd
+--------------+
NAME
cd - Change the current working directory
SYNOPSIS
cd [directory]
DESCRIPTION
The command cd changes the current working directory.
If the directory is not supplied as an argument, cd
tries to use the $HOME environment variable.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
cd A02:
cd 1:
cd
NOTES
See the diralias command, for directory names.
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.07 | chmod
+--------------+
NAME
chmod - Change file modes (CP/M attributes)
SYNOPSIS
chmod mode file ...
DESCRIPTION
The command chmod changes file modes (CP/M attributes).
OPTIONS
Modes are:
+w To set write permission (R/W in CP/M).
-w To reset write permission (R/O in CP/M).
+s To set system attribute (SYS in CP/M).
-s To reset system attribute (DIR in CP/M).
+a To set archive attribute (ARCHIVE ON in CP/M 3).
-a To reset archive attribute (ARCHIVE OFF in CP/M 3).
Modes can be combined.
If an attribute is not specified, it will remain unchanged.
EXAMPLES
chmod +s login.com
chmod +wa-s notes.txt calendar.doc
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.08 | clear
+--------------+
NAME
clear - Clear the console
SYNOPSIS
clear
DESCRIPTION
The command clear clears the console.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
clear
NOTES
The command clear searches for the $TERM environment
variable, in order to know how to clear the console.
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.09 | cp
+--------------+
NAME
cp - Copy files
SYNOPSIS
cp [-fi] file_src file_dst
cp [-fi] src ... directory
DESCRIPTION
The command cp copies files.
In the first form, only a single file can be copied.
In the second form, more than a file can be copied (src
can be a single file, an ambiguous file name, or a
directory).
OPTIONS
-f Force: Delete destination if already exists
-i Interactive: Asks to user to delete destination if
already exists. It has prevalence
over -f option.
-v Verbose
EXAMPLES
cp myfile.txt myfile.bak
cp -i cat.c ls.c head.c b01:
cp 1:*.c 2:*.h 3:
cp -fv a00: b01:
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.10 | cpm
+--------------+
NAME
cpm - Execute CP/M commands
SYNOPSIS
cpm command [arg ...]
DESCRIPTION
The command cpm executes CP/M commands as PIP, STAT,
ED, BASIC, etc.
Pipes or redirections are useless.
If there are other commands after this in the same command
line, they will not be executed.
The procedure is:
- Save current environment variables and aliases.
- Exit from SamaruX to CP/M.
- Execute the CP/M command.
- Execute SamaruX quietly.
- Restore environment variables and aliases.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
cpm PIP A:=B:*.TXT
cpm BASIC myprog
cpm WS
NOTES
In CP/M 2, it uses the $$$.SUB feature of the
standard CP/M CCP.
In CP/M 3, it uses the BDOS function CHAIN TO PROGRAM.
It uses the temporary batch file PROFRST.SX to load and
save the environment variables and aliases.
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.11 | date
+--------------+
NAME
date - Print or set the system date and time
SYNOPSIS
date [[YYYY-MM-DD] hh:mm:ss]
date [[YYYY/MM/DD] hh:mm:ss]
DESCRIPTION
The command date prints or sets the system date and
time.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
date
date 17:20:00
date 2015-04-08 17:20:00
NOTES
Needs CP/M version 3.
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.12 | df
+--------------+
NAME
df - Print free disk space
SYNOPSIS
df [drive ...]
DESCRIPTION
The command df prints the free disk space for the
specified drives.
If no drive is specified, it prints the free disk
space for the current drive.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
df
df A: B:
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.13 | diralias
+--------------+
NAME
diralias - Manage directory names
SYNOPSIS
diralias [name [directory]]
DESCRIPTION
The command diralias manages the directory names.
A directory name, is an alias for a drive and user
specification.
To create a directory alias, enter the alias name,
followed by the drive and user specification.
To delete a directory alias, simply enter the alias
name.
To print all the directory aliases, enter a command
line without arguments.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
diralias = Prints all the directory aliases
diralias root a0: = ROOT: will reference A00:
diralias root = Removes the directory alias
cd root:
ls root:*.txt
cat root:profile.sx
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.14 | dump
+--------------+
NAME
dump - Print files in hexadecimal and ascii
SYNOPSIS
dump file ...
DESCRIPTION
The command dump prints files in hexadecimal and
ascii form.
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
dump dump.com
dump login.txt cat.com
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.15 | echo
+--------------+
NAME
echo - Print its arguments
SYNOPSIS
echo [-n] [arg ...]
DESCRIPTION
The command echo prints its arguments.
OPTIONS
-n To suppress the new line.
EXAMPLES
echo Hello world
echo -n Hello world
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.16 | ed
+--------------+
NAME
ed - Edit small text files
SYNOPSIS
ed [file]
DESCRIPTION
The command ed edits small text files.
Once in the editor, you can enter the following commands:
edit line_number -- Edit an line
insert line_number -- Insert a line over another
remove line_number -- Remove (delele) a line
copy line_number -- Copy to clipboard
paste line_number -- Paste from clipboard
append -- Append a line
print [line_number [how_many_lines]]
-- Print lines on the console
write [file_name] -- Write the file
info -- Information
help -- Help on commands
exit -- Exit to shell
OPTIONS
None.
EXAMPLES
ed letter.txt
1 lines read.
ed> print
0: Hello
ed> append
1: Bye!
ed> print
0: Hello
1: Bye!
ed> insert 1
1: How are you?
ed> edit 0
0: Hello my friend.
ed> print
0: Hello my friend.
1: How are you?
2: Bye!
ed> write
ed> exit
+--------------+
| SECTION 3.17 | env
+--------------+
NAME
env - Manage environment variables
SYNOPSIS
env [name [arg ...]]
env [-s] name arg ...
DESCRIPTION
The command env creates, removes and prints environment
variables.
To create (or modify) an environment variable, enter the
variable name, and the arguments.
To remove an environment variable, simply enter the
variable name.
To print all the environment variables, enter a command
line without arguments.
OPTIONS
-s To skip spaces