pubmed-molnupirav-set.txt

PMID- 34968008
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220114
LR  - 20220325
IS  - 2052-1707 (Electronic)
IS  - 2052-1707 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - Molnupiravir: A new candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
PG  - e00909
LID - 10.1002/prp2.909 [doi]
LID - e00909
AB  - The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in late December 2019 in 
      china and has rapidly spread to many countries around the world. The effective 
      pharmacotherapy can reduce the mortality of COVID-19. Antiviral medications are 
      the candidate therapies for the management of COVID-19. Molnupiravir is an 
      antiviral drug with anti-RNA polymerase activity and currently is under 
      investigation for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. This review focuses on 
      summarizing published literature for the mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, 
      and clinical trials of molnupiravir in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
CI  - © 2021 The Authors. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives published by British 
      Pharmacological Society and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental 
      Therapeutics and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
FAU - Pourkarim, Fariba
AU  - Pourkarim F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0026-9734
AD  - Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical 
      Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
AD  - Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
FAU - Pourtaghi-Anvarian, Samira
AU  - Pourtaghi-Anvarian S
AD  - Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical 
      Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
AD  - Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
FAU - Rezaee, Haleh
AU  - Rezaee H
AD  - Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
AD  - Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
TA  - Pharmacol Res Perspect
JT  - Pharmacology research & perspectives
JID - 101626369
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - Clinical Trials as Topic
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Interactions
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/*therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
PMC - PMC8929331
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19 treatment
OT  - *EIDD-2801
OT  - *MK-4482
OT  - *antiviral drugs
OT  - *molnupiravir
OT  - *novel coronavirus disease 2019
COIS- The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/12/31 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/15 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/30 12:52
PHST- 2021/12/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/06/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/30 12:52 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/12/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - PRP2909 [pii]
AID - 10.1002/prp2.909 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2022 Feb;10(1):e00909. doi: 10.1002/prp2.909.

PMID- 34914868
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220221
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1533-4406 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Print)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Linking)
VI  - 386
IP  - 6
DP  - 2022 Feb 10
TI  - Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients.
PG  - 509-520
LID - 10.1056/NEJMoa2116044 [doi]
LID - NEJMoa2116044
AB  - BACKGROUND: New treatments are needed to reduce the risk of progression of 
      coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule 
      antiviral prodrug that is active against severe acute respiratory syndrome 
      coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We conducted a phase 3, double-blind, 
      randomized, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 
      treatment with molnupiravir started within 5 days after the onset of signs or 
      symptoms in nonhospitalized, unvaccinated adults with mild-to-moderate, 
      laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and at least one risk factor for severe Covid-19 
      illness. Participants in the trial were randomly assigned to receive 800 mg of 
      molnupiravir or placebo twice daily for 5 days. The primary efficacy end point 
      was the incidence hospitalization or death at day 29; the incidence of adverse 
      events was the primary safety end point. A planned interim analysis was performed 
      when 50% of 1550 participants (target enrollment) had been followed through day 
      29. RESULTS: A total of 1433 participants underwent randomization; 716 were 
      assigned to receive molnupiravir and 717 to receive placebo. With the exception 
      of an imbalance in sex, baseline characteristics were similar in the two groups. 
      The superiority of molnupiravir was demonstrated at the interim analysis; the 
      risk of hospitalization for any cause or death through day 29 was lower with 
      molnupiravir (28 of 385 participants [7.3%]) than with placebo (53 of 377 
      [14.1%]) (difference, -6.8 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -11.3 
      to -2.4; P = 0.001). In the analysis of all participants who had undergone 
      randomization, the percentage of participants who were hospitalized or died 
      through day 29 was lower in the molnupiravir group than in the placebo group 
      (6.8% [48 of 709] vs. 9.7% [68 of 699]; difference, -3.0 percentage points; 95% 
      CI, -5.9 to -0.1). Results of subgroup analyses were largely consistent with 
      these overall results; in some subgroups, such as patients with evidence of 
      previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, those with low baseline viral load, and those with 
      diabetes, the point estimate for the difference favored placebo. One death was 
      reported in the molnupiravir group and 9 were reported in the placebo group 
      through day 29. Adverse events were reported in 216 of 710 participants (30.4%) 
      in the molnupiravir group and 231 of 701 (33.0%) in the placebo group. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with molnupiravir reduced the risk of 
      hospitalization or death in at-risk, unvaccinated adults with Covid-19. (Funded 
      by Merck Sharp and Dohme; MOVe-OUT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04575597.).
CI  - Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society.
FAU - Jayk Bernal, Angélica
AU  - Jayk Bernal A
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Gomes da Silva, Monica M
AU  - Gomes da Silva MM
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Musungaie, Dany B
AU  - Musungaie DB
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Kovalchuk, Evgeniy
AU  - Kovalchuk E
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Gonzalez, Antonio
AU  - Gonzalez A
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Delos Reyes, Virginia
AU  - Delos Reyes V
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Martín-Quirós, Alejandro
AU  - Martín-Quirós A
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Caraco, Yoseph
AU  - Caraco Y
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Williams-Diaz, Angela
AU  - Williams-Diaz A
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Brown, Michelle L
AU  - Brown ML
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Du, Jiejun
AU  - Du J
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Pedley, Alison
AU  - Pedley A
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Assaid, Christopher
AU  - Assaid C
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Strizki, Julie
AU  - Strizki J
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Grobler, Jay A
AU  - Grobler JA
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Shamsuddin, Hala H
AU  - Shamsuddin HH
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Tipping, Robert
AU  - Tipping R
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Wan, Hong
AU  - Wan H
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Paschke, Amanda
AU  - Paschke A
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Butterton, Joan R
AU  - Butterton JR
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - Johnson, Matthew G
AU  - Johnson MG
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
FAU - De Anda, Carisa
AU  - De Anda C
AD  - From IMAT Oncomédica, Monteria, Colombia (A.J.B.); the Department of Public 
      Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil 
      (M.M.G.S.); Jongaie Research, Pretoria, South Africa (D.B.M.); Medical Research 
      Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia (E.K.); Advanced Research for Health 
      Improvement, Immokalee, FL (A.G.); Lung Center of the Philippines, Quezon City, 
      Philippines (V.D.R.); Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (A.M.-Q.); 
      Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 
      (Y.C.); and Merck, Kenilworth, NJ (A.W.-D., M.L.B., J.D., A. Pedley, C.A., J.S., 
      J.A.G., H.H.S., R.T., H.W., A. Paschke, J.R.B., M.G.J., C.D.A.).
CN  - MOVe-OUT Study Group
LA  - eng
SI  - ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT04575597
PT  - Clinical Trial, Phase III
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Multicenter Study
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20211216
TA  - N Engl J Med
JT  - The New England journal of medicine
JID - 0255562
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):592-593. PMID: 34914869
CIN - Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022 Jan 28;132(1):. PMID: 34978394
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294804
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294805
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294806
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294807
MH  - Administration, Oral
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Aged, 80 and over
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - Cytidine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Double-Blind Method
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
MH  - Treatment Outcome
MH  - Viral Load
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC8693688
FIR - Doreski, Pablo
IR  - Doreski P
FIR - Lobo, Suzana Margareth Ajeje
IR  - Lobo SMA
FIR - Kallás, Ésper
IR  - Kallás É
FIR - Gomes da Silva, Monica Maria
IR  - Gomes da Silva MM
FIR - Souto Lopes, Suzara
IR  - Souto Lopes S
FIR - Golin, Nicole Alberti
IR  - Golin NA
FIR - Tytus, Richard
IR  - Tytus R
FIR - Cruz, Germán
IR  - Cruz G
FIR - Rodríguez, Ignacio
IR  - Rodríguez I
FIR - Fernández, Plinio
IR  - Fernández P
FIR - Elgueta, Sergio
IR  - Elgueta S
FIR - Perez, Carlos
IR  - Perez C
FIR - Moncada, Pablo Andres
IR  - Moncada PA
FIR - Figueredo, Mario
IR  - Figueredo M
FIR - Iglesias, Shirley Patricia
IR  - Iglesias SP
FIR - Jayk Bernal, Angelica María
IR  - Jayk Bernal AM
FIR - Roa Buitrago, Jairo
IR  - Roa Buitrago J
FIR - Bautista, Leonardo
IR  - Bautista L
FIR - Fernandez, Angela
IR  - Fernandez A
FIR - Accini, Jose
IR  - Accini J
FIR - Abdel Aziz, Ehab
IR  - Abdel Aziz E
FIR - Robineau, Olivier
IR  - Robineau O
FIR - Ghosn, Jade
IR  - Ghosn J
FIR - Katlama, Christine
IR  - Katlama C
FIR - Wolf, Timo
IR  - Wolf T
FIR - Flores, Jose
IR  - Flores J
FIR - Lopez, Rudy
IR  - Lopez R
FIR - Bassetti, Matteo
IR  - Bassetti M
FIR - Ohmagari, Norio
IR  - Ohmagari N
FIR - Umezawa, Yoshihiro
IR  - Umezawa Y
FIR - Takiguchi, Yasuo
IR  - Takiguchi Y
FIR - Garcia Salcido, Roxana
IR  - Garcia Salcido R
FIR - Ponce de León Garduño, Luis Alfredo
IR  - Ponce de León Garduño LA
FIR - Camacho-Ortiz, Adrian
IR  - Camacho-Ortiz A
FIR - Mosqueda Gomez, Juan
IR  - Mosqueda Gomez J
FIR - Ramirez Hernandez, Amado
IR  - Ramirez Hernandez A
FIR - Campos, Jesus Simon
IR  - Campos JS
FIR - Rivera Martinez, Norma
IR  - Rivera Martinez N
FIR - Medina, Isai
IR  - Medina I
FIR - Castro Castrezana, Laura
IR  - Castro Castrezana L
FIR - Muniz, Alejandro
IR  - Muniz A
FIR - Delos Reyes, Virginia
IR  - Delos Reyes V
FIR - Santiaguel, Joel
IR  - Santiaguel J
FIR - Khaertynova, Ilsiyar
IR  - Khaertynova I
FIR - Ploskireva, Antonina
IR  - Ploskireva A
FIR - Lomakin, Nikita
IR  - Lomakin N
FIR - Kozlov, Roman S
IR  - Kozlov RS
FIR - Galustyan, Anna Nikolaevna
IR  - Galustyan AN
FIR - Kovalchuk, Evgeniy
IR  - Kovalchuk E
FIR - Zakharov, Konstantin
IR  - Zakharov K
FIR - Kostenko, Victor Avenirovich
IR  - Kostenko VA
FIR - Tomaev, Uruzmag
IR  - Tomaev U
FIR - Pichkov, Dmitriy
IR  - Pichkov D
FIR - Antonova, Elizaveta
IR  - Antonova E
FIR - Chizhova, Olga
IR  - Chizhova O
FIR - Arkharov, Igor
IR  - Arkharov I
FIR - Anikin, Georgiy
IR  - Anikin G
FIR - Lioznov, Dmitry
IR  - Lioznov D
FIR - Burgess, Lesley
IR  - Burgess L
FIR - Fourie, Nyda
IR  - Fourie N
FIR - Badat, Aysha
IR  - Badat A
FIR - Van Zyl, Louis
IR  - Van Zyl L
FIR - Hellstrom, Elizabeth
IR  - Hellstrom E
FIR - Kassim, Sheetal
IR  - Kassim S
FIR - Musungaie, Dany Badibanga
IR  - Musungaie DB
FIR - Petrick, Friedrich Georg
IR  - Petrick FG
FIR - Fouche, Leon
IR  - Fouche L
FIR - Coetzee, Kathleen
IR  - Coetzee K
FIR - Mngqibisa, Rosie
IR  - Mngqibisa R
FIR - Mellet, Karla
IR  - Mellet K
FIR - Quíros, Alejandro Martín
IR  - Quíros AM
FIR - Mateu, Lourdes
IR  - Mateu L
FIR - Brotons Cuixart, Carlos
IR  - Brotons Cuixart C
FIR - de Carranza Lopez, Maria
IR  - de Carranza Lopez M
FIR - Cheng, Chien-Yu
IR  - Cheng CY
FIR - Chang, Shan-Chwen
IR  - Chang SC
FIR - Bhagani, Sanjay
IR  - Bhagani S
FIR - Samoilova, Svitlana
IR  - Samoilova S
FIR - Ostrovskyy, Mykola
IR  - Ostrovskyy M
FIR - Kobrynska, Olena
IR  - Kobrynska O
FIR - Pryshliak, Oleksandra
IR  - Pryshliak O
FIR - Logoida, Pavlo
IR  - Logoida P
FIR - Gyrina, Olga
IR  - Gyrina O
FIR - Kireyev, Igor
IR  - Kireyev I
FIR - Koval, Tetiana
IR  - Koval T
FIR - Berenfus, Vadym
IR  - Berenfus V
FIR - Peresh, Liudmyla
IR  - Peresh L
FIR - Levchenko, Olena
IR  - Levchenko O
FIR - Crofoot, Gordon E
IR  - Crofoot GE
FIR - Gonzalez, Antonio
IR  - Gonzalez A
FIR - Surber, Joseph
IR  - Surber J
FIR - Duke, Elizabeth
IR  - Duke E
FIR - Sims, James
IR  - Sims J
FIR - Ramgopal, Moti
IR  - Ramgopal M
FIR - Kemp, Charles
IR  - Kemp C
FIR - Zambrano, Carlos
IR  - Zambrano C
FIR - Cohen, Jonathan
IR  - Cohen J
FIR - Katzman, Steven
IR  - Katzman S
FIR - Weinberg, Aaron
IR  - Weinberg A
FIR - Cardona, Jose
IR  - Cardona J
FIR - Delgado, Lisette
IR  - Delgado L
FIR - Ginsberg, Daniel
IR  - Ginsberg D
FIR - Mills, Anthony
IR  - Mills A
FIR - Pelayo, Enrique
IR  - Pelayo E
FIR - Grayson Mathis, Charlotte
IR  - Grayson Mathis C
FIR - Call, Robert
IR  - Call R
FIR - Graham, Mary Beth
IR  - Graham MB
EDAT- 2021/12/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/22 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/16 17:31
PHST- 2021/12/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/16 17:31 [entrez]
AID - NJ202112163860601 [pii]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMoa2116044 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116044. Epub 2021 
      Dec 16.

PMID- 35118917
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220208
LR  - 20220216
IS  - 1365-2060 (Electronic)
IS  - 0785-3890 (Print)
IS  - 0785-3890 (Linking)
VI  - 54
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Dec
TI  - Efficacy and safety of three new oral antiviral treatment (molnupiravir, 
      fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) for COVID-19：a meta-analysis.
PG  - 516-523
LID - 10.1080/07853890.2022.2034936 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic has not been completely 
      controlled. Although great achievements have been made in COVID-19 research and 
      many antiviral drugs have shown good therapeutic effects against COVID-19, a 
      simple oral antiviral drug for COVID-19 has not yet been developed. We conducted 
      a meta-analysis to investigate the improvement in mortality or hospitalization 
      rates and adverse events among COVID-19 patients with three new oral antivirals 
      (including molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid). METHODS: We searched 
      scientific and medical databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and 
      Cochrane Library for relevant articles and screened the references of retrieved 
      studies on COVID-19. RESULTS: A total of eight studies were included in this 
      study. The drug group included 2440 COVID-19 patients, including 54 patients who 
      died or were hospitalized. The control group included a total of 2348 COVID-19 
      patients, including 118 patients who died or were hospitalized. The overall odds 
      ratio (OR) of mortality or hospitalization was 0.33 (95% confidence interval 
      [CI], 0.22-0.49) for COVID-19 patients in the drug group and placebo group, 
      indicating that oral antiviral drugs were effective for COVID-19 patients and 
      reduced the mortality or hospitalization by approximately 67%. CONCLUSIONS: This 
      study showed that three novel oral antivirals (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and 
      Paxlovid) are effective in reducing the mortality and hospitalization rates in 
      patients with COVID-19. In addition, the three oral drugs did not increase the 
      occurrence of adverse events, thus exhibiting good overall safety. These three 
      oral antiviral drugs are still being studied, and the available data suggest that 
      they will bring new hope for COVID-19 recovery and have the potential to be a 
      breakthrough and very promising treatment for COVID-19.KEY MESSAGESMany antiviral 
      drugs have shown good therapeutic effects, and there is no simple oral antiviral 
      drug for COVID-19 patients.Meta-analysis was conducted for three new oral 
      antivirals to evaluate the improvement in mortality or hospitalization rates and 
      adverse events among COVID-19 patients.We focussed on three new oral Coronavirus 
      agents (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) and hope to provide guidance for 
      the roll-out of oral antivirals.
FAU - Wen, Wen
AU  - Wen W
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
AD  - Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Chen, Chen
AU  - Chen C
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
AD  - Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Tang, Jiake
AU  - Tang J
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
AD  - Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Wang, Chunyi
AU  - Wang C
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
AD  - Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Zhou, Mengyun
AU  - Zhou M
AD  - Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of 
      Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
FAU - Cheng, Yongran
AU  - Cheng Y
AD  - School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Zhou, Xiang
AU  - Zhou X
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Wu, Qi
AU  - Wu Q
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Zhang, Xingwei
AU  - Zhang X
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Feng, Zhanhui
AU  - Feng Z
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4755-7415
AD  - Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 
      Guiyang, PR China.
FAU - Wang, Mingwei
AU  - Wang M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9060-5107
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
FAU - Mao, Qin
AU  - Mao Q
AD  - Hangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou 
      Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Meta-Analysis
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
TA  - Ann Med
JT  - Annals of medicine
JID - 8906388
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - O4L1XPO44W (Fluvoxamine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - *Fluvoxamine/adverse effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Lactams
MH  - Leucine
MH  - Nitriles
MH  - Proline
MH  - Ritonavir
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8820829
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *Paxlovid™
OT  - *fluvoxamine
OT  - *molnupiravir
COIS- No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
EDAT- 2022/02/05 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/09 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/04 08:41
PHST- 2022/02/04 08:41 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - 2034936 [pii]
AID - 10.1080/07853890.2022.2034936 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):516-523. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2034936.

PMID- 34902743
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220124
LR  - 20220124
IS  - 1950-6007 (Electronic)
IS  - 0753-3322 (Print)
IS  - 0753-3322 (Linking)
VI  - 146
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - RdRp inhibitors and COVID-19: Is molnupiravir a good option?
PG  - 112517
LID - S0753-3322(21)01304-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112517 [doi]
AB  - Rapid changes in the viral genome allow viruses to evade threats posed by the 
      host immune response or antiviral drugs, and can lead to viral persistence in the 
      host cells. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is an essential enzyme in RNA 
      viruses, which is involved in RNA synthesis through the formation of 
      phosphodiester bonds. Therefore, in RNA viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2, RdRp 
      could be a crucial therapeutic target. The present review discusses the promising 
      application of RdRp inhibitors, previously approved or currently being tested in 
      human clinical trials, in the treatment of RNA virus infections. Nucleoside 
      inhibitors (NIs) bind to the active site of RdRp, while nonnucleoside inhibitors 
      (NNIs) bind to allosteric sites. Given the absence of highly effective drugs for 
      the treatment of COVID-19, the discovery of an efficient treatment for this 
      pandemic is an urgent concern for researchers around the world. We review the 
      evidence for molnupiravir (MK-4482, EIDD-2801), an antiviral drug originally 
      designed for Alphavirus infections, as a potential preventive and therapeutic 
      agent for the management of COVID-19. At the beginning of this pandemic, 
      molnupiravir was in preclinical development for seasonal influenza. When COVID-19 
      spread dramatically, the timeline for development was accelerated to focus on the 
      treatment of this pandemic. Real time consultation with regulators took place to 
      expedite this program. We summarize the therapeutic potential of RdRp inhibitors, 
      and highlight molnupiravir as a new small molecule drug for COVID-19 treatment.
CI  - Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights 
      reserved.
FAU - Hashemian, Seyed Mohammad Reza
AU  - Hashemian SMR
AD  - Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute 
      of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical 
      Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Pourhanifeh, Mohammad Hossein
AU  - Pourhanifeh MH
AD  - School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
FAU - Hamblin, Michael R
AU  - Hamblin MR
AD  - Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, 
      Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
FAU - Shahrzad, Mohammad Karim
AU  - Shahrzad MK
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology,‎ ShohadaeTajrish Hospital, 
      Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: 
      mk_shahrzad@yahoo.com.
FAU - Mirzaei, Hamed
AU  - Mirzaei H
AD  - Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; 
      Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute 
      for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran. 
      Electronic address: h.mirzaei2002@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211209
TA  - Biomed Pharmacother
JT  - Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
JID - 8213295
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/*enzymology
MH  - Clinical Trials as Topic/methods
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
PMC - PMC8654603
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Clinical trials
OT  - RdRp inhibitors, Molnupiravir
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - Small molecule drug
COIS- Authors declare no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2021/12/14 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/27 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/13 20:25
PHST- 2021/10/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/03 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/06 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/12/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/13 20:25 [entrez]
AID - S0753-3322(21)01304-4 [pii]
AID - 112517 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112517 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Feb;146:112517. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112517. Epub 
      2021 Dec 9.

PMID- 35245942
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220304
IS  - 1537-6591 (Electronic)
IS  - 1058-4838 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 4
TI  - Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir: Oral COVID Antiviral Drugs.
LID - ciac180 [pii]
LID - 10.1093/cid/ciac180 [doi]
AB  - At a crucial time with rapid spread of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 virus variant globally, 
      the United States Food and Drug Administration has issued an emergency use 
      authorization for two oral antivirals molnupiravir (>18 years) and 
      nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid) (≥12 years; >40kg ) for the outpatient 
      treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 patients who are at risk for progression. 
      Molnupiravir is a nucleoside analogue, whereas nirmatrelvir is a SARS-CoV-2 main 
      protease inhibitor, and ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. Drug 
      interactions are a major concern for nirmatrelvir-ritonavir. 
      Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir demonstrated a greater risk reduction in hospitalization 
      and death than molnupiravir compared to placebo. Both drugs need to be started 
      within five days of symptoms onset and given for five days duration. This article 
      will review the two oral COVID-19 antiviral drugs including the mechanisms of 
      action, antiviral activity, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, clinical 
      experience including trials, adverse events, recommended indications, and 
      formulary considerations.
CI  - © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious 
      Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, e-mail: 
      journals.permissions@oup.com.
FAU - Saravolatz, Louis D
AU  - Saravolatz LD
AD  - Thomas Mackey Center for Infectious Diseases Research.
AD  - Ascension-St John Hospital, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, USA.
AD  - Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
AD  - Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Pleasant, Michigan, USA.
FAU - Depcinski, Shawn
AU  - Depcinski S
AD  - Ascension-St John Hospital, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, USA.
AD  - Ascension Rx Specialty Pharmacy, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, USA.
FAU - Sharma, Mamta
AU  - Sharma M
AD  - Thomas Mackey Center for Infectious Diseases Research.
AD  - Ascension-St John Hospital, Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, USA.
AD  - Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
AD  - Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mt Pleasant, Michigan, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220304
PL  - United States
TA  - Clin Infect Dis
JT  - Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases 
      Society of America
JID - 9203213
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Paxlovid
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - nirmatrelvir
OT  - ritonavir
EDAT- 2022/03/05 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/05 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/04 20:15
PHST- 2022/01/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/04 20:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - 6542722 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/cid/ciac180 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 4:ciac180. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac180.

PMID- 35444647
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220422
LR  - 20220423
IS  - 1664-3224 (Electronic)
IS  - 1664-3224 (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2022
TI  - Molnupiravir and Its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19.
PG  - 855496
LID - 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855496 [doi]
LID - 855496
AB  - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute 
      respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes a major worldwide 
      public health threat and economic burden. The pandemic is still ongoing and the 
      SARS-CoV-2 variants are still emerging constantly, resulting in an urgent demand 
      for new drugs to treat this disease. Molnupiravir, a biological prodrug of NHC 
      (β-D-N(4)-hydroxycytidine), is a novel nucleoside analogue with a broad-spectrum 
      antiviral activity against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome 
      coronavirus (MERS-CoV), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 
      bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Ebola virus 
      (EBOV). Molnupiravir showed potent therapeutic and prophylactic activity against 
      multiple coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV in animal 
      models. In clinical trials, molnupiravir showed beneficial effects for mild to 
      moderate COVID-19 patients with a favorable safety profile. The oral 
      bioavailability and potent antiviral activity of molnupiravir highlight its 
      potential utility as a therapeutic candidate against COVID-19. This review 
      presents the research progress of molnupiravir starting with its discovery and 
      synthesis, broad-spectrum antiviral effects, and antiviral mechanism. In 
      addition, the preclinical studies, antiviral resistance, clinical trials, safety, 
      and drug tolerability of molnupiravir are also summarized and discussed, aiming 
      to expand our knowledge on molnupiravir and better deal with the COVID-19 
      epidemic.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Tian, Pang, Li, Lou, An, Zhu, Song, Tong, Fan and Fan.
FAU - Tian, Lili
AU  - Tian L
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Pang, Zehan
AU  - Pang Z
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Li, Maochen
AU  - Li M
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Lou, Fuxing
AU  - Lou F
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - An, Xiaoping
AU  - An X
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Zhu, Shaozhou
AU  - Zhu S
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Song, Lihua
AU  - Song L
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Tong, Yigang
AU  - Tong Y
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Fan, Huahao
AU  - Fan H
AD  - College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical 
      Technology, Beijing, China.
FAU - Fan, Junfen
AU  - Fan J
AD  - Department of Neurology, Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu 
      Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220404
TA  - Front Immunol
JT  - Frontiers in immunology
JID - 101560960
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - *Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC9013824
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - antiviral
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - orally bioavailable
OT  - safety
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/21 05:44
PHST- 2022/01/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/21 05:44 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/23 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855496 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Immunol. 2022 Apr 4;13:855496. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855496. eCollection 
      2022.

PMID- 34894208
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220317
LR  - 20220420
IS  - 1988-9518 (Electronic)
IS  - 0214-3429 (Print)
IS  - 0214-3429 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Apr
TI  - Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper.
PG  - 115-130
LID - bouza11dec2021 [pii]
LID - 10.37201/req/158.2021 [doi]
AB  - The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has 
      been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The 
      development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the 
      pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing 
      drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The 
      Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of 
      Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new 
      drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the 
      immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against 
      the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.
CI  - ©The Author 2021. Published by Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia. This article 
      is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 
      4.0 International (CC BY-NC 
      4.0)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
FAU - García-Lledó, A
AU  - García-Lledó A
FAU - Gómez-Pavón, J
AU  - Gómez-Pavón J
FAU - González Del Castillo, J
AU  - González Del Castillo J
FAU - Hernández-Sampelayo, T
AU  - Hernández-Sampelayo T
FAU - Martín-Delgado, M C
AU  - Martín-Delgado MC
FAU - Martín Sánchez, F J
AU  - Martín Sánchez FJ
FAU - Martínez-Sellés, M
AU  - Martínez-Sellés M
FAU - Molero García, J M
AU  - Molero García JM
FAU - Moreno Guillén, S
AU  - Moreno Guillén S
FAU - Rodríguez-Artalejo, F J
AU  - Rodríguez-Artalejo FJ
FAU - Ruiz-Galiana, J
AU  - Ruiz-Galiana J
FAU - Cantón, R
AU  - Cantón R
FAU - De Lucas Ramos, P
AU  - De Lucas Ramos P
FAU - García-Botella, A
AU  - García-Botella A
FAU - Bouza, E
AU  - Bouza E
AD  - Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital General 
      Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense. CIBERES. Ciber de 
      Enfermedades Respiratorias. Madrid, Spain. emilio.bouza@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20211211
TA  - Rev Esp Quimioter
JT  - Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola 
      de Quimioterapia
JID - 9108821
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Pandemics/prevention & control
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8972693
OAB - Publisher: Abstract available from the publisher.
OABL- spa
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - AZD7442
OT  - Adalimumab
OT  - Anakinra
OT  - Azithromycin
OT  - BRII-196
OT  - BRII-198
OT  - Banlanivimab
OT  - Baricitinib
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Canakinumab
OT  - Casirivimab
OT  - Certolizumab
OT  - Ciganilmab
OT  - Colchicine
OT  - Dexamethasone
OT  - Etanercept
OT  - Etesevimab
OT  - Evusheld
OT  - Favipiravir
OT  - Fluvoxamine
OT  - Golimumab
OT  - Hydroxychloroquine
OT  - Imdevinab
OT  - Infliximab
OT  - Itolizumab
OT  - Ivermectin
OT  - Lemilumab
OT  - Lopinavir/Ritonavir
OT  - Metformin
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - PF-07321332
OT  - Paxlovid
OT  - Ravulizumab
OT  - Remdesivir
OT  - Ruxolitinib
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - Sarilumab
OT  - Sotrovimab
OT  - Tixagevimab
OT  - Tocilizumab
OT  - Tofacitinib
OT  - Vitamin D
OT  - convalescent plasma
OT  - treatment
COIS- The authors declare no conflicts of interest
EDAT- 2021/12/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/18 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/11 11:56
PHST- 2021/12/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/11 11:56 [entrez]
AID - bouza11dec2021 [pii]
AID - revespquimioter-35-115 [pii]
AID - 10.37201/req/158.2021 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Rev Esp Quimioter. 2022 Apr;35(2):115-130. doi: 10.37201/req/158.2021. Epub 2021 
      Dec 11.

PMID- 34941423
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220124
LR  - 20220302
IS  - 1946-6242 (Electronic)
IS  - 1946-6234 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 628
DP  - 2022 Jan 19
TI  - A phase 2a clinical trial of molnupiravir in patients with COVID-19 shows 
      accelerated SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance and elimination of infectious virus.
PG  - eabl7430
LID - 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7430 [doi]
AB  - There is an urgent need for an effective, oral, direct-acting therapeutic to 
      block transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 
      (SARS-CoV-2) and prevent progression to severe coronavirus disease 2019 
      (COVID-19). In a phase 2a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, 
      multicenter clinical trial, we evaluated the safety, tolerability, and antiviral 
      efficacy of the nucleoside analog molnupiravir in 202 unvaccinated participants 
      with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptom duration <7 days. Participants 
      were randomized 1:1 to receive molnupiravir (200 mg) or placebo and then 3:1 to 
      receive molnupiravir (400 or 800 mg) or placebo, orally twice daily for 5 days. 
      Antiviral activity was assessed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain 
      reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs. Infectious virus 
      was assessed by inoculation of cultured Vero cells with samples from 
      nasopharyngeal swabs and was detected by RT-PCR. Time to viral RNA clearance 
      (primary endpoint) was decreased in the 800-mg molnupiravir group (median 14 
      days) compared to the placebo group (median 15 days) (log rank P value = 0.013). 
      Of participants receiving 800 mg of molnupiravir, 92.5% achieved viral RNA 
      clearance compared with 80.3% of placebo recipients by study end (4 weeks). 
      Infectious virus (secondary endpoint) was detected in swabs from 1.9% of the 
      800-mg molnupiravir group compared with 16.7% of the placebo group at day 3 of 
      treatment (P = 0.016). At day 5 of treatment, infectious virus was not isolated 
      from any participants receiving 400 or 800 mg of molnupiravir compared with 11.1% 
      of placebo recipients (P = 0.034 and 0.027, respectively). Molnupiravir was well 
      tolerated across all doses.
FAU - Fischer, William A 2nd
AU  - Fischer WA 2nd
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4900-098X
AD  - Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Pulmonary 
      Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel 
      Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Eron, Joseph J Jr
AU  - Eron JJ Jr
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4938-0644
AD  - Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North 
      Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Holman, Wayne
AU  - Holman W
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2163-3707
AD  - Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP, Miami, FL, USA.
FAU - Cohen, Myron S
AU  - Cohen MS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5917-9664
AD  - Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North 
      Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Fang, Lei
AU  - Fang L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2647-914X
AD  - Pharstat Inc., Raleigh, NC, USA.
FAU - Szewczyk, Laura J
AU  - Szewczyk LJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0311-0654
AD  - Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP, Miami, FL, USA.
FAU - Sheahan, Timothy P
AU  - Sheahan TP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9181-2183
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Baric, Ralph
AU  - Baric R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6827-8701
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Mollan, Katie R
AU  - Mollan KR
AD  - Gillings School of Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of North 
      Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Wolfe, Cameron R
AU  - Wolfe CR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5365-5030
AD  - Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical 
      Center, Durham, NC, USA.
FAU - Duke, Elizabeth R
AU  - Duke ER
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3348-9039
AD  - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 
      USA.
FAU - Azizad, Masoud M
AU  - Azizad MM
AD  - Valley Clinical Trials Inc., Northridge, CA, USA.
FAU - Borroto-Esoda, Katyna
AU  - Borroto-Esoda K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3909-6578
AD  - KBE Consulting, Raleigh, NC, USA.
FAU - Wohl, David A
AU  - Wohl DA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7764-0212
AD  - Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North 
      Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Coombs, Robert W
AU  - Coombs RW
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2709-0512
AD  - Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 
      Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - James Loftis, Amy
AU  - James Loftis A
AD  - Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Pulmonary 
      Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel 
      Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Alabanza, Paul
AU  - Alabanza P
AD  - Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel 
      Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Lipansky, Felicia
AU  - Lipansky F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3351-6017
AD  - Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP, Miami, FL, USA.
FAU - Painter, Wendy P
AU  - Painter WP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6710-1277
AD  - Ridgeback Biotherapeutics LP, Miami, FL, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial, Phase II
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Multicenter Study
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220119
PL  - United States
TA  - Sci Transl Med
JT  - Science translational medicine
JID - 101505086
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
UOF - medRxiv. 2021 Jun 17;:. PMID: 34159342
MH  - Animals
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Chlorocebus aethiops
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - RNA, Viral/genetics
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Treatment Outcome
MH  - Vero Cells
EDAT- 2021/12/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/27 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/23 17:15
PHST- 2021/12/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/23 17:15 [entrez]
AID - 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7430 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Transl Med. 2022 Jan 19;14(628):eabl7430. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl7430. 
      Epub 2022 Jan 19.

PMID- 34914869
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220214
LR  - 20220214
IS  - 1533-4406 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Print)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Linking)
VI  - 386
IP  - 6
DP  - 2022 Feb 10
TI  - Molnupiravir - A Step toward Orally Bioavailable Therapies for Covid-19.
PG  - 592-593
LID - 10.1056/NEJMe2117814 [doi]
LID - NEJMe2117814
FAU - Whitley, Richard
AU  - Whitley R
AD  - From the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comment
PT  - Editorial
DEP - 20211216
TA  - N Engl J Med
JT  - The New England journal of medicine
JID - 0255562
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. PMID: 34914868
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8693684
EDAT- 2021/12/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/15 06:00
CRDT- 2021/12/16 17:31
PHST- 2021/12/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/12/16 17:31 [entrez]
AID - NJ202112163860602 [pii]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMe2117814 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):592-593. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2117814. Epub 2021 
      Dec 16.

PMID- 35101888
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220225
LR  - 20220228
IS  - 1755-5248 (Electronic)
IS  - 0012-6543 (Linking)
VI  - 60
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Molnupiravir in unvaccinated patients with COVID-19.
PG  - 35
LID - 10.1136/dtb.2022.000002 [doi]
AB  - Overview of: Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva MM, Musungaie DB, et al Molnupiravir 
      for oral treatment of COVID-19 in nonhospitalized patients. NEJM 
      2021;doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2116044 [Epub ahead of print 16 Dec 2021].
CI  - © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and 
      permissions. Published by BMJ.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220131
PL  - England
TA  - Drug Ther Bull
JT  - Drug and therapeutics bulletin
JID - 0112037
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
MH  - *Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - access
OT  - and evaluation
OT  - drug-related side effects and adverse reactions
OT  - healthcare quality
EDAT- 2022/02/02 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/26 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/01 06:06
PHST- 2022/02/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/26 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/01 06:06 [entrez]
AID - dtb.2022.000002 [pii]
AID - 10.1136/dtb.2022.000002 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drug Ther Bull. 2022 Mar;60(3):35. doi: 10.1136/dtb.2022.000002. Epub 2022 Jan 
      31.

PMID- 35287311
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220316
IS  - 2522-8307 (Electronic)
IS  - 1110-0591 (Print)
IS  - 1110-0591 (Linking)
VI  - 46
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022
TI  - Antiviral activity of molnupiravir against COVID-19: a schematic review of 
      evidences.
PG  - 62
LID - 10.1186/s42269-022-00753-9 [doi]
LID - 62
AB  - BACKGROUND: The study was aimed at encapsulating the evidence of in vitro and in 
      vivo antiviral activities of molnupiravir and its active form against highly 
      pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen responsible for COVID-19, and finding out the 
      efficacy and safety of molnupiravir in clinical trials. MAIN BODY: Information on 
      publications was explored on several databases, gray literature was reviewed, and 
      the outcomes were discussed narratively. Molnupiravir's antiviral efficacy and 
      associated mechanism of action have been verified in vitro against both non-COVID 
      and multiple coronaviruses. Molnupiravir has been tried in preclinical 
      investigations in numerous animal models against non-coronaviruses. Clinical 
      studies in several countries are now being conducted to evaluate its antiviral 
      efficacy in persons infected with COVID-19. The medication displays antiviral 
      effect via generation of copying mistakes during viral RNA replication. 
      CONCLUSIONS: Molnupiravir is the first oral antiviral medicine to show 
      considerable and convincing antiviral activity in vitro and in animal models. 
      Molnupiravir stops the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in animals that have been infected 
      and in cells grown in a lab. In a clinical research, early molnupiravir treatment 
      reduced hospitalization and death risk in unvaccinated individuals with COVID-19. 
      In the battle against SARS-CoV-2, it could be a potent weapon. However, its role 
      in COVID-19 in moderate to severe cases is still up in the air, and more research 
      is needed.
CI  - © The Author(s) 2022.
FAU - Singla, Shivali
AU  - Singla S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1780-8885
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Abhilashi University, Chail 
      Chowk, HP 175028 India.
FAU - Goyal, Sachin
AU  - Goyal S
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Abhilashi University, Chail 
      Chowk, HP 175028 India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220310
TA  - Bull Natl Res Cent
JT  - Bulletin of the National Research Centre
JID - 101755158
PMC - PMC8907909
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - EIDD-1931
OT  - EIDD-2801
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - SARS-Cov-2
COIS- Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/03/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/16 06:01
CRDT- 2022/03/15 05:07
PHST- 2021/11/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/15 05:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/16 06:01 [medline]
AID - 753 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s42269-022-00753-9 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Bull Natl Res Cent. 2022;46(1):62. doi: 10.1186/s42269-022-00753-9. Epub 2022 Mar 
      10.

PMID- 35199608
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220309
LR  - 20220330
IS  - 1746-0921 (Electronic)
IS  - 1746-0913 (Print)
IS  - 1746-0913 (Linking)
VI  - 17
IP  - 5
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Comprehensive review on molnupiravir in COVID-19: a novel promising antiviral to 
      combat the pandemic.
PG  - 377-391
LID - 10.2217/fmb-2021-0252 [doi]
AB  - Despite the progress in the management of COVID-19, effective oral antiviral 
      agents are still lacking. In the present review, the potential beneficial effects 
      of molnupiravir in the management of COVID-19 are discussed. A literature search 
      in Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov for the relevant 
      articles regarding the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical trials of 
      molnupiravir in the management of COVID-19 is conducted. Most of the preclinical 
      studies and available clinical trials showed a favorable short-term safety 
      profile of molnupiravir; however, given its possible genotoxic effects, further 
      trials are required to confirm the long-term efficacy and safety of molnupiravir 
      in patients with COVID-19.
FAU - Khiali, Sajad
AU  - Khiali S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2476-4430
AD  - Department of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166414766, Iran.
FAU - Khani, Elnaz
AU  - Khani E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6877-3366
AD  - Department of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166414766, Iran.
FAU - B Rouy, Samineh
AU  - B Rouy S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6634-2105
AD  - Department of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166414766, Iran.
FAU - Entezari-Maleki, Taher
AU  - Entezari-Maleki T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3653-3653
AD  - Department of clinical pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy, Tabriz University of 
      Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166414766, Iran.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220224
TA  - Future Microbiol
JT  - Future microbiology
JID - 101278120
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8961474
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *MK-4482
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
OT  - *direct-acting antivirals
OT  - *molnupiravir
COIS- Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant 
      affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a 
      financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials 
      discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, 
      stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or 
      pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of 
      this manuscript.
EDAT- 2022/02/25 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/11 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/24 08:42
PHST- 2022/02/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/24 08:42 [entrez]
AID - 10.2217/fmb-2021-0252 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Future Microbiol. 2022 Mar;17(5):377-391. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0252. Epub 2022 
      Feb 24.

PMID- 35294807
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220401
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1533-4406 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Linking)
VI  - 386
IP  - 13
DP  - 2022 Mar 31
TI  - Molnupiravir for Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients.
PG  - e32
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa4 [pii]
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
FAU - Roberfroid, Dominique
AU  - Roberfroid D
AD  - Belgian Health Care Knowledge Center, Brussels, Belgium 
      dominique.roberfroid@kce.fgov.be.
FAU - Jespers, Vicky
AU  - Jespers V
AD  - Belgian Health Care Knowledge Center, Brussels, Belgium 
      dominique.roberfroid@kce.fgov.be.
FAU - Hulstaert, Frank
AU  - Hulstaert F
AD  - Belgian Health Care Knowledge Center, Brussels, Belgium 
      dominique.roberfroid@kce.fgov.be.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comment
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220316
PL  - United States
TA  - N Engl J Med
JT  - The New England journal of medicine
JID - 0255562
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. PMID: 34914868
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294808
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
EDAT- 2022/03/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/02 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/16 17:18
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/16 17:18 [entrez]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa4 [pii]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2201612. Epub 2022 Mar 
      16.

PMID- 35294805
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220401
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1533-4406 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Linking)
VI  - 386
IP  - 13
DP  - 2022 Mar 31
TI  - Molnupiravir for Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients.
PG  - e32
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa2 [pii]
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
FAU - Selvi-Sabater, Pablo
AU  - Selvi-Sabater P
AD  - Murcia Health Service, Murcia, Spain pbselvi@gmail.com.
FAU - Abellon-Ruiz, Juan
AU  - Abellon-Ruiz J
AD  - Hospital General Universitario Los Arcos del Mar Menor, Murcia, Spain.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comment
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220316
PL  - United States
TA  - N Engl J Med
JT  - The New England journal of medicine
JID - 0255562
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. PMID: 34914868
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294808
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
EDAT- 2022/03/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/02 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/16 17:18
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/16 17:18 [entrez]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa2 [pii]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2201612. Epub 2022 Mar 
      16.

PMID- 35294804
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220401
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1533-4406 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Linking)
VI  - 386
IP  - 13
DP  - 2022 Mar 31
TI  - Molnupiravir for Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients.
PG  - e32
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa1 [pii]
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
FAU - Thorlund, Kristian
AU  - Thorlund K
AD  - McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
FAU - Sheldrick, Kyle
AU  - Sheldrick K
AD  - University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
FAU - Mills, Edward
AU  - Mills E
AD  - McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada millsej@mcmaster.ca.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comment
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220316
PL  - United States
TA  - N Engl J Med
JT  - The New England journal of medicine
JID - 0255562
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. PMID: 34914868
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294808
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
EDAT- 2022/03/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/02 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/16 17:18
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/16 17:18 [entrez]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa1 [pii]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2201612. Epub 2022 Mar 
      16.

PMID- 35294806
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220401
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1533-4406 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Linking)
VI  - 386
IP  - 13
DP  - 2022 Mar 31
TI  - Molnupiravir for Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients.
PG  - e32
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa3 [pii]
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
FAU - Levenstein, Susan
AU  - Levenstein S
AD  - Aventino Medical Group, Rome, Italy susanlevenstein@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comment
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220316
PL  - United States
TA  - N Engl J Med
JT  - The New England journal of medicine
JID - 0255562
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):509-520. PMID: 34914868
CIN - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294808
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
EDAT- 2022/03/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/02 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/16 17:18
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/16 17:18 [entrez]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa3 [pii]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2201612. Epub 2022 Mar 
      16.

PMID- 35134041
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220217
LR  - 20220217
IS  - 1523-2859 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-732X (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1642
DP  - 2022 Jan 24
TI  - Molnupiravir for treatment of COVID-19.
PG  - 10-11
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Lett Drugs Ther
JT  - The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics
JID - 2985240R
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/diagnosis/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - Cytidine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Approval
MH  - Drug Interactions
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Treatment Outcome
MH  - United States
MH  - United States Food and Drug Administration
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - adverse effects
OT  - antiviral drugs
OT  - dosage
OT  - drug interactions
OT  - efficacy
OT  - lactation
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - pregnancy
OT  - safety
EDAT- 2022/02/09 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/19 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/08 17:13
PHST- 2022/02/08 17:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/19 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2022 Jan 24;64(1642):10-11.

PMID- 35029659
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220221
LR  - 20220221
IS  - 1538-3598 (Electronic)
IS  - 0098-7484 (Linking)
VI  - 327
IP  - 7
DP  - 2022 Feb 15
TI  - COVID-19 Therapeutics for Nonhospitalized Patients.
PG  - 617-618
LID - 10.1001/jama.2022.0335 [doi]
FAU - Gandhi, Rajesh T
AU  - Gandhi RT
AD  - Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
FAU - Malani, Preeti N
AU  - Malani PN
AD  - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of 
      Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor.
AD  - Associate Editor, JAMA.
FAU - Del Rio, Carlos
AU  - Del Rio C
AD  - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School 
      of Medicine, Georgia Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia.
LA  - eng
GR  - P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - UM1 AI069412/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PL  - United States
TA  - JAMA
JT  - JAMA
JID - 7501160
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized)
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Neutralizing)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 1MTK0BPN8V (sotrovimab)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Alanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
MH  - Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Child
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - Female
MH  - Health Care Rationing
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
MH  - Lactams/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/therapeutic use
MH  - Nitriles/therapeutic use
MH  - Outpatients
MH  - Pregnancy
MH  - Proline/therapeutic use
MH  - Ritonavir/therapeutic use
EDAT- 2022/01/15 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/22 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/14 12:15
PHST- 2022/01/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/14 12:15 [entrez]
AID - 2788254 [pii]
AID - 10.1001/jama.2022.0335 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - JAMA. 2022 Feb 15;327(7):617-618. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.0335.

PMID- 35051686
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220316
LR  - 20220316
IS  - 1878-0334 (Electronic)
IS  - 1871-4021 (Print)
IS  - 1871-4021 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - An updated practical guideline on use of molnupiravir and comparison with agents 
      having emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19.
PG  - 102396
LID - S1871-4021(22)00010-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102396 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Molnupiravir is a newer oral antiviral drug that has 
      recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) in USA, UK and India. We aim 
      to conduct an update on our previous systematic review to provide practical 
      clinical guideline for using molnupiravir in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We 
      systematically searched the electronic database of PubMed, MedRxiv and Google 
      Scholar until January 5, 2022, using key MeSH keywords. RESULTS: Final result of 
      phase 3 study in 1433 non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients showed a significant 
      reduction in composite risk of hospital admission or death (absolute risk 
      difference, -3.0% [95% confidence interval {CI}, -5.9 to -0.1%]; 1-sided 
      P = 0.02) although with a non-significant 31% relative risk reduction (RRR). RRR 
      for death alone was 89% (95% CI, 14 to 99; P-value not reported). Number needed 
      to treat to prevent 1 death or 1 hospitalization or death composite appears to be 
      closely competitive to other agents having EUA in people with COVID-19. However, 
      cost-wise molnupiravir is comparatively cheaper compared to all other agents. 
      CONCLUSION: Molnupiravir could be a useful agent in non-pregnant unvaccinated 
      adults with COVID-19 who are at increased risk of severity including 
      hospitalization. However, it is effective only when used within 5-days of onset 
      of symptoms. A 5-days course seems to be safe without any obvious short-term side 
      effects.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Singh, Awadhesh Kumar
AU  - Singh AK
AD  - G. D Hospital & Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Electronic 
      address: drawadheshkumarsingh@gmail.com.
FAU - Singh, Akriti
AU  - Singh A
AD  - Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College & Hospital, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
FAU - Singh, Ritu
AU  - Singh R
AD  - G. D Hospital & Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
FAU - Misra, Anoop
AU  - Misra A
AD  - Fortis C-DOC Hospital for Diabetes & Allied Sciences, New Delhi, India; National 
      Diabetes, Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation, New Delhi, India; Diabetes 
      Foundation (India), New Delhi, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial, Phase III
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
DEP - 20220113
TA  - Diabetes Metab Syndr
JT  - Diabetes & metabolic syndrome
JID - 101462250
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Aged
MH  - Alanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/mortality
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines
MH  - Cytidine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Double-Blind Method
MH  - Drug Approval
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - Female
MH  - Hospitalization
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Lactams/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/therapeutic use
MH  - Male
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Nitriles/therapeutic use
MH  - Proline/therapeutic use
MH  - Ritonavir/therapeutic use
MH  - *SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Severity of Illness Index
MH  - Treatment Outcome
PMC - PMC8755553
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Bamlanivimab–etesevimab
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Casirivimab–imdevimab
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir
OT  - Remdesivir
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - Sotrovimab
COIS- Declaration of competing interest We hereby declare that we have no conflict of 
      interest, related to this article titled “An Updated Practical Guideline on Use 
      of Molnupiravir and Comparison with Agents having Emergency Use Authorization for 
      Treatment of COVID-19”.
EDAT- 2022/01/21 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/17 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/20 20:19
PHST- 2022/01/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/20 20:19 [entrez]
AID - S1871-4021(22)00010-8 [pii]
AID - 102396 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102396 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022 Feb;16(2):102396. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102396. Epub 
      2022 Jan 13.

PMID- 35134040
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220217
LR  - 20220217
IS  - 1523-2859 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-732X (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1642
DP  - 2022 Jan 24
TI  - Paxlovid for treatment of COVID-19.
PG  - 9-10
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Lett Drugs Ther
JT  - The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics
JID - 2985240R
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/diagnosis/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - Drug Approval
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - Drug Interactions
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lactams/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Nitriles/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Proline/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Ritonavir/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - Treatment Outcome
MH  - United States
MH  - United States Food and Drug Administration
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *Paxlovid
OT  - *Veklury
OT  - *adverse effects
OT  - *antiviral drugs
OT  - *dosage
OT  - *drug interactions
OT  - *efficacy
OT  - *lactation
OT  - *molnupiravir
OT  - *nirmatrelvir
OT  - *pregnancy
OT  - *remdesivir
OT  - *ritonavir
OT  - *safety
EDAT- 2022/02/09 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/19 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/08 17:13
PHST- 2022/02/08 17:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/19 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2022 Jan 24;64(1642):9-10.

PMID- 35294808
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220401
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1533-4406 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-4793 (Linking)
VI  - 386
IP  - 13
DP  - 2022 Mar 31
TI  - Molnupiravir for Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients. Reply.
PG  - e32
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa5 [pii]
LID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
FAU - De Anda, Carisa
AU  - De Anda C
AD  - Merck, Kenilworth, NJ.
FAU - Johnson, Matthew G
AU  - Johnson MG
AD  - Merck, Kenilworth, NJ.
FAU - Pedley, Alison
AU  - Pedley A
AD  - Merck, Kenilworth, NJ.
LA  - eng
PT  - Comment
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220316
PL  - United States
TA  - N Engl J Med
JT  - The New England journal of medicine
JID - 0255562
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294804
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294805
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294806
CON - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. PMID: 35294807
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
EDAT- 2022/03/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/02 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/16 17:18
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/16 17:18 [entrez]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612#sa5 [pii]
AID - 10.1056/NEJMc2201612 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 31;386(13):e32. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2201612. Epub 2022 Mar 
      16.

PMID- 35138784
STAT- Publisher
CTDT- 20220131
PB  - National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
DP  - 2012
TI  - Molnupiravir.
BTI - LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury
AB  - Molnupiravir is a ribonucleoside analogue and antiviral agent that is used in the 
      therapy the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) 
      infection, the cause of the novel coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19). 
      Molnupiravir therapy is given orally for 5 days early in the course of SARS-CoV-2 
      infection and has not been linked to serum aminotransferase elevations or to 
      clinically apparent liver injury.
LA  - eng
PT  - Review
PT  - Book Chapter
PL  - Bethesda (MD)
EDAT- 2022/01/31 00:00
CRDT- 2022/01/31 00:00
AID - NBK577814 [bookaccession]

PMID- 35184266
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220323
LR  - 20220323
IS  - 1179-1950 (Electronic)
IS  - 0012-6667 (Print)
IS  - 0012-6667 (Linking)
VI  - 82
IP  - 4
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Molnupiravir: First Approval.
PG  - 455-460
LID - 10.1007/s40265-022-01684-5 [doi]
AB  - Molnupiravir (Lagevrio(®)) is an orally-administered antiviral prodrug that 
      inhibits replication of RNA viruses through viral error induction. It is being 
      developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics for the prevention and treatment 
      of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Molnupiravir received its first approval 
      on 4 November 2021 in the UK for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in 
      adults with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 
      (SARS-CoV-2) diagnostic test and who have at least one risk factor for developing 
      severe illness. Molnupiravir is filed for approval and has emergency use 
      authorization for the treatment of COVID-19 in several countries, including the 
      USA, Japan and those in the EU. This article summarizes the milestones in the 
      development of molnupiravir leading to this first approval for COVID-19.
CI  - © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
FAU - Syed, Yahiya Y
AU  - Syed YY
AD  - Springer Nature, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 65901, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand. 
      dru@adis.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
TA  - Drugs
JT  - Drugs
JID - 7600076
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8858220
COIS- During the peer review process the manufacturer of the agent under review was 
      offered an opportunity to comment on the article. Changes resulting from any 
      comments received were made by the authors on the basis of scientific 
      completeness and accuracy. Yahiya Y. Syed is a salaried employee of Adis 
      International Ltd/Springer Nature, and declares no relevant conflicts of 
      interest. All authors contributed to the review and are responsible for the 
      article content.
EDAT- 2022/02/21 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/24 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/20 20:40
PHST- 2022/02/21 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/20 20:40 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s40265-022-01684-5 [pii]
AID - 1684 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s40265-022-01684-5 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drugs. 2022 Mar;82(4):455-460. doi: 10.1007/s40265-022-01684-5.

PMID- 35458493
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220426
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1999-4915 (Electronic)
IS  - 1999-4915 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 4
DP  - 2022 Apr 6
TI  - Antiviral Efficacy of Molnupiravir for COVID-19 Treatment.
LID - 10.3390/v14040763 [doi]
LID - 763
AB  - The ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 poses unprecedented public health risks 
      for governments and societies around the world, which have been exacerbated by 
      the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Pharmaceutical interventions with high 
      antiviral efficacy are expected to delay and contain the COVID-19 pandemic. 
      Molnupiravir, as an oral antiviral prodrug, is active against SARS-CoV-2 and is 
      now (23 February 2022) one of the seven widely-used coronavirus treatments. To 
      estimate its antiviral efficacy of Molnupiravir, we built a granular mathematical 
      within-host model. We find that the antiviral efficacy of Molnupiravir to stop 
      the growth of the virus is 0.56 (95% CI: 0.49, 0.64), which could inhibit 56% of 
      the replication of infected cells per day. There has been good progress in 
      developing high-efficacy antiviral drugs that rapidly reduce viral load and may 
      also reduce the infectiousness of treated cases if administered as early as 
      possible.
FAU - Bai, Yuan
AU  - Bai Y
AD  - WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School 
      of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 
      Hong Kong, China.
AD  - Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, 
      Hong Kong, China.
FAU - Shen, Mingwang
AU  - Shen M
AD  - China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public 
      Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
FAU - Zhang, Lei
AU  - Zhang L
AD  - China-Australia Joint Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public 
      Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
AD  - Artificial Intelligence and Modelling in Epidemiology Program, Melbourne Sexual 
      Health Centre, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
AD  - Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 
      3800, Australia.
AD  - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou 
      University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
LA  - eng
GR  - NA/AIR@InnoHK administered by Innovation and Technology Commission of the Hong 
      Kong SAR Government/
GR  - 2020T130095ZX(MS)/China Postdoctoral Science Foundation/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220406
TA  - Viruses
JT  - Viruses
JID - 101509722
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - *SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC9031952
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - antiviral efficacy
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/27 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/23 01:15
PHST- 2022/03/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/29 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/04/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/23 01:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/27 06:00 [medline]
AID - v14040763 [pii]
AID - viruses-14-00763 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/v14040763 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Viruses. 2022 Apr 6;14(4):763. doi: 10.3390/v14040763.

PMID- 35002192
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220111
IS  - 1054-2523 (Print)
IS  - 1554-8120 (Electronic)
IS  - 1054-2523 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Jan 3
TI  - Review on molnupiravir as a promising oral drug for the treatment of COVID-19.
PG  - 1-12
LID - 10.1007/s00044-021-02841-3 [doi]
AB  - During the COVID-19 pandemic, various drug candidates have been developed, 
      molnupiravir (MK-4482 and EIDD-2801), which is a new orally anti-viral agent 
      under development for the treatment of COVID-19, is under study in the final 
      stage of the clinical trial. Molnupiravir enhances the replication of viral RNA 
      mutations in animals and humans. Due to the high demand for the synthesis of this 
      drug, it was essential to develop an efficient and suitable synthetic pathway 
      from raw material. In this study, molecular docking analysis on molnupiravir is 
      examined also, the mechanism of action (MOA) and the recent synthetic pathway is 
      reported. This review will be helpful to different disciplines such as medicinal 
      chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology.
CI  - © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 
      part of Springer Nature 2022.
FAU - Zarenezhad, Elham
AU  - Zarenezhad E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2805-1910
AD  - Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 
      Fasa, Iran. GRID: grid.411135.3. ISNI: 0000 0004 0415 3047
FAU - Marzi, Mahrokh
AU  - Marzi M
AD  - Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 
      Fasa, Iran. GRID: grid.411135.3. ISNI: 0000 0004 0415 3047
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220103
TA  - Med Chem Res
JT  - Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications 
      on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents
JID - 9211347
PMC - PMC8721938
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Mechanism of action
OT  - Molecular docking
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - Synthetic pathway
COIS- Conflict of interestThe authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/01/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/11 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/10 09:02
PHST- 2021/10/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/10 09:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/11 06:00 [medline]
AID - 2841 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00044-021-02841-3 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Med Chem Res. 2022 Jan 3:1-12. doi: 10.1007/s00044-021-02841-3.

PMID- 35085683
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220223
LR  - 20220223
IS  - 1872-9096 (Electronic)
IS  - 0166-3542 (Print)
IS  - 0166-3542 (Linking)
VI  - 198
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 
      Omicron and other variants of concern.
PG  - 105252
LID - S0166-3542(22)00020-1 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105252 [doi]
LID - 105252
AB  - We assessed the in vitro antiviral activity of remdesivir and its parent 
      nucleoside GS-441524, molnupiravir and its parent nucleoside EIDD-1931 and the 
      viral protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir against the ancestral SARS-CoV2 strain and 
      the five variants of concern including Omicron. VeroE6-GFP cells were pre-treated 
      overnight with serial dilutions of the compounds before infection. The GFP signal 
      was determined by high-content imaging on day 4 post-infection. All molecules 
      have equipotent antiviral activity against the ancestral virus and the VOCs 
      Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron. These findings are in line with the 
      observation that the target proteins of these antivirals (respectively the viral 
      RNA dependent RNA polymerase and the viral main protease Mpro) are highly 
      conserved.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 KU Leuven. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Vangeel, Laura
AU  - Vangeel L
AD  - KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Chiu, Winston
AU  - Chiu W
AD  - KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - De Jonghe, Steven
AU  - De Jonghe S
AD  - KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Maes, Piet
AU  - Maes P
AD  - KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Slechten, Bram
AU  - Slechten B
AD  - University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Raymenants, Joren
AU  - Raymenants J
AD  - University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Leuven, Belgium; 
      KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - André, Emmanuel
AU  - André E
AD  - University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Leuven, Belgium; 
      KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Leyssen, Pieter
AU  - Leyssen P
AD  - KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Neyts, Johan
AU  - Neyts J
AD  - KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic 
      address: johan.neyts@kuleuven.be.
FAU - Jochmans, Dirk
AU  - Jochmans D
AD  - KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic 
      address: dirk.jochmans@kuleuven.be.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220124
TA  - Antiviral Res
JT  - Antiviral research
JID - 8109699
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 1BQK176DT6 (GS-441524)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 7R9A5P7H32 (nirmatrelvir)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - C3D11PV2O4 (N(4)-hydroxycytidine)
RN  - EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase)
RN  - EC 3.4.22.28 (Coronavirus 3C Proteases)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - K72T3FS567 (Adenosine)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Alanine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - Chlorocebus aethiops
MH  - Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/*therapeutic use
MH  - Lactams/*therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/*therapeutic use
MH  - Microbial Sensitivity Tests
MH  - Nitriles/*therapeutic use
MH  - Proline/*therapeutic use
MH  - RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects
MH  - Vero Cells
MH  - Virus Replication/drug effects
PMC - PMC8785409
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/01/28 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/24 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/27 20:12
PHST- 2022/01/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/27 20:12 [entrez]
AID - S0166-3542(22)00020-1 [pii]
AID - 105252 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105252 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Antiviral Res. 2022 Feb;198:105252. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105252. Epub 
      2022 Jan 24.

PMID- 35418477
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220415
LR  - 20220422
IS  - 1756-1833 (Electronic)
IS  - 0959-8138 (Linking)
VI  - 377
DP  - 2022 Apr 13
TI  - Covid-19: What is the evidence for the antiviral molnupiravir?
PG  - o926
LID - 10.1136/bmj.o926 [doi]
FAU - Extance, Andy
AU  - Extance A
AD  - Exeter, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220413
PL  - England
TA  - BMJ
JT  - BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
JID - 8900488
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
COIS- Competing interests: I have read and understood the BMJ policy on declaration of 
      interests and have no relevant interests to declare.
EDAT- 2022/04/15 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/16 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/14 05:18
PHST- 2022/04/14 05:18 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1136/bmj.o926 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - BMJ. 2022 Apr 13;377:o926. doi: 10.1136/bmj.o926.

PMID- 34972812
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220107
LR  - 20220122
IS  - 1643-3750 (Electronic)
IS  - 1234-1010 (Print)
IS  - 1234-1010 (Linking)
VI  - 28
DP  - 2022 Jan 1
TI  - Editorial: Current Status of Oral Antiviral Drug Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 
      Infection in Non-Hospitalized Patients.
PG  - e935952
LID - 10.12659/MSM.935952 [doi]
AB  - On 4th November 2021, the first oral antiviral drug for COVID-19, molnupiravir 
      (Lagevrio®), received full regulatory approval from the Medicines and Healthcare 
      Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the UK. Molnupiravir is an orally 
      bioavailable antiviral drug for use at home when a SARS-CoV-2 test is positive. 
      On 22nd December 2022, the FDA granted emergency use authorization (EUA) for the 
      oral antiviral drug, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid®) for adults and children 
      with mild and moderate COVID-19 at increased risk of progression to severe 
      COVID-19. These regulatory drug approvals come at a crucial time when new 
      variants of concern of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are spreading rapidly. Although the 
      FDA approved remdesivir (Veklury®) on 22nd October 2020 for use in adults and 
      children for the treatment of COVID-19 requiring hospitalization, its use has 
      been limited by the requirement for intravenous administration in a healthcare 
      facility. The four FDA-approved therapeutic neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, 
      imdevimab, bamlanivimab, etesevimab, and casirivimab are costly and also require 
      medically-supervised intravenous administration. The availability of effective, 
      low-cost oral antiviral drugs available in a community setting that can be used 
      at an early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection is now a priority in controlling 
      COVID-19. An increasing number of repurposed antiviral drugs are currently under 
      investigation or in the early stages of regulatory approval. This Editorial aims 
      to present an update on the current status of orally bioavailable antiviral drug 
      treatments for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
FAU - Parums, Dinah V
AU  - Parums DV
AD  - Science Editor, Medical Science Monitor, International Scientific Information, 
      Inc., Melville, NY, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Editorial
DEP - 20220101
TA  - Med Sci Monit
JT  - Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and 
      clinical research
JID - 9609063
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Administration, Oral
MH  - Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Approval
MH  - Drug Repositioning/trends
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/*therapeutic use
MH  - Lactams/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/therapeutic use
MH  - Nitriles/therapeutic use
MH  - Proline/therapeutic use
MH  - Ritonavir/therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/pathogenicity
MH  - United States
MH  - United States Food and Drug Administration
PMC - PMC8729033
COIS- Conflict of interest: None declared
EDAT- 2022/01/02 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/08 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/01 05:19
PHST- 2022/01/01 05:19 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - 935952 [pii]
AID - medscimonit-28-e935952 [pii]
AID - 10.12659/MSM.935952 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Med Sci Monit. 2022 Jan 1;28:e935952. doi: 10.12659/MSM.935952.

PMID- 35058606
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220307
LR  - 20220418
IS  - 1748-7838 (Electronic)
IS  - 1001-0602 (Print)
IS  - 1001-0602 (Linking)
VI  - 32
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is highly sensitive to molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and 
      the combination.
PG  - 322-324
LID - 10.1038/s41422-022-00618-w [doi]
FAU - Li, Pengfei
AU  - Li P
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical 
      Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Wang, Yining
AU  - Wang Y
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical 
      Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Lavrijsen, Marla
AU  - Lavrijsen M
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical 
      Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Lamers, Mart M
AU  - Lamers MM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1431-4022
AD  - Viroscience Department, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - de Vries, Annemarie C
AU  - de Vries AC
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical 
      Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Rottier, Robbert J
AU  - Rottier RJ
AD  - Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, 
      Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
AD  - Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Bruno, Marco J
AU  - Bruno MJ
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical 
      Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Peppelenbosch, Maikel P
AU  - Peppelenbosch MP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9112-6028
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical 
      Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
FAU - Haagmans, Bart L
AU  - Haagmans BL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6221-2015
AD  - Viroscience Department, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the 
      Netherlands.
FAU - Pan, Qiuwei
AU  - Pan Q
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9982-6184
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical 
      Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. q.pan@erasmusmc.nl.
LA  - eng
PT  - Letter
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220120
TA  - Cell Res
JT  - Cell research
JID - 9425763
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - *SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8771185
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/01/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/08 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/21 06:14
PHST- 2022/01/05 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/21 06:14 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/s41422-022-00618-w [pii]
AID - 618 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41422-022-00618-w [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Cell Res. 2022 Mar;32(3):322-324. doi: 10.1038/s41422-022-00618-w. Epub 2022 Jan 
      20.

PMID- 35233565
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220317
DP  - 2022 Feb 24
TI  - Characterization and antiviral susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron/BA.2.
LID - rs.3.rs-1375091 [pii]
LID - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1375091/v1 [doi]
AB  - The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants possessing large numbers of 
      mutations has raised concerns of decreased effectiveness of current vaccines, 
      therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and antiviral drugs for COVID-19 against these 
      variants1,2. While the original Omicron lineage, BA.1, has become dominant in 
      many countries, BA.2 has been detected in at least 67 countries and has become 
      dominant in the Philippines, India, and Denmark. Here, we evaluated the 
      replicative ability and pathogenicity of an authentic infectious BA.2 isolate in 
      immunocompetent and human ACE2 (hACE2)-expressing mice and hamsters. In contrast 
      to recent data with chimeric, recombinant SARS-CoV-2 strains expressing the spike 
      proteins of BA.1 and BA.2 on an ancestral WK-521 backbone3, we observed similar 
      infectivity and pathogenicity in mice and hamsters between BA.2 and BA.1, and 
      less pathogenicity compared to early SARS-CoV-2 strains. We also observed a 
      marked and significant reduction in the neutralizing activity of plasma from 
      COVID-19 convalescent individuals and vaccine recipients against BA.2 compared to 
      ancestral and Delta variant strains. In addition, we found that some therapeutic 
      monoclonal antibodies (REGN10987/REGN10933, COV2-2196/COV2-2130, and S309) and 
      antiviral drugs (molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and S-217622) can restrict viral 
      infection in the respiratory organs of hamsters infected with BA.2. These 
      findings suggest that the replication and pathogenicity of BA.2 is comparable to 
      that of BA.1 in rodents and that several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and 
      antiviral compounds are effective against Omicron/BA.2 variants.
FAU - Kawaoka, Yoshihiro
AU  - Kawaoka Y
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5061-8296
FAU - Uraki, Ryuta
AU  - Uraki R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0890-1922
FAU - Kiso, Maki
AU  - Kiso M
FAU - Iida, Shun
AU  - Iida S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2258-9031
FAU - Imai, Masaki
AU  - Imai M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6988-1975
FAU - Takashita, Emi
AU  - Takashita E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9064-4699
FAU - Kuroda, Makoto
AU  - Kuroda M
FAU - Halfmann, Peter
AU  - Halfmann P
FAU - Loeber, Samantha
AU  - Loeber S
FAU - Maemura, Tadashi
AU  - Maemura T
FAU - Yamayoshi, Seiya
AU  - Yamayoshi S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7768-5157
FAU - Fujisaki, Seiichiro
AU  - Fujisaki S
FAU - Wang, Zhongde
AU  - Wang Z
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2441-4729
FAU - Ito, Mutsumi
AU  - Ito M
FAU - Ujie, Michiko
AU  - Ujie M
FAU - Iwatsuki-Horimoto, Kiyoko
AU  - Iwatsuki-Horimoto K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8266-020X
FAU - Furusawa, Yuri
AU  - Furusawa Y
FAU - Wright, Ryan
AU  - Wright R
FAU - Chong, Zhenlu
AU  - Chong Z
FAU - Ozono, Seiya
AU  - Ozono S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1764-2937
FAU - Yasuhara, Atsuhiro
AU  - Yasuhara A
FAU - Ueki, Hiroshi
AU  - Ueki H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6557-0771
FAU - Sakai, Yuko
AU  - Sakai Y
FAU - Li, Rong
AU  - Li R
FAU - Liu, Yanan
AU  - Liu Y
FAU - Larson, Deanna
AU  - Larson D
FAU - Koga, Michiko
AU  - Koga M
FAU - Tsutsumi, Takeya
AU  - Tsutsumi T
FAU - Adachi, Eisuke
AU  - Adachi E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1623-873X
FAU - Saito, Makoto
AU  - Saito M
FAU - Yamamoto, Shinya
AU  - Yamamoto S
FAU - Matsubara, Shohei
AU  - Matsubara S
FAU - Hagihara, Masao
AU  - Hagihara M
FAU - Mitamura, Keiko
AU  - Mitamura K
FAU - Sato, Tetsuro
AU  - Sato T
FAU - Hojo, Masayuki
AU  - Hojo M
FAU - Hattori, Shin-Ichiro
AU  - Hattori SI
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5637-3397
FAU - Maeda, Kenji
AU  - Maeda K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9424-1491
FAU - Okuda, Moe
AU  - Okuda M
FAU - Murakami, Jurika
AU  - Murakami J
FAU - Duong, Calvin
AU  - Duong C
FAU - Godbole, Sucheta
AU  - Godbole S
FAU - Douek, Daniel
AU  - Douek D
FAU - Watanabe, Shinji
AU  - Watanabe S
FAU - Ohmagari, Norio
AU  - Ohmagari N
FAU - Yotsuyanagi, Hiroshi
AU  - Yotsuyanagi H
FAU - Diamond, Michael
AU  - Diamond M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8791-3165
FAU - Hasegawa, Hideki
AU  - Hasegawa H
FAU - Mitsuya, Hiroaki
AU  - Mitsuya H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9274-3853
FAU - Suzuki, Tadaki
AU  - Suzuki T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3820-9542
LA  - eng
GR  - 75N93021C00014/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 AI157155/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Preprint
DEP - 20220224
TA  - Res Sq
JT  - Research square
JID - 101768035
PMC - PMC8887076
EDAT- 2022/03/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/03 06:01
CRDT- 2022/03/02 06:15
PHST- 2022/03/02 06:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:01 [medline]
AID - rs.3.rs-1375091 [pii]
AID - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1375091/v1 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Res Sq. 2022 Feb 24:rs.3.rs-1375091. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1375091/v1. Preprint.

PMID- 35295914
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220319
IS  - 2152-4114 (Print)
IS  - 2152-4114 (Electronic)
IS  - 2152-4114 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022
TI  - Molnupiravir, favipiravir and other antiviral drugs with proposed potentials for 
      management of COVID-19: a concern on antioxidant aspect.
PG  - 1-4
AB  - COVID-19 is an important global public health problem that causes millions of 
      infections worldwide. The specific antiviral drug for this new infection is still 
      under research. Some new antiviral drugs, including molnupiravir and favipiravir, 
      are proposed for usefulness in management of COVID-19. Additionally, some classic 
      antiviral drugs used for other viral infections are also reproposed for the 
      potentials for management of COVID-19. In the management of COVID-19, there are 
      several pharmacological actions. An important consideration in antiviral therapy 
      is the management of oxidative stress, which plays important roles in viral 
      infections including to COVID-19. The analysis of antioxidative properties of 
      alternative drugs for management of COVID-19 is interesting and can give basic 
      data for further new antiviral drug researching. Here, the authors perform a 
      molecular analysis on molnupiravir, favipiravir and other antiviral drugs with 
      proposed potentials for management of COVID-19 to determine their antioxidative 
      properties. Data from electron acceptor and donor calculation for each drug is 
      used for further estimating overall antioxidative characteristic. Based on the 
      present study, all studied drugs have overall antioxidative properties. Hence, 
      the advantage of molnupiravir, favipiravir and other antiviral drugs with 
      proposed potentials for the management of COVID-19 is their direct action on 
      viral molecule via binding-blocking process as well as antixodiative process. For 
      management of COVID-19 antioxidative stress, other non-antiviral drugs that are 
      proposed for clinical advantage might also be useful.
CI  - IJBMB Copyright © 2022.
FAU - Yasri, Sora
AU  - Yasri S
AD  - KM Center Bangkok, Thailand.
FAU - Wiwanitki, Viroj
AU  - Wiwanitki V
AD  - Department of Community Medicine, Dr DY Patil University Pune, Maharashtra 
      411018, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220215
TA  - Int J Biochem Mol Biol
JT  - International journal of biochemistry and molecular biology
JID - 101532076
PMC - PMC8918555
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - antioxidant
OT  - antiviral drug
OT  - favipiravir
COIS- None.
EDAT- 2022/03/18 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/18 06:01
CRDT- 2022/03/17 05:16
PHST- 2021/10/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/17 05:16 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/18 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/18 06:01 [medline]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Biochem Mol Biol. 2022 Feb 15;13(1):1-4. eCollection 2022.

PMID- 35287313
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220329
IS  - 1319-0164 (Print)
IS  - 2213-7475 (Electronic)
IS  - 1319-0164 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 10
TI  - The pill of recovery; Molnupiravir for treatment of COVID-19 patients; a 
      systematic review.
LID - 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.002 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Throughout the time of the global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 virus, there 
      has been a compelling necessity for the development of effective antiviral agents 
      and prophylactic vaccines to limit the virus spread, disease burden, 
      hospitalization, and mortality. Until mid of 2021, the NIH treatment guideline 
      declared no single oral therapy proven to treat mild to moderate cases. A new 
      hope arose when a repurposed direct acting oral anti-viral agent "Molnupiravir" 
      was shown to be effective in decreasing mortality and need for hospitalization in 
      mild to moderate cases with relatively good safety profile; exhibiting a 
      significant reduction in virus titers only after two days from administration. 
      Molnupiravir recently granted the FDA emergency use authorization to treat mild 
      to moderate COVID-19 patients with at least one risk factor for progression. 
      METHODS: We performed a computer-based literature search of (PubMed, Science 
      direct, MedRxiv, BioRxiv, ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN, Cochrane COVID study 
      register, EU registry, Clinical Trial Registry-India (CTRI)) till February 
      15(th), 2022. The following keywords were used in our search ("Molnupiravir " or 
      "NHC" or "EIDD-2807" or "MK-4482" or "EIDD-1931"). RESULTS: We identified from 
      the initial search a total of 279 articles; 246 articles (BioRxiv and MedRxiv 
      N=186, PubMed N=33, Science direct N=27) and 33 Clinical trials from the 
      following registries (ISCTRN (N=1), Clinical trials.gov (N=6), CTRI (N=12), 
      Cochrane (N=14)).Through screening phases, 21 records were removed as duplicates 
      and 198 irrelevant records were also excluded. The included studies in this 
      systematic review were (N=60) included 39 published papers and 21 clinical 
      trials. After Manual addition (N=4), the qualitative assessment included (N=64). 
      CONCLUSION: Based on the cumulative evidence from preclinical and clinical 
      studies, Molnupiravir is proven to be well tolerated, direct acting oral 
      anti-viral agent to halt the disease progression in mild to moderate COVID-19 
      cases; in terms of mortality and hospitalization rates.
CI  - © 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
FAU - Kamal, Lina
AU  - Kamal L
AD  - Mounir Armanious Research Center (MARC), Egypt.
FAU - Ramadan, Ahmed
AU  - Ramadan A
AD  - Mounir Armanious Research Center (MARC), Egypt.
AD  - Department of applied statistics, faculty of postgraduate studies for statistical 
      research, Cairo University.
FAU - Farraj, Suha
AU  - Farraj S
AD  - Mounir Armanious Research Center (MARC), Egypt.
AD  - Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King 
      Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Bahig, Lydia
AU  - Bahig L
AD  - Mounir Armanious Research Center (MARC), Egypt.
FAU - Ezzat, Sameera
AU  - Ezzat S
AD  - Mounir Armanious Research Center (MARC), Egypt.
AD  - National liver Institute, Menoufia University, Egypt.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220310
TA  - Saudi Pharm J
JT  - Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi 
      Pharmaceutical Society
JID - 9705695
PMC - PMC8906919
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - EIDD-1931
OT  - EIDD-2807
OT  - MK-4482
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - NHC
OT  - repurposing anti-viral drugs
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/03/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/16 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/15 05:07
PHST- 2021/11/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/03/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/15 05:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1319-0164(22)00061-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.002 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Saudi Pharm J. 2022 Mar 10. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.002.

PMID- 35241455
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220314
LR  - 20220314
IS  - 1756-1833 (Electronic)
IS  - 0959-8138 (Linking)
VI  - 376
DP  - 2022 Mar 3
TI  - Molnupiravir's authorisation was premature.
PG  - o443
LID - 10.1136/bmj.o443 [doi]
FAU - Brophy, James M
AU  - Brophy JM
AD  - McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Editorial
DEP - 20220303
PL  - England
TA  - BMJ
JT  - BMJ (Clinical research ed.)
JID - 8900488
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*standards
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/standards
MH  - *Drug Approval
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/*standards
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
COIS- Competing interests: The BMJ has judged that there are no disqualifying financial 
      ties to commercial companies. The author declares no other interests. Further 
      details of The BMJ policy on financial interests are here: 
      https://www.bmj.com/sites/default/files/attachments/resources/2016/03/16-current-bmj-education-coi-form.pdf.
EDAT- 2022/03/05 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/15 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/04 05:37
PHST- 2022/03/04 05:37 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/15 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1136/bmj.o443 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - BMJ. 2022 Mar 3;376:o443. doi: 10.1136/bmj.o443.

PMID- 34978394
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220203
LR  - 20220316
IS  - 1897-9483 (Electronic)
IS  - 0032-3772 (Linking)
VI  - 132
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Jan 28
TI  - Will molnupiravir be a game changer in our efforts to safe COVID-19 outpatients?
LID - 16183 [pii]
LID - 10.20452/pamw.16183 [doi]
FAU - Mrukowicz, Jacek
AU  - Mrukowicz J
AD  - Polish Institute of Evidence Based Medicine, Kraków, Poland. jacekm@mp.pl
FAU - Rochwerg, Bram
AU  - Rochwerg B
AD  - Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
AD  - Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, 
      Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
AD  - MAGIC Evidence Ecosystem Foundation [www.magicproject.org]
FAU - Jaeschke, Roman
AU  - Jaeschke R
AD  - Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
AD  - Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, 
      Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
LA  - eng
PT  - Comment
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220103
PL  - Poland
TA  - Pol Arch Intern Med
JT  - Polish archives of internal medicine
JID - 101700960
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
CON - N Engl J Med. 2021 Dec 16;:null. PMID: 34914868
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Outpatients
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
EDAT- 2022/01/04 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/04 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/03 09:45
PHST- 2022/01/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/04 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/03 09:45 [entrez]
AID - 16183 [pii]
AID - 10.20452/pamw.16183 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022 Jan 28;132(1):16183. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16183. Epub 
      2022 Jan 3.

PMID- 35163429
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220221
LR  - 20220221
IS  - 1422-0067 (Electronic)
IS  - 1422-0067 (Linking)
VI  - 23
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Jan 28
TI  - Computational Analysis of Molnupiravir.
LID - 10.3390/ijms23031508 [doi]
LID - 1508
AB  - In this work, we report in-depth computational studies of three plausible 
      tautomeric forms, generated through the migration of two acidic protons of the 
      N(4)-hydroxylcytosine fragment, of molnupiravir, which is emerging as an 
      efficient drug to treat COVID-19. The DFT calculations were performed to verify 
      the structure of these tautomers, as well as their electronic and optical 
      properties. Molecular docking was applied to examine the influence of the 
      structures of the keto-oxime, keto-hydroxylamine and hydroxyl-oxime tautomers on 
      a series of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins. These tautomers exhibited the best affinity 
      behavior (-9.90, -7.90, and -9.30 kcal/mol, respectively) towards RdRp-RTR and 
      Nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3_range 207-379-MES).
FAU - Sharov, Artem V
AU  - Sharov AV
AD  - «Advanced Materials for Industry and Biomedicine» Laboratory, Kurgan State 
      University, Sovetskaya Str. 63/4, 640020 Kurgan, Russia.
AD  - Center for Enterprise Relations, Ural Federal University Named after the First 
      President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira Str. 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
FAU - Burkhanova, Tatyana M
AU  - Burkhanova TM
AD  - «Advanced Materials for Industry and Biomedicine» Laboratory, Kurgan State 
      University, Sovetskaya Str. 63/4, 640020 Kurgan, Russia.
AD  - Innovation Center for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Ural Federal 
      University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira Str. 19, 
      620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
AD  - Institute of Chemistry, University of Tyumen, Volodarskogo Str. 6, 625003 Tyumen, 
      Russia.
FAU - Taskın Tok, Tugba
AU  - Taskın Tok T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0064-8400
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Gaziantep, 
      Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.
AD  - Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health 
      Sciences, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey.
FAU - Babashkina, Maria G
AU  - Babashkina MG
AD  - Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, 
      Place L. Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
FAU - Safin, Damir A
AU  - Safin DA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9080-7072
AD  - «Advanced Materials for Industry and Biomedicine» Laboratory, Kurgan State 
      University, Sovetskaya Str. 63/4, 640020 Kurgan, Russia.
AD  - Innovation Center for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Ural Federal 
      University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Mira Str. 19, 
      620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia.
AD  - Institute of Chemistry, University of Tyumen, Volodarskogo Str. 6, 625003 Tyumen, 
      Russia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220128
TA  - Int J Mol Sci
JT  - International journal of molecular sciences
JID - 101092791
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/chemistry
MH  - COVID-19/drug therapy/metabolism
MH  - Computational Biology/methods
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacokinetics
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/*chemistry/*metabolism/*pharmacokinetics
MH  - Molecular Docking Simulation
MH  - Protein Binding
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/pathogenicity
PMC - PMC8835990
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - DFT
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - computational study
OT  - molecular docking
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - virus
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/02/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/22 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/15 01:17
PHST- 2021/12/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/15 01:17 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - ijms23031508 [pii]
AID - ijms-23-01508 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijms23031508 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jan 28;23(3):1508. doi: 10.3390/ijms23031508.

PMID- 35169793
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220216
DP  - 2022 Feb 7
TI  - SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern type and biological sex affect efficacy of 
      molnupiravir in dwarf hamster model of severe COVID-19.
LID - 2022.02.04.479171 [pii]
LID - 10.1101/2022.02.04.479171 [doi]
AB  - SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) have triggered distinct infection waves in 
      the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, culminating in currently 
      all-time high incidence rates of VOC omicron. Orally available direct-acting 
      antivirals such as molnupiravir promise to improve disease management and limit 
      SARS-CoV-2 spread. However, molnupiravir efficacy against VOC delta was 
      questioned based on clinical trial results and its potency against omicron is 
      unknown. This study evaluates molnupiravir against a panel of relevant VOC in 
      three efficacy models: primary human airway epithelium organoids, the ferret 
      model of upper respiratory disease, and a lethal Roborovski dwarf hamster 
      efficacy model of severe COVID-19-like acute lung injury. All VOC were equally 
      efficiently inhibited by molnupiravir in cultured cells and organoids. Treatment 
      consistently reduced upper respiratory VOC shedding in ferrets and prevented 
      viral transmission. Pathogenicity in the dwarf hamsters was VOC-dependent and 
      highest for gamma, omicron, and delta with fulminant lung histopathology. Oral 
      molnupiravir started 12 hours after infection resulted in complete survival of 
      treated dwarf hamsters independent of challenge VOC. However, reduction in lung 
      virus differed VOC-dependently, ranging from one (delta) to four (gamma) orders 
      of magnitude compared to vehicle-treated animals. Dwarf hamsters infected with 
      VOC omicron showed significant individual variation in response to treatment. 
      Virus load reduction was significant in treated males, but not females. The dwarf 
      hamster model recapitulates mixed efficacy of molnupiravir seen in human trials 
      and alerts that therapeutic benefit of approved antivirals must be continuously 
      reassessed in vivo as new VOC emerge.
FAU - Lieber, Carolin M
AU  - Lieber CM
FAU - Cox, Robert M
AU  - Cox RM
FAU - Sourimant, Julien
AU  - Sourimant J
FAU - Wolf, Josef D
AU  - Wolf JD
FAU - Juergens, Kate
AU  - Juergens K
FAU - Phung, Quynh
AU  - Phung Q
FAU - Saindane, Manohar T
AU  - Saindane MT
FAU - Natchus, Michael G
AU  - Natchus MG
FAU - Painter, George R
AU  - Painter GR
FAU - Sakamoto, Kaori
AU  - Sakamoto K
FAU - Greninger, Alexander L
AU  - Greninger AL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7443-0527
FAU - Plemper, Richard K
AU  - Plemper RK
LA  - eng
PT  - Preprint
DEP - 20220207
TA  - bioRxiv
JT  - bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
JID - 101680187
PMC - PMC8845413
EDAT- 2022/02/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/17 06:01
CRDT- 2022/02/16 05:50
PHST- 2022/02/16 05:50 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/17 06:01 [medline]
AID - 2022.02.04.479171 [pii]
AID - 10.1101/2022.02.04.479171 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - bioRxiv. 2022 Feb 7:2022.02.04.479171. doi: 10.1101/2022.02.04.479171. Preprint.

PMID- 35104837
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220331
LR  - 20220418
IS  - 1476-4687 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-0836 (Print)
IS  - 0028-0836 (Linking)
VI  - 603
IP  - 7902
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Altered TMPRSS2 usage by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron impacts infectivity and fusogenicity.
PG  - 706-714
LID - 10.1038/s41586-022-04474-x [doi]
AB  - The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in 2021(1) and has multiple mutations 
      in its spike protein(2). Here we show that the spike protein of Omicron has a 
      higher affinity for ACE2 compared with Delta, and a marked change in its 
      antigenicity increases Omicron's evasion of therapeutic monoclonal and 
      vaccine-elicited polyclonal neutralizing antibodies after two doses. mRNA 
      vaccination as a third vaccine dose rescues and broadens neutralization. 
      Importantly, the antiviral drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir retain efficacy 
      against Omicron BA.1. Replication was similar for Omicron and Delta virus 
      isolates in human nasal epithelial cultures. However, in lung cells and gut 
      cells, Omicron demonstrated lower replication. Omicron spike protein was less 
      efficiently cleaved compared with Delta. The differences in replication were 
      mapped to the entry efficiency of the virus on the basis of 
      spike-pseudotyped virus assays. The defect in entry of Omicron pseudotyped virus 
      to specific cell types effectively correlated with higher cellular RNA expression 
      of TMPRSS2, and deletion of TMPRSS2 affected Delta entry to a greater extent than 
      Omicron. Furthermore, drug inhibitors targeting specific entry pathways(3) 
      demonstrated that the Omicron spike inefficiently uses the cellular protease 
      TMPRSS2, which promotes cell entry through plasma membrane fusion, with greater 
      dependency on cell entry through the endocytic pathway. Consistent with 
      suboptimal S1/S2 cleavage and inability to use TMPRSS2, syncytium formation by 
      the Omicron spike was substantially impaired compared with the Delta spike. The 
      less efficient spike cleavage of Omicron at S1/S2 is associated with a shift in 
      cellular tropism away from TMPRSS2-expressing cells, with implications for 
      altered pathogenesis.
CI  - © 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Meng, Bo
AU  - Meng B
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Abdullahi, Adam
AU  - Abdullahi A
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Ferreira, Isabella A T M
AU  - Ferreira IATM
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Goonawardane, Niluka
AU  - Goonawardane N
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Saito, Akatsuki
AU  - Saito A
AD  - Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 
      Miyazaki, Japan.
FAU - Kimura, Izumi
AU  - Kimura I
AD  - Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, 
      International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical 
      Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Yamasoba, Daichi
AU  - Yamasoba D
AD  - Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, 
      International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical 
      Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Gerber, Pehuén Pereyra
AU  - Gerber PP
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Fatihi, Saman
AU  - Fatihi S
AD  - CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
FAU - Rathore, Surabhi
AU  - Rathore S
AD  - CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
FAU - Zepeda, Samantha K
AU  - Zepeda SK
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Papa, Guido
AU  - Papa G
AD  - MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Kemp, Steven A
AU  - Kemp SA
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Ikeda, Terumasa
AU  - Ikeda T
AD  - Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human 
      Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
FAU - Toyoda, Mako
AU  - Toyoda M
AD  - Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus 
      Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
FAU - Tan, Toong Seng
AU  - Tan TS
AD  - Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus 
      Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
FAU - Kuramochi, Jin
AU  - Kuramochi J
AD  - Kuramochi Clinic Interpark, Utsunomiya, Japan.
FAU - Mitsunaga, Shigeki
AU  - Mitsunaga S
AD  - Human Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.
FAU - Ueno, Takamasa
AU  - Ueno T
AD  - Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus 
      Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
FAU - Shirakawa, Kotaro
AU  - Shirakawa K
AD  - Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 
      University, Kyoto, Japan.
FAU - Takaori-Kondo, Akifumi
AU  - Takaori-Kondo A
AD  - Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 
      University, Kyoto, Japan.
FAU - Brevini, Teresa
AU  - Brevini T
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Mallery, Donna L
AU  - Mallery DL
AD  - MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Charles, Oscar J
AU  - Charles OJ
AD  - Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK.
CN  - CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration
CN  - Genotype to Phenotype Japan (G2P-Japan) Consortium
CN  - Ecuador-COVID19 Consortium
FAU - Bowen, John E
AU  - Bowen JE
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Joshi, Anshu
AU  - Joshi A
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Walls, Alexandra C
AU  - Walls AC
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
AD  - Department of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Jackson, Laurelle
AU  - Jackson L
AD  - Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
FAU - Martin, Darren
AU  - Martin D
AD  - University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
FAU - Smith, Kenneth G C
AU  - Smith KGC
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Bradley, John
AU  - Bradley J
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Briggs, John A G
AU  - Briggs JAG
AD  - Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
FAU - Choi, Jinwook
AU  - Choi J
AD  - Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Madissoon, Elo
AU  - Madissoon E
AD  - Welcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
AD  - European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, 
      EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
FAU - Meyer, Kerstin B
AU  - Meyer KB
AD  - Welcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
FAU - Mlcochova, Petra
AU  - Mlcochova P
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Ceron-Gutierrez, Lourdes
AU  - Ceron-Gutierrez L
AD  - Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 
      Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Doffinger, Rainer
AU  - Doffinger R
AD  - Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 
      Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Teichmann, Sarah A
AU  - Teichmann SA
AD  - Welcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
AD  - Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 
      UK.
FAU - Fisher, Andrew J
AU  - Fisher AJ
AD  - Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Translational and Clinical 
      Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle 
      Upon Tyne, UK.
FAU - Pizzuto, Matteo S
AU  - Pizzuto MS
AD  - Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
FAU - de Marco, Anna
AU  - de Marco A
AD  - Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
FAU - Corti, Davide
AU  - Corti D
AD  - Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
FAU - Hosmillo, Myra
AU  - Hosmillo M
AD  - Department of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Lee, Joo Hyeon
AU  - Lee JH
AD  - Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, 
      Cambridge, UK.
FAU - James, Leo C
AU  - James LC
AD  - MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Thukral, Lipi
AU  - Thukral L
AD  - CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
FAU - Veesler, David
AU  - Veesler D
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
AD  - Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
FAU - Sigal, Alex
AU  - Sigal A
AD  - Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
AD  - Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
AD  - School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 
      Durban, South Africa.
FAU - Sampaziotis, Fotios
AU  - Sampaziotis F
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 
      Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Goodfellow, Ian G
AU  - Goodfellow IG
AD  - Department of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Matheson, Nicholas J
AU  - Matheson NJ
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
AD  - Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 
      Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
AD  - NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK.
FAU - Sato, Kei
AU  - Sato K
AD  - Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, 
      International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical 
      Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. keisato@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
AD  - CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan. 
      keisato@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
FAU - Gupta, Ravindra K
AU  - Gupta RK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9751-1808
AD  - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), 
      Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk.
AD  - Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk.
AD  - Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. rkg20@cam.ac.uk.
LA  - eng
GR  - MC_PC_17230/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - DP1 AI158186/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - 200594/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States
GR  - MC_UP_1201/16/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - MR/P008801/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - HHSN272201700059C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - WT108082AIA/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - T32 GM008268/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States
GR  - MC_U105181010/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
GR  - R01 AI138546/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - U01 AI151788/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220201
TA  - Nature
JT  - Nature
JID - 0410462
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Neutralizing)
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Immune Sera)
RN  - 0 (Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus)
RN  - 0 (spike protein, SARS-CoV-2)
RN  - EC 3.4.17.23 (ACE2 protein, human)
RN  - EC 3.4.17.23 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)
RN  - EC 3.4.21.- (Serine Endopeptidases)
RN  - EC 3.4.21.- (TMPRSS2 protein, human)
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Aged, 80 and over
MH  - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
MH  - Antibodies, Viral/immunology
MH  - COVID-19/immunology/*pathology/*virology
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
MH  - Cell Line
MH  - Cell Membrane/metabolism/virology
MH  - Chlorocebus aethiops
MH  - Convalescence
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Immune Sera/immunology
MH  - Intestines/pathology/virology
MH  - Lung/pathology/virology
MH  - Male
MH  - *Membrane Fusion
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - Mutation
MH  - Nasal Mucosa/pathology/virology
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/immunology/*metabolism/*pathogenicity
MH  - Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism
MH  - Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Tissue Culture Techniques
MH  - Virulence
MH  - *Virus Internalization
MH  - Virus Replication
PMC - PMC8942856
COIS- M.S.P., D.C. and A.d.M. are employees of Vir Biotechnology and may hold shares in 
      Vir Biotechnology. R.K.G. has received honoraria for educational activities from 
      Johnson & Johnson, ViiV and GSK. F.S. is shareholder in Bilitech. The Veesler 
      laboratory has received an unrelated research sponsored agreement from Vir 
      Biotechnology. KGCS is a member of the GSK Immunology Scientific Advisory Board, 
      is a founder, Chief Medical Officer, and a non-executive director of 
      PredictImmune, and is a co-founder of Rheos Medicines. The other authors declare 
      no competing interests.
FIR - Baker, Stephen
IR  - Baker S
FIR - Dougan, Gordon
IR  - Dougan G
FIR - Hess, Christoph
IR  - Hess C
FIR - Kingston, Nathalie
IR  - Kingston N
FIR - Lehner, Paul J
IR  - Lehner PJ
FIR - Lyons, Paul A
IR  - Lyons PA
FIR - Matheson, Nicholas J
IR  - Matheson NJ
FIR - Ouwehand, Willem H
IR  - Ouwehand WH
FIR - Saunders, Caroline
IR  - Saunders C
FIR - Summers, Charlotte
IR  - Summers C
FIR - Thaventhiran, James E D
IR  - Thaventhiran JED
FIR - Toshner, Mark
IR  - Toshner M
FIR - Weekes, Michael P
IR  - Weekes MP
FIR - Maxwell, Patrick
IR  - Maxwell P
FIR - Shaw, Ashley
IR  - Shaw A
FIR - Bucke, Ashlea
IR  - Bucke A
FIR - Calder, Jo
IR  - Calder J
FIR - Canna, Laura
IR  - Canna L
FIR - Domingo, Jason
IR  - Domingo J
FIR - Elmer, Anne
IR  - Elmer A
FIR - Fuller, Stewart
IR  - Fuller S
FIR - Harris, Julie
IR  - Harris J
FIR - Hewitt, Sarah
IR  - Hewitt S
FIR - Kennet, Jane
IR  - Kennet J
FIR - Jose, Sherly
IR  - Jose S
FIR - Kourampa, Jenny
IR  - Kourampa J
FIR - Meadows, Anne
IR  - Meadows A
FIR - O'Brien, Criona
IR  - O'Brien C
FIR - Price, Jane
IR  - Price J
FIR - Publico, Cherry
IR  - Publico C
FIR - Rastall, Rebecca
IR  - Rastall R
FIR - Ribeiro, Carla
IR  - Ribeiro C
FIR - Rowlands, Jane
IR  - Rowlands J
FIR - Ruffolo, Valentina
IR  - Ruffolo V
FIR - Tordesillas, Hugo
IR  - Tordesillas H
FIR - Bullman, Ben
IR  - Bullman B
FIR - Dunmore, Benjamin J
IR  - Dunmore BJ
FIR - Gräf, Stefan
IR  - Gräf S
FIR - Hodgson, Josh
IR  - Hodgson J
FIR - Huang, Christopher
IR  - Huang C
FIR - Hunter, Kelvin
IR  - Hunter K
FIR - Jones, Emma
IR  - Jones E
FIR - Legchenko, Ekaterina
IR  - Legchenko E
FIR - Matara, Cecilia
IR  - Matara C
FIR - Martin, Jennifer
IR  - Martin J
FIR - Mescia, Federica
IR  - Mescia F
FIR - O'Donnell, Ciara
IR  - O'Donnell C
FIR - Pointon, Linda
IR  - Pointon L
FIR - Shih, Joy
IR  - Shih J
FIR - Sutcliffe, Rachel
IR  - Sutcliffe R
FIR - Tilly, Tobias
IR  - Tilly T
FIR - Treacy, Carmen
IR  - Treacy C
FIR - Tong, Zhen
IR  - Tong Z
FIR - Wood, Jennifer
IR  - Wood J
FIR - Wylot, Marta
IR  - Wylot M
FIR - Betancourt, Ariana
IR  - Betancourt A
FIR - Bower, Georgie
IR  - Bower G
FIR - Cossetti, Chiara
IR  - Cossetti C
FIR - De Sa, Aloka
IR  - De Sa A
FIR - Epping, Madeline
IR  - Epping M
FIR - Fawke, Stuart
IR  - Fawke S
FIR - Gleadall, Nick
IR  - Gleadall N
FIR - Grenfell, Richard
IR  - Grenfell R
FIR - Hinch, Andrew
IR  - Hinch A
FIR - Jackson, Sarah
IR  - Jackson S
FIR - Jarvis, Isobel
IR  - Jarvis I
FIR - Krishna, Ben
IR  - Krishna B
FIR - Nice, Francesca
IR  - Nice F
FIR - Omarjee, Ommar
IR  - Omarjee O
FIR - Perera, Marianne
IR  - Perera M
FIR - Potts, Martin
IR  - Potts M
FIR - Richoz, Nathan
IR  - Richoz N
FIR - Romashova, Veronika
IR  - Romashova V
FIR - Stefanucci, Luca
IR  - Stefanucci L
FIR - Strezlecki, Mateusz
IR  - Strezlecki M
FIR - Turner, Lori
IR  - Turner L
FIR - De Bie, Eckart M D D
IR  - De Bie EMDD
FIR - Bunclark, Katherine
IR  - Bunclark K
FIR - Josipovic, Masa
IR  - Josipovic M
FIR - Mackay, Michael
IR  - Mackay M
FIR - Butcher, Helen
IR  - Butcher H
FIR - Caputo, Daniela
IR  - Caputo D
FIR - Chandler, Matt
IR  - Chandler M
FIR - Chinnery, Patrick
IR  - Chinnery P
FIR - Clapham-Riley, Debbie
IR  - Clapham-Riley D
FIR - Dewhurst, Eleanor
IR  - Dewhurst E
FIR - Fernandez, Christian
IR  - Fernandez C
FIR - Furlong, Anita
IR  - Furlong A
FIR - Graves, Barbara
IR  - Graves B
FIR - Gray, Jennifer
IR  - Gray J
FIR - Hein, Sabine
IR  - Hein S
FIR - Ivers, Tasmin
IR  - Ivers T
FIR - Le Gresley, Emma
IR  - Le Gresley E
FIR - Linger, Rachel
IR  - Linger R
FIR - Kasanicki, Mary
IR  - Kasanicki M
FIR - King, Rebecca
IR  - King R
FIR - Kingston, Nathalie
IR  - Kingston N
FIR - Meloy, Sarah
IR  - Meloy S
FIR - Moulton, Alexei
IR  - Moulton A
FIR - Muldoon, Francesca
IR  - Muldoon F
FIR - Ovington, Nigel
IR  - Ovington N
FIR - Papadia, Sofia
IR  - Papadia S
FIR - Penkett, Christopher J
IR  - Penkett CJ
FIR - Phelan, Isabel
IR  - Phelan I
FIR - Ranganath, Venkatesh
IR  - Ranganath V
FIR - Paraschiv, Roxana
IR  - Paraschiv R
FIR - Sage, Abigail
IR  - Sage A
FIR - Sambrook, Jennifer
IR  - Sambrook J
FIR - Scholtes, Ingrid
IR  - Scholtes I
FIR - Schon, Katherine
IR  - Schon K
FIR - Stark, Hannah
IR  - Stark H
FIR - Stirrups, Kathleen E
IR  - Stirrups KE
FIR - Townsend, Paul
IR  - Townsend P
FIR - Walker, Neil
IR  - Walker N
FIR - Webster, Jennifer
IR  - Webster J
FIR - Butlertanaka, Erika P
IR  - Butlertanaka EP
FIR - Tanaka, Yuri L
IR  - Tanaka YL
FIR - Ito, Jumpei
IR  - Ito J
FIR - Uriu, Keiya
IR  - Uriu K
FIR - Kosugi, Yusuke
IR  - Kosugi Y
FIR - Suganami, Mai
IR  - Suganami M
FIR - Oide, Akiko
IR  - Oide A
FIR - Yokoyama, Miyabishara
IR  - Yokoyama M
FIR - Chiba, Mika
IR  - Chiba M
FIR - Motozono, Chihiro
IR  - Motozono C
FIR - Nasser, Hesham
IR  - Nasser H
FIR - Shimizu, Ryo
IR  - Shimizu R
FIR - Kitazato, Kazuko
IR  - Kitazato K
FIR - Hasebe, Haruyo
IR  - Hasebe H
FIR - Irie, Takashi
IR  - Irie T
FIR - Nakagawa, So
IR  - Nakagawa S
FIR - Wu, Jiaqi
IR  - Wu J
FIR - Takahashi, Miyoko
IR  - Takahashi M
FIR - Fukuhara, Takasuke
IR  - Fukuhara T
FIR - Shimizu, Kenta
IR  - Shimizu K
FIR - Tsushima, Kana
IR  - Tsushima K
FIR - Kubo, Haruko
IR  - Kubo H
FIR - Kazuma, Yasuhiro
IR  - Kazuma Y
FIR - Nomura, Ryosuke
IR  - Nomura R
FIR - Horisawa, Yoshihito
IR  - Horisawa Y
FIR - Nagata, Kayoko
IR  - Nagata K
FIR - Kawai, Yugo
IR  - Kawai Y
FIR - Yanagida, Yohei
IR  - Yanagida Y
FIR - Tashiro, Yusuke
IR  - Tashiro Y
FIR - Tokunaga, Kenzo
IR  - Tokunaga K
FIR - Ozono, Seiya
IR  - Ozono S
FIR - Kawabata, Ryoko
IR  - Kawabata R
FIR - Morizako, Nanami
IR  - Morizako N
FIR - Sadamasu, Kenji
IR  - Sadamasu K
FIR - Asakura, Hiroyuki
IR  - Asakura H
FIR - Nagashima, Mami
IR  - Nagashima M
FIR - Yoshimura, Kazuhisa
IR  - Yoshimura K
FIR - Cárdenas, Paúl
IR  - Cárdenas P
FIR - Muñoz, Erika
IR  - Muñoz E
FIR - Barragan, Veronica
IR  - Barragan V
FIR - Márquez, Sully
IR  - Márquez S
FIR - Prado-Vivar, Belén
IR  - Prado-Vivar B
FIR - Becerra-Wong, Mónica
IR  - Becerra-Wong M
FIR - Caravajal, Mateo
IR  - Caravajal M
FIR - Trueba, Gabriel
IR  - Trueba G
FIR - Rojas-Silva, Patricio
IR  - Rojas-Silva P
FIR - Grunauer, Michelle
IR  - Grunauer M
FIR - Gutierrez, Bernardo
IR  - Gutierrez B
FIR - Guadalupe, Juan José
IR  - Guadalupe JJ
FIR - Fernández-Cadena, Juan Carlos
IR  - Fernández-Cadena JC
FIR - Andrade-Molina, Derly
IR  - Andrade-Molina D
FIR - Baldeon, Manuel
IR  - Baldeon M
FIR - Pinos, Andrea
IR  - Pinos A
EDAT- 2022/02/02 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/01 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/01 20:12
PHST- 2021/12/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/01 20:12 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/s41586-022-04474-x [pii]
AID - 4474 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41586-022-04474-x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nature. 2022 Mar;603(7902):706-714. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04474-x. Epub 2022 
      Feb 1.

PMID- 35377719
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220420
LR  - 20220420
IS  - 1539-3704 (Electronic)
IS  - 0003-4819 (Linking)
VI  - 175
IP  - 4
DP  - 2022 Apr
TI  - In nonhospitalized, unvaccinated adults with COVID-19, molnupiravir reduced 
      hospitalization or death at 29 d.
PG  - JC40
LID - 10.7326/J22-0017 [doi]
AB  - Jayk Bernal A, Gomes da Silva MM, Musungaie DB, et al. Molnupiravir for oral 
      treatment of Covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:509-20. 
      34914868.
FAU - Sacks, Henry S
AU  - Sacks HS
AD  - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA (H.S.S.).
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220405
PL  - United States
TA  - Ann Intern Med
JT  - Annals of internal medicine
JID - 0372351
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Hospitalization
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/adverse effects
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
EDAT- 2022/04/05 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/21 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/04 17:10
PHST- 2022/04/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/04/04 17:10 [entrez]
AID - 10.7326/J22-0017 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann Intern Med. 2022 Apr;175(4):JC40. doi: 10.7326/J22-0017. Epub 2022 Apr 5.

PMID- 35315098
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220402
IS  - 1096-9071 (Electronic)
IS  - 0146-6615 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 21
TI  - Molnupiravir: A lethal mutagenic drug against rapidly mutating severe acute 
      respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-A narrative review.
LID - 10.1002/jmv.27730 [doi]
AB  - Broad-spectrum antiviral agents targeting viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 
      (RdRp) are expected to be a key therapeutic strategy in the ongoing coronavirus 
      disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its future variants of severe acute 
      respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. 
      Molnupiravir is a nucleoside analog that in vivo experiments have been reported 
      to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. 
      Clinical trials of molnupiravir as a therapy for patients with mild-to-moderate 
      COVID-19 also suggest its significant therapeutic efficacy in comparison to 
      placebo. Molnupiravir is lethally mutagenic against viral RNA, but its effect on 
      host cell DNA is being questioned. Herein, the safety concerns of molnupiravir 
      are discussed with recent findings from published reports and clinical trials. 
      The unchanged efficacy of molnupiravir against mutated SARS-CoV-2 variants is 
      also highlighted. With its administration via the oral route, molnupiravir is 
      expected to turn the tide of the COVID-19 pandemic.
CI  - © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
FAU - Masyeni, Sri
AU  - Masyeni S
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 
      Universitas Warmadewa, Denpasar, Indonesia.
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Sanjiwani Hospital, Gianyar, Indonesia.
FAU - Iqhrammullah, Muhammad
AU  - Iqhrammullah M
AD  - Graduate School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 
      Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
FAU - Frediansyah, Andri
AU  - Frediansyah A
AD  - National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Wonosari, Indonesia.
AD  - Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of 
      Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, Indonesia.
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of 
      Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
FAU - Nainu, Firzan
AU  - Nainu F
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 
      Indonesia.
FAU - Tallei, Trina
AU  - Tallei T
AD  - Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi 
      University, Manado, Indonesia.
AD  - The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of 
      Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi 
      University, Manado, Indonesia.
FAU - Emran, Talha Bin
AU  - Emran TB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3188-2272
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
FAU - Ophinni, Youdiil
AU  - Ophinni Y
AD  - Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
AD  - Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), 
      Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
FAU - Dhama, Kuldeep
AU  - Dhama K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7469-4752
AD  - Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Harapan, Harapan
AU  - Harapan H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7630-8413
AD  - Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 
      Indonesia.
AD  - Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, 
      Indonesia.
AD  - Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda 
      Aceh, Indonesia.
LA  - eng
GR  - RISPRO/KI/B1/TKL/5/15448/2020/Indonesian Science Fund/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220321
PL  - United States
TA  - J Med Virol
JT  - Journal of medical virology
JID - 7705876
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - EIDD-2801
OT  - error catastrophe
OT  - mutagenesis
OT  - β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine
EDAT- 2022/03/23 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/22 05:39
PHST- 2022/03/14 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/22 05:39 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/jmv.27730 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - J Med Virol. 2022 Mar 21. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27730.

PMID- 35367622
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1096-1186 (Electronic)
IS  - 1043-6618 (Print)
IS  - 1043-6618 (Linking)
VI  - 179
DP  - 2022 Apr 1
TI  - COVID-19 and the promise of small molecule therapeutics: Are there lessons to be 
      learnt?
PG  - 106201
LID - S1043-6618(22)00146-3 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106201 [doi]
AB  - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had grounded the world to a 
      standstill. As the disease continues to rage two years on, it is apparent that 
      effective therapeutics are critical for a successful endemic living with 
      COVID-19. A dearth in suitable antivirals has prompted researchers and healthcare 
      professionals to investigate existing and developmental drugs against severe 
      acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although some of these 
      drugs initially appeared to be promising for the treatment of COVID-19, they were 
      ultimately found to be ineffective. In this review, we provide a retrospective 
      analysis on the merits and limitations of some of these drugs that were tested 
      against SARS-CoV-2 as well as those used for adjuvant therapy. While many of 
      these drugs are no longer part of our arsenal for the treatment of COVID-19, 
      important lessons can be learnt. The recent inclusion of molnupiravir and 
      Paxlovid™ as treatment options for COVID-19 represent our best hope to date for 
      endemic living with COVID-19. Our viewpoints on these two drugs and their 
      prospects as current and future antiviral agents will also be provided.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Ho, Wei Shen
AU  - Ho WS
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 
      Singapore 117543, Singapore.
FAU - Zhang, Ruirui
AU  - Zhang R
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 
      Singapore 117543, Singapore.
FAU - Tan, Yeong Lan
AU  - Tan YL
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 
      Singapore 117543, Singapore.
FAU - Chai, Christina Li Lin
AU  - Chai CLL
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, 
      Singapore 117543, Singapore. Electronic address: phacllc@nus.edu.sg.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220401
TA  - Pharmacol Res
JT  - Pharmacological research
JID - 8907422
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC8970615
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Antivirals
OT  - Baricitinib (PubChem CID: 44205240)
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Chloroquine (PubChem CID: 2719)
OT  - Dexamethasone (PubChem CID: 5743)
OT  - Drug discovery
OT  - Hydroxychloroquine (PubChem CID: 3652)
OT  - Ivermectin (PubChem CID: 6321424)
OT  - Lopinavir (PubChem CID: 92727)
OT  - Molnupiravir (Pubchem CID: 145996610)
OT  - Nirmatrelvir (PubChem CID: 155903259)
OT  - Remdesivir (PubChem CID: 121304016)
OT  - Ritonavir (PubChem CID: 392622)
OT  - Small molecule therapeutics
COIS- The authors declare no competing financial interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/04 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/04 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/03 20:26
PHST- 2022/02/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/03/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/04 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/04/03 20:26 [entrez]
AID - S1043-6618(22)00146-3 [pii]
AID - 106201 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106201 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Pharmacol Res. 2022 Apr 1;179:106201. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106201.

PMID- 35358570
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220411
LR  - 20220411
IS  - 1096-0333 (Electronic)
IS  - 0041-008X (Print)
IS  - 0041-008X (Linking)
VI  - 442
DP  - 2022 May 1
TI  - Molnupiravir; molecular and functional descriptors of mitochondrial safety.
PG  - 116003
LID - S0041-008X(22)00148-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116003 [doi]
AB  - Molnupiravir is an orally active nucleoside analog antiviral drug that recently 
      was approved by the U.S. FDA for emergency treatment of adult patients infected 
      with the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus and at risk for severe progression. The 
      active form of the drug, N-hydroxycytidine (NHC) triphosphate competes for 
      incorporation by RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) into the replicating viral 
      genome resulting in mutations and arrest of the replicating virus. Historically, 
      some nucleoside analog antiviral drugs have been found to lack specificity for 
      the virus and also inhibit replication and/or expression of the mitochondrial 
      genome. The objective of the present study was to test whether molnupiravir 
      and/or NHC also target mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (PolG) or RNA 
      polymerase (POLRMT) activity to inhibit the replication and/or expression of the 
      mitochondrial genome leading to impaired mitochondrial function. Human-derived 
      HepG2 cells were exposed for 48 h in culture to increasing concentrations of 
      either molnupiravir or NHC after which cytotoxicity, mtDNA copy number and 
      mitochondrial gene expression were determined. The phenotypic endpoint, 
      mitochondrial respiration, was measured with the Seahorse® XF96 Extracellular 
      Flux Analyzer. Both molnupiravir and NHC were cytotoxic at concentrations of 
      ≥10 μM. However, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, neither significantly altered 
      mitochondrial gene dose or transcription, or mitochondrial respiration. From this 
      we conclude that mitochondrial toxicity is not a primary off target in the 
      mechanism of cytotoxicity for either molnupiravir or its active metabolite NHC in 
      the HepG2 cell line.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Wallace, K B
AU  - Wallace KB
AD  - Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 
      MN 55812, USA. Electronic address: kwallace@d.umn.edu.
FAU - Bjork, J A
AU  - Bjork JA
AD  - Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 
      MN 55812, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220328
TA  - Toxicol Appl Pharmacol
JT  - Toxicology and applied pharmacology
JID - 0416575
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Nucleosides)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 63231-63-0 (RNA)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/toxicity
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Mitochondria/metabolism
MH  - *Nucleosides
MH  - RNA
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8958731
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Covid-19
OT  - Mitochondria
OT  - Molnupiravir
COIS- None.
EDAT- 2022/04/01 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/12 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/31 20:10
PHST- 2022/02/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/03/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/12 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/31 20:10 [entrez]
AID - S0041-008X(22)00148-X [pii]
AID - 116003 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116003 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022 May 1;442:116003. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116003. 
      Epub 2022 Mar 28.

PMID- 35427117
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220415
IS  - 2379-3694 (Electronic)
IS  - 2379-3694 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Apr 15
TI  - A Nanopore Based Molnupiravir Sensor.
LID - 10.1021/acssensors.2c00447 [doi]
AB  - Nucleoside analogues are reagents that resemble the structure of natural 
      nucleosides and are widely applied in antiviral and anticancer therapy. 
      Molnupiravir, a recently reported nucleoside analogue drug, has shown its 
      inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2. Rapid tracing of molnupiravir and its 
      metabolites is important in the evaluation of its pharmacology effect, but direct 
      sensing of molnupiravir as a single molecule has not been reported to date. Here, 
      we demonstrate a nanopore-based sensor with which direct sensing of molnupiravir 
      and its two major metabolites β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine and its triphosphate can be 
      achieved simultaneously. In conjunction with a custom machine learning algorithm, 
      an accuracy of 92% was achieved. This sensing strategy may be useful in the 
      current pandemic and is in principle suitable for other nucleoside analogue 
      drugs.
FAU - Jia, Wendong
AU  - Jia W
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1685-9261
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of 
      Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
AD  - Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 
      210023, Nanjing, China.
FAU - Hu, Chengzhen
AU  - Hu C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6666-418X
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of 
      Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
AD  - Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 
      210023, Nanjing, China.
FAU - Wang, Yuqin
AU  - Wang Y
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9311-241X
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of 
      Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
AD  - Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 
      210023, Nanjing, China.
FAU - Zhang, Panke
AU  - Zhang P
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8562-9972
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of 
      Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
FAU - Chen, Hong-Yuan
AU  - Chen HY
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of 
      Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
FAU - Huang, Shuo
AU  - Huang S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6133-7027
AD  - State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of 
      Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
AD  - Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, 
      210023, Nanjing, China.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220415
PL  - United States
TA  - ACS Sens
JT  - ACS sensors
JID - 101669031
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - nucleoside analogues
OT  - programmable nanoreactors
OT  - single-molecule chemistry
EDAT- 2022/04/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/16 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/15 17:08
PHST- 2022/04/15 17:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/16 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1021/acssensors.2c00447 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - ACS Sens. 2022 Apr 15. doi: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00447.

PMID- 35276385
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220426
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1873-264X (Electronic)
IS  - 0731-7085 (Print)
IS  - 0731-7085 (Linking)
VI  - 214
DP  - 2022 May 30
TI  - A stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of the COVID-19 drug 
      molnupiravir applied using nanoformulations in permeability studies.
PG  - 114693
LID - S0731-7085(22)00114-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114693 [doi]
AB  - Antiviral drugs have gained much more attention in recent years due to severe 
      acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and many drug 
      candidates are currently under investigation in order to end pandemic. 
      Molnupiravir, a prodrug of the synthetic nucleoside derivative 
      N4-hydroxycytidine, is one of the promising candidates for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. 
      In this study, a RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of 
      Molnupiravir and applied for in vitro permeability studies of self-emulsifying 
      drug delivery system (SEDDS) formulations using Caco-2 cell line. Discovery® HS 
      C18 Column (75 ×4.6 mm, 3 µm) was used at 30 °C. Isocratic elution was performed 
      with ACN:water (20:80 v/v) mixture. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min and UV detection 
      was at 240 nm. Molnupiravir eluted within 5 min. Molnupiravir was exposed to 
      thermal, photolytic, hydrolytic, and oxidative stress conditions. Peak 
      homogeneity data of Molnupiravir in the stressed samples peak obtained using 
      photodiode array detector, in the stressed sample chromatograms, demonstrated the 
      specificity of the method for their estimation in presence of degradants. The 
      developed method was validated according to the International Council for 
      Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines and found to be linear within the range 
      0.1-60.0 μg/mL. The method was simple, rapid, selective, sensitive, accurate, 
      precise, robust and rugged. Thus, it was applied successfully for permeability 
      quantitation of Molnupiravir in nanoformulations. The apparent permeability of 
      Molnupiravir in SEDDS formulations, which have droplet size under 350 nm, was 
      calculated as 3.20 ± 0.44 × 10(-6) cm/s.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Reçber, Tuba
AU  - Reçber T
AD  - Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Timur, Selin Seda
AU  - Timur SS
AD  - Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical 
      Technology, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Erdoğan Kablan, Sevilay
AU  - Erdoğan Kablan S
AD  - Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Yalçın, Fatma
AU  - Yalçın F
AD  - Tobio Novelfarma Drug Industry and Trade Limited Company, 34768 Ümraniye, 
      Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Karabulut, Tutku Ceren
AU  - Karabulut TC
AD  - Tobio Novelfarma Drug Industry and Trade Limited Company, 34768 Ümraniye, 
      Istanbul, Turkey; Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of 
      Analytical Chemistry, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Neslihan Gürsoy, R
AU  - Neslihan Gürsoy R
AD  - Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical 
      Technology, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Eroğlu, Hakan
AU  - Eroğlu H
AD  - Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical 
      Technology, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Kır, Sedef
AU  - Kır S
AD  - Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
FAU - Nemutlu, Emirhan
AU  - Nemutlu E
AD  - Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 
      06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: enemutlu@hacettepe.edu.tr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220226
TA  - J Pharm Biomed Anal
JT  - Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
JID - 8309336
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Pharmaceutical Preparations)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Caco-2 Cells
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Drug Stability
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Permeability
MH  - Pharmaceutical Preparations
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8881887
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - Optimization
OT  - Permeability
OT  - RP-HPLC
OT  - Validation
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/03/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/27 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/11 20:11
PHST- 2021/10/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/11 20:11 [entrez]
AID - S0731-7085(22)00114-5 [pii]
AID - 114693 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114693 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2022 May 30;214:114693. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114693. 
      Epub 2022 Feb 26.

PMID- 35013606
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220117
LR  - 20220117
IS  - 1476-4687 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-0836 (Linking)
VI  - 601
IP  - 7892
DP  - 2022 Jan
TI  - COVID is here to stay: countries must decide how to adapt.
PG  - 165
LID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00057-y [doi]
LA  - eng
PT  - Editorial
PL  - England
TA  - Nature
JT  - Nature
JID - 0410462
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Adaptation, Psychological
MH  - Adult
MH  - COVID-19/drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines/economics/supply & distribution
MH  - Child
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - Endemic Diseases/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
MH  - Immunity, Herd
MH  - Immunization, Secondary
MH  - *International Cooperation
MH  - Lactams/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/therapeutic use
MH  - Nitriles/therapeutic use
MH  - Physical Distancing
MH  - Proline/therapeutic use
MH  - Reinfection/epidemiology/virology
MH  - Ritonavir/therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity
MH  - Social Change
MH  - South Africa/epidemiology
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *Epidemiology
OT  - *Public health
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
OT  - *Vaccines
EDAT- 2022/01/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/18 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/11 06:48
PHST- 2022/01/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/11 06:48 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00057-y [pii]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00057-y [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nature. 2022 Jan;601(7892):165. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00057-y.

PMID- 35294426
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220321
LR  - 20220321
IS  - 1523-2859 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-732X (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1646
DP  - 2022 Mar 21
TI  - An EUA for bebtelovimab for treatment of COVID-19.
PG  - 41-42
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Lett Drugs Ther
JT  - The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics
JID - 2985240R
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Neutralizing)
RN  - 8YL4SYR6CU (bebtelovimab)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antibodies, Neutralizing
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Humans
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *Paxlovid
OT  - *Veklury
OT  - *adverse effects
OT  - *bamlanivimab
OT  - *bebtelovimab
OT  - *dosage
OT  - *efficacy
OT  - *etesevimab
OT  - *molnupiravir
OT  - *nirmatrelvir
OT  - *remdesivir
OT  - *ritonavir
OT  - *safety
OT  - *sotrovimab
EDAT- 2022/03/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/22 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/16 17:15
PHST- 2022/03/16 17:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/22 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2022 Mar 21;64(1646):41-42.

PMID- 35224970
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220317
LR  - 20220323
IS  - 1520-5126 (Electronic)
IS  - 0002-7863 (Print)
IS  - 0002-7863 (Linking)
VI  - 144
IP  - 9
DP  - 2022 Mar 9
TI  - An Engineered Cytidine Deaminase for Biocatalytic Production of a Key 
      Intermediate of the Covid-19 Antiviral Molnupiravir.
PG  - 3761-3765
LID - 10.1021/jacs.1c11048 [doi]
AB  - The Covid-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need for cost-effective processes to 
      rapidly manufacture antiviral drugs at scale. Here we report a concise 
      biocatalytic process for Molnupiravir, a nucleoside analogue recently approved as 
      an orally available treatment for SARS-CoV-2. Key to the success of this process 
      was the development of an efficient biocatalyst for the production of 
      N-hydroxy-cytidine through evolutionary adaption of the hydrolytic enzyme 
      cytidine deaminase. This engineered biocatalyst performs >85 000 turnovers in 
      less than 3 h, operates at 180 g/L substrate loading, and benefits from in situ 
      crystallization of the N-hydroxy-cytidine product (85% yield), which can be 
      converted to Molnupiravir by a selective 5'-acylation using Novozym 435.
FAU - Burke, Ashleigh J
AU  - Burke AJ
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Birmingham, William R
AU  - Birmingham WR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8880-5502
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Zhuo, Ying
AU  - Zhuo Y
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Thorpe, Thomas W
AU  - Thorpe TW
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Zucoloto da Costa, Bruna
AU  - Zucoloto da Costa B
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Crawshaw, Rebecca
AU  - Crawshaw R
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Rowles, Ian
AU  - Rowles I
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Finnigan, James D
AU  - Finnigan JD
AD  - Prozomix Ltd, Building 4, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle NE49 9HA, U.K.
FAU - Young, Carl
AU  - Young C
AD  - Prozomix Ltd, Building 4, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle NE49 9HA, U.K.
FAU - Holgate, Gregory M
AU  - Holgate GM
AD  - Sterling Pharma Solutions, Sterling Place, Dudley, Northumberland NE23 7QG, U.K.
FAU - Muldowney, Mark P
AU  - Muldowney MP
AD  - Sterling Pharma Solutions, Sterling Place, Dudley, Northumberland NE23 7QG, U.K.
FAU - Charnock, Simon J
AU  - Charnock SJ
AD  - Prozomix Ltd, Building 4, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle NE49 9HA, U.K.
FAU - Lovelock, Sarah L
AU  - Lovelock SL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4584-3189
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Turner, Nicholas J
AU  - Turner NJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8708-0781
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
FAU - Green, Anthony P
AU  - Green AP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0454-1798
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of 
      Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
LA  - eng
GR  - BB/M017702/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United 
      Kingdom
GR  - BB/M027023/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United 
      Kingdom
GR  - MR/T041722/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220228
TA  - J Am Chem Soc
JT  - Journal of the American Chemical Society
JID - 7503056
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - EC 3.5.4.5 (Cytidine Deaminase)
RN  - WHI7HQ7H85 (Uridine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - *Antiviral Agents
MH  - Biocatalysis
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/biosynthesis/metabolism
MH  - Cytidine Deaminase/genetics/*metabolism
MH  - Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Metabolic Engineering
MH  - Protein Engineering
MH  - *SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Uridine/metabolism
PMC - PMC8915250
COIS- The authors declare no competing financial interest.
EDAT- 2022/03/01 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/18 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/28 08:54
PHST- 2022/03/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/28 08:54 [entrez]
AID - 10.1021/jacs.1c11048 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Am Chem Soc. 2022 Mar 9;144(9):3761-3765. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c11048. Epub 2022 
      Feb 28.

PMID- 35165657
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220218
IS  - 2328-8957 (Print)
IS  - 2328-8957 (Electronic)
IS  - 2328-8957 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Outpatient Therapies for COVID-19: How Do We Choose?
PG  - ofac008
LID - 10.1093/ofid/ofac008 [doi]
LID - ofac008
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several outpatient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapies have 
      reduced hospitalization in randomized controlled trials. The choice of therapy 
      may depend on drug efficacy, toxicity, pricing, availability, and available 
      infrastructure. To facilitate comparative decision-making, we evaluated the 
      efficacy of each treatment in clinical trials and estimated the cost per 
      hospitalization prevented. METHODS: Wherever possible, we obtained relative risk 
      for hospitalization from published randomized controlled trials. Otherwise, we 
      extracted data from press releases, conference abstracts, government submissions, 
      or preprints. If there was >1 study, the results were meta-analyzed. Using 
      relative risk, we estimated the number needed to treat (NNT), assuming a baseline 
      hospitalization risk of 5%, and compared the cost per hospitalization prevented 
      with the estimate for an average Medicare COVID-19 hospitalization ($21 752). 
      Drug pricing was estimated from GoodRx, from government purchases, or 
      manufacturer estimates. Administrative and societal costs were not included. 
      Results will be updated online as new studies emerge and/or final numbers become 
      available. RESULTS: At a 5% risk of hospitalization, the estimated NNT was 80 for 
      fluvoxamine, 91 for colchicine, 72 for inhaled corticosteroids, 24 for 
      nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, 50 for molnupiravir, 28 for remdesivir, 25 for 
      sotrovimab, 29 for casirivimab/imdevimab, and 29 for bamlanivimab/etesevimab. For 
      drug cost per hospitalization prevented, colchicine, fluvoxamine, inhaled 
      corticosteroids, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were below the Medicare estimated 
      hospitalization cost. CONCLUSIONS: Many countries are fortunate to have access to 
      several effective outpatient therapies to prevent COVID-19 hospitalization. Given 
      differences in efficacy, toxicity, cost, and administration complexity, this 
      assessment serves as one means to frame treatment selection.
CI  - © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of 
      Infectious Diseases Society of America.
FAU - Lee, Todd C
AU  - Lee TC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2267-4239
AD  - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health 
      Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
AD  - Clinical Practice Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, McGill University 
      Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
AD  - Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 
      Montréal, Québec, Canada.
FAU - Morris, Andrew M
AU  - Morris AM
AD  - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Sinai Health, University 
      Health Network, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
FAU - Grover, Steven A
AU  - Grover SA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0239-9671
AD  - Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 
      Montréal, Québec, Canada.
AD  - Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University 
      Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
FAU - Murthy, Srinivas
AU  - Murthy S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9476-839X
AD  - Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British 
      Columbia, Canada.
FAU - McDonald, Emily G
AU  - McDonald EG
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0783-0624
AD  - Clinical Practice Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, McGill University 
      Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220119
TA  - Open Forum Infect Dis
JT  - Open forum infectious diseases
JID - 101637045
PMC - PMC8807279
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - antivirals
OT  - monoclonal antibodies
OT  - repurposed medications
EDAT- 2022/02/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/16 06:01
CRDT- 2022/02/15 05:37
PHST- 2021/12/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/15 05:37 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/16 06:01 [medline]
AID - ofac008 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/ofid/ofac008 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Jan 19;9(3):ofac008. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac008. 
      eCollection 2022 Mar.

PMID- 35233571
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220309
DP  - 2022 Feb 23
TI  - Molnupiravir (MK-4482) is efficacious against Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 
      variants in the Syrian hamster COVID-19 model.
LID - 2022.02.22.481491 [pii]
LID - 10.1101/2022.02.22.481491 [doi]
AB  - The recent emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VOC) 
      containing a heavily mutated spike protein capable of escaping preexisting 
      immunity, identifies a continued need for interventional measures. Molnupiravir 
      (MK-4482), an orally administered nucleoside analog, has demonstrated efficacy 
      against earlier SARS-CoV-2 lineages and was recently approved for SARS-CoV-2 
      infections in high-risk adults. Here we assessed the efficacy of MK-4482 against 
      the earlier Alpha, Beta and Delta VOCs and Omicron in the Syrian hamster COVID-19 
      model. Omicron replication and associated lung disease in vehicle treated 
      hamsters was reduced compared to the earlier VOCs. MK-4482 treatment inhibited 
      virus replication in the lungs of Alpha, Beta and Delta VOC infected hamsters. 
      Importantly, MK-4482 profoundly inhibited virus replication in the upper and 
      lower respiratory tract of hamsters infected with the Omicron VOC. Consistent 
      with its mutagenic mechanism, MK-4482 treatment had a more pronounced inhibitory 
      effect on infectious virus titers compared to viral RNA genome load. 
      Histopathologic analysis showed that MK-4482 treatment caused a concomitant 
      reduction in the level of lung disease and viral antigen load in infected 
      hamsters across all VOCs examined. Together, our data indicate the potential of 
      MK-4482 as an effective antiviral against known SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, especially 
      Omicron, and likely future SARS-CoV-2 variants. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY: MK-4482 
      inhibits replication of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including 
      Omicron, in the Syrian hamster COVID-19 model.
FAU - Rosenke, Kyle
AU  - Rosenke K
FAU - Okumura, Atsushi
AU  - Okumura A
FAU - Lewis, Matthew C
AU  - Lewis MC
FAU - Feldmann, Friederike
AU  - Feldmann F
FAU - Meade-White, Kimberly
AU  - Meade-White K
FAU - Bohler, W Forrest
AU  - Bohler WF
FAU - Griffin, Amanda
AU  - Griffin A
FAU - Rosenke, Rebecca
AU  - Rosenke R
FAU - Shaia, Carl
AU  - Shaia C
FAU - Jarvis, Michael A
AU  - Jarvis MA
FAU - Feldmann, Heinz
AU  - Feldmann H
LA  - eng
PT  - Preprint
DEP - 20220223
TA  - bioRxiv
JT  - bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
JID - 101680187
PMC - PMC8887072
COIS- Competing interests: MAJ is employed, in part, by the Vaccine Group Ltd. All 
      authors declare that they have no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/03/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/03 06:01
CRDT- 2022/03/02 06:15
PHST- 2022/03/02 06:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:01 [medline]
AID - 2022.02.22.481491 [pii]
AID - 10.1101/2022.02.22.481491 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - bioRxiv. 2022 Feb 23:2022.02.22.481491. doi: 10.1101/2022.02.22.481491. Preprint.

PMID- 35171899
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220222
LR  - 20220222
IS  - 1523-2859 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-732X (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1644
DP  - 2022 Feb 21
TI  - COVID-19 updates: NIH outpatient treatment guidelines.
PG  - 32
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Lett Drugs Ther
JT  - The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics
JID - 2985240R
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - National Institutes of Health (U.S.)
MH  - *Outpatients
MH  - *Practice Guidelines as Topic
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - United States
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *Paxlovid
OT  - *REGEN-COV
OT  - *Veklury
OT  - *bamlanivimab
OT  - *casirivimab
OT  - *efficacy
OT  - *etesevimab
OT  - *imdevimab
OT  - *molnupiravir
OT  - *nirmatrelvir
OT  - *remdesivir
OT  - *ritonavir
OT  - *sotrovimab
EDAT- 2022/02/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/16 17:12
PHST- 2022/02/16 17:12 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/23 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2022 Feb 21;64(1644):32.

PMID- 35134051
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220217
LR  - 20220217
IS  - 1523-2859 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-732X (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1643
DP  - 2022 Feb 7
TI  - Treatment of COVID-19 in high-risk outpatients.
PG  - e1
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220207
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Lett Drugs Ther
JT  - The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics
JID - 2985240R
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized)
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Neutralizing)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 1MTK0BPN8V (sotrovimab)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Alanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - *Ambulatory Care
MH  - Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
MH  - Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/diagnosis/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
MH  - Lactams/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/therapeutic use
MH  - Nitriles/therapeutic use
MH  - *Outpatients
MH  - Proline/therapeutic use
MH  - Ritonavir/therapeutic use
MH  - Treatment Outcome
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Paxlovid
OT  - Veklury
OT  - dosage
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - nirmatrelvir
OT  - remdesivir
OT  - ritonavir
OT  - sotrovimab
EDAT- 2022/02/09 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/19 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/08 17:13
PHST- 2022/02/08 17:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/19 06:00 [medline]
PST - epublish
SO  - Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2022 Feb 7;64(1643):e1.

PMID- 35341442
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220328
IS  - 1744-7666 (Electronic)
IS  - 1465-6566 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 28
TI  - What impact can molnupiravir have on the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection?
PG  - 1-4
LID - 10.1080/14656566.2022.2057795 [doi]
FAU - Kayali, Fatima
AU  - Kayali F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8040-5811
AD  - UCLan Medical School, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
FAU - Leung, Marco Shiu Tsun
AU  - Leung MST
AD  - The Hillingdon Hospitals Foundation Trust, Uxbridge, UK.
AD  - Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
FAU - Wong, Wilson
AU  - Wong W
AD  - Ealing Hospital, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Southall, UK.
FAU - Morgan, Kara Pittendrigh
AU  - Morgan KP
AD  - Department of Cardiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
AD  - Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, 
      Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
FAU - Harky, Amer
AU  - Harky A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5507-5841
AD  - Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, 
      Liverpool, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Editorial
DEP - 20220328
PL  - England
TA  - Expert Opin Pharmacother
JT  - Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
JID - 100897346
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Antivirals
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - coronavirus
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - pharmacotherapy
EDAT- 2022/03/29 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/29 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/28 05:25
PHST- 2022/03/28 05:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/29 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1080/14656566.2022.2057795 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2022 Mar 28:1-4. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2057795.

PMID- 35073629
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220303
LR  - 20220303
IS  - 1698-6997 (Electronic)
IS  - 1139-6121 (Linking)
VI  - 24
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Mar 1
TI  - Oral antivirals for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
PG  - 41-49
LID - 10.24875/AIDSRev.22000001 [doi]
AB  - Vaccines and antivirals are the classical weapons deployed to contain, prevent, 
      and treat life-threatening viral illnesses. Specifically, for SARS-CoV-2 
      infection, vaccines protect against severe COVID-19 disease manifestations and 
      complications. However, waning immunity and emergence of vaccine escape mutants 
      remains a growing threat. This is highlighted by the current surge of the omicron 
      COVID-19 variant. Thus, there is a race to find treatment alternatives. We 
      contend that oral small molecule antivirals that halt SARSCoV- 2 infection are 
      essential. Compared to currently available monoclonal antibodies and remdesivir, 
      where parenteral administration is required, oral antivirals offer treatments in 
      an outpatient setting with dissemination available on a larger scale. In response 
      to this need at 2021's end, regulatory agencies provided emergency use 
      authorization for both molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir. These medicines act on the 
      viral polymerase and protease, respectively. Each is given for 5 days and can 
      reduce disease progression by 30% and 89%, respectively. The advent of additional 
      oral antivirals, the assessment of combination therapies, the formulation of 
      extended-release medications, and their benefit for both early treatment and 
      prophylaxis will likely transform the landscape of the COVID-19 pandemic.
FAU - Soriano, Vicente
AU  - Soriano V
AD  - UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, Madrid, Spain.
FAU - de-Mendoza, Carmen
AU  - de-Mendoza C
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro Research Institute and 
      University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Edagwa, Benson
AU  - Edagwa B
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, 
      University of Nebraska, Medical Center, NE, USA.
FAU - Treviño, Ana
AU  - Treviño A
AD  - UNIR Health Sciences School & Medical Center, Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Barreiro, Pablo
AU  - Barreiro P
AD  - Clinical Research Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Fernandez-Montero, José V
AU  - Fernandez-Montero JV
AD  - Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Mallorca, Spain.
FAU - Gendelman, Howard E
AU  - Gendelman HE
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, 
      University of Nebraska, Medical Center, NE, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220301
PL  - Spain
TA  - AIDS Rev
JT  - AIDS reviews
JID - 101134876
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - *HIV Infections/drug therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Pandemics/prevention & control
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *Antiviral Therapy
OT  - *Combination Therapy
OT  - *Long-ActingAntivirals
OT  - *Molnupiravir
OT  - *Mutagenesis
OT  - *Nirmatrelvir
OT  - *Oral Remdesivir
OT  - *Prophylaxis
OT  - *Protease Inhibitors
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
EDAT- 2022/01/25 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/04 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/24 22:57
PHST- 2022/01/24 22:57 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/04 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.24875/AIDSRev.22000001 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - AIDS Rev. 2022 Mar 1;24(1):41-49. doi: 10.24875/AIDSRev.22000001.

PMID- 35299948
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220319
IS  - 2572-4754 (Electronic)
IS  - 2572-4754 (Linking)
VI  - 6
DP  - 2022
TI  - Cost of Goods Analysis Facilitates an Integrated Approach to Identifying 
      Alternative Synthesis Methodologies for Lower Cost Manufacturing of the COVID-19 
      Antiviral Molnupiravir.
PG  - 8
LID - 10.12688/gatesopenres.13509.1 [doi]
LID - 8
AB  - Orally delivered drugs offer significant benefits in the fight against viral 
      infections, and cost-effective production is critical to their impact on pandemic 
      response in low- and middle-income countries. One example, molnupiravir, a 
      COVID-19 therapy developed by Emory, Ridgeback, and Merck & Co., had potential to 
      benefit from significant cost of goods (COGs) reductions for its active 
      pharmaceutical ingredient (API), including starting materials. A holistic 
      approach to identifying, developing, and evaluating optimized synthetic routes, 
      which includes detailed COGs modeling, provides a rapid means to increase the 
      availability, uptake and application of molnupiravir and other antivirals in 
      global markets. Identification and development of alternate processes for the 
      synthesis of molnupiravir has been conducted by the Medicines for All Institute 
      at Virginia Commonwealth University (M4ALL) and the Green and Turner Labs at the 
      University of Manchester. Both groups developed innovative processes based on 
      synthetic route design and biocatalysis aimed at lowering costs and improving 
      global access. The authors then performed COGs modeling to assess cost saving 
      opportunities. This included a focus on manufacturing environments and facilities 
      amenable to global public health and the identification of key parameters using 
      sensitivity analyses. While all of the evaluated routes provide efficiency 
      benefits, the best options yielded 3-6 fold API COGs reductions leading to 
      treatment COGs as low as <$3/regimen. Additionally, key starting materials and 
      cost drivers were quantified to evaluate the robustness of the savings. Finally, 
      COGs models can continue to inform the focus of future development efforts on the 
      most promising routes for additional cost savings. While the full price of a 
      treatment course includes other factors, these alternative API synthetic 
      approaches have significant potential to help facilitate broader access in low- 
      and middle-income countries. As other promising therapeutics are developed, a 
      similar process could enable rapid cost reductions while enhancing global access.
CI  - Copyright: © 2022 Peterson C et al.
FAU - Peterson, Christopher
AU  - Peterson C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8499-9266
AD  - Latham BioPharm Group, Elkridge, Maryland, 21705, USA.
FAU - Paria, Sayan
AU  - Paria S
AD  - Latham BioPharm Group, Elkridge, Maryland, 21705, USA.
FAU - Deshpande, Anita
AU  - Deshpande A
AD  - Medicines for All Institute, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, 23298, USA.
FAU - Ahmad, Saeed
AU  - Ahmad S
AD  - Medicines for All Institute, VCU, Richmond, Virginia, 23298, USA.
FAU - Harmon, Andrew
AU  - Harmon A
AD  - Latham BioPharm Group, Elkridge, Maryland, 21705, USA.
FAU - Dillon, John
AU  - Dillon J
AD  - JLD Pharma Consulting, LLC, Tinton Falls, New Jersey, 07724, USA.
FAU - Laird, Trevor
AU  - Laird T
AD  - Trevor Laird Associates Ltd, East Sussex, TN21 0TG, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220216
TA  - Gates Open Res
JT  - Gates open research
JID - 101717821
PMC - PMC8901586
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Cost of Goods
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - coronavirus
OT  - cytidine
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - uridine
COIS- No competing interests were disclosed.
EDAT- 2022/03/19 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/19 06:01
CRDT- 2022/03/18 05:13
PHST- 2022/01/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/18 05:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/19 06:01 [medline]
AID - 10.12688/gatesopenres.13509.1 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Gates Open Res. 2022 Feb 16;6:8. doi: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13509.1. eCollection 
      2022.

PMID- 35233163
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220304
IS  - 1226-8453 (Print)
IS  - 2093-4947 (Electronic)
IS  - 1226-8453 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Feb 25
TI  - Can Panax ginseng help control cytokine storm in COVID-19?
LID - 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.006 [doi]
AB  - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a pandemic caused by severe 
      acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 are directly 
      associated with hyper-activation of innate immune response that excessively 
      produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce cytokine storm, leading to 
      multi-organ-failure and significant morbidity/mortality. Currently, several 
      antiviral drugs such as Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) and molnupiravir 
      are authorized to treat mild to moderate COVID-19, however, there are still no 
      drugs that can specifically fight against challenges of SARS-CoV-2 variants. 
      Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant widely used for treating various conditions, 
      might be appropriate for this need due to its anti-inflammatory/cytokine/viral 
      activities, fewer side effects, and cost efficiency. To review Panax ginseng and 
      its pharmacologically active-ingredients as potential phytopharmaceuticals for 
      treating cytokine storm of COVID-19, articles that reporting its positive effects 
      on the cytokine production were searched from academic databases. 
      Experimental/clinical evidences for the effectiveness of Panax ginseng and its 
      active-ingredients in preventing or mitigating cytokine storm, especially for the 
      cascade of cytokine storm, suggest that they might be beneficial as an adjunct 
      treatment for cytokine storm of COVID-19. This review may provide a new approach 
      to discover specific medications using Panax ginseng to control cytokine storm of 
      COVID-19.
CI  - © 2022 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.
FAU - Choi, Jong Hee
AU  - Choi JH
AD  - Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Lee, Young Hyun
AU  - Lee YH
AD  - Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Kwon, Tae Woo
AU  - Kwon TW
AD  - Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Ko, Seong-Gyu
AU  - Ko SG
AD  - Korean Medicine-based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of 
      Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Nah, Seung-Yeol
AU  - Nah SY
AD  - Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of 
      Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 
      Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
FAU - Cho, Ik-Hyun
AU  - Cho IH
AD  - Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee 
      University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
AD  - Institute of Convergence Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, 
      Republic of Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220225
TA  - J Ginseng Res
JT  - Journal of ginseng research
JID - 100890690
PMC - PMC8876050
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Coronavirus disease 2019
OT  - Cytokine storm
OT  - Panax ginseng
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - Therapeutic strategies
COIS- The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with this publication. There 
      has been no significant financial support for this work that could have 
      influenced its outcome.
EDAT- 2022/03/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/03 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/02 06:14
PHST- 2022/02/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/02 06:14 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1226-8453(22)00027-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.006 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - J Ginseng Res. 2022 Feb 25. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.006.

PMID- 35064230
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220131
LR  - 20220131
IS  - 1476-4687 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-0836 (Linking)
VI  - 601
IP  - 7894
DP  - 2022 Jan
TI  - Why scientists are racing to develop more COVID antivirals.
PG  - 496
LID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00112-8 [doi]
FAU - Kozlov, Max
AU  - Kozlov M
LA  - eng
PT  - News
PL  - England
TA  - Nature
JT  - Nature
JID - 0410462
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/administration & dosage/analogs & 
      derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Administration, Oral
MH  - Alanine/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic 
      use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacology/supply & 
      distribution/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/mortality/prevention & control/*virology
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines/supply & distribution
MH  - Cytidine/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic 
      use
MH  - Drug Approval
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - Drug Development/*trends
MH  - *Drug Resistance, Viral/drug effects/genetics
MH  - Drug Therapy, Combination
MH  - Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Lactams/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Medication Adherence
MH  - Molecular Targeted Therapy
MH  - Mutagenesis
MH  - Nitriles/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Proline/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Public-Private Sector Partnerships/economics
MH  - *Research Personnel
MH  - Ritonavir/administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/enzymology/genetics
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *Drug discovery
OT  - *Medical research
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
EDAT- 2022/01/23 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/01 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/22 05:44
PHST- 2022/01/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/22 05:44 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00112-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00112-8 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nature. 2022 Jan;601(7894):496. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00112-8.

PMID- 35185356
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220401
IS  - 1319-562X (Print)
IS  - 2213-7106 (Electronic)
IS  - 2213-7106 (Linking)
VI  - 29
IP  - 5
DP  - 2022 May
TI  - Insight into the biological impact of COVID-19 and its vaccines on human health.
PG  - 3326-3337
LID - 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.010 [doi]
AB  - COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) is a contagious illness that has been 
      declared a global epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The 
      coronavirus causes diseases ranging in severity from the common cold to severe 
      respiratory diseases and death. Coronavirus primarily affects blood pressure by 
      attaching to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptor. This virus has 
      an impact on multiple organ systems, including the central nervous system, immune 
      system, cardiovascular system, peripheral nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, 
      endocrine system, urinary system, skin, and pregnancy. For the prevention of 
      COVID-19, various vaccines such as viral-like particle vaccines, entire 
      inactivated virus vaccines, viral vector vaccines, live attenuated virus 
      vaccines, subunit vaccines, RNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines are now available. 
      Some of the COVID-19 vaccines are reported to cause a variety of adverse effects 
      that range from mild to severe in nature. SARS-CoV-2 replication is controlled by 
      the RNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase enzyme (RdRp). The availability of FDA-approved 
      anti-RdRp drugs (Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir) 
      as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that tightly bind to its RdRp may aid in the 
      treatment of patients and reduce the risk of the mysterious new form of COVID-19 
      viral infection. RdRp inhibitors, such as remdesivir (an anti-Ebola virus 
      experimental drug) and favipiravir (an anti-influenza drug), inhibit RdRp and 
      thus slow the progression of COVID-19 and associated clinical symptoms, as well 
      as significantly shorten recovery time. Molnupiravir, an orally active RdRp 
      inhibitor and noval broad spectrum antiviral agent, is an isopropyl pro-drug of 
      EIDD-1931 for emergency use. Galidesivir's in vitro and in vivo activities are 
      limited to RNA of human public health concern. Top seeds for antiviral treatments 
      with high potential to combat the SARS-CoV-2 strain include guanosine derivatives 
      (IDX-184), setrobuvir, and YAK. The goal of this review is to compile scattered 
      information on available COVID-19 vaccines and other treatments for protecting 
      the human body from their harmful effects and to provide options for making 
      better choices in a timely manner.
CI  - © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
FAU - Ashwlayan, Vrish Dhwaj
AU  - Ashwlayan VD
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and 
      Technology, NH-58 Meerut-Delhi Bypass, Bagpat Crossing, Meerut 250005, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Antlash, Chanchal
AU  - Antlash C
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and 
      Technology, NH-58 Meerut-Delhi Bypass, Bagpat Crossing, Meerut 250005, Uttar 
      Pradesh, India.
FAU - Imran, Mohd
AU  - Imran M
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border 
      University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Asdaq, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin
AU  - Asdaq SMB
AD  - Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, 
      Ariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Alshammari, Mohammed Kanan
AU  - Alshammari MK
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Rafha Central Hospital, North Zone, Rafha 
      91911, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Alomani, Marwa
AU  - Alomani M
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, King 
      Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Alzahrani, Eman
AU  - Alzahrani E
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Care, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, King 
      Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Sharma, Divya
AU  - Sharma D
AD  - Department of Computer Science, Deva Nagri College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
FAU - Tomar, Ritu
AU  - Tomar R
AD  - School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, 
      Dehradun, India.
FAU - Arora, Mandeep Kumar
AU  - Arora MK
AD  - School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, 
      Dehradun, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220212
TA  - Saudi J Biol Sci
JT  - Saudi journal of biological sciences
JID - 101543796
PMC - PMC8837491
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biological impact
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Global health
OT  - SARS-CoV
OT  - Transmission
OT  - Vaccine
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/02/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/22 06:01
CRDT- 2022/02/21 06:00
PHST- 2022/01/03 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/05 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/21 06:00 [entrez]
AID - S1319-562X(22)00086-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.010 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022 May;29(5):3326-3337. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.010. Epub 
      2022 Feb 12.

PMID- 35436778
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220420
LR  - 20220420
IS  - 1523-2859 (Electronic)
IS  - 0025-732X (Linking)
VI  - 64
IP  - 1648
DP  - 2022 Apr 18
TI  - COVID-19 updates: FDA restricts use of sotrovimab.
PG  - 64
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Med Lett Drugs Ther
JT  - The Medical letter on drugs and therapeutics
JID - 2985240R
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized)
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Neutralizing)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 1MTK0BPN8V (sotrovimab)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
MH  - Antibodies, Neutralizing
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - Ritonavir
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Lagevrio
OT  - Paxlovid
OT  - Veklury
OT  - bebtelovimab
OT  - efficacy
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - nirmatrelvir
OT  - remdesivir
OT  - ritonavir
OT  - sotrovimab
EDAT- 2022/04/19 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/21 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/18 20:10
PHST- 2022/04/18 20:10 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/21 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2022 Apr 18;64(1648):64.

PMID- 35023215
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220209
LR  - 20220209
IS  - 1098-2280 (Electronic)
IS  - 0893-6692 (Linking)
VI  - 63
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Jan
TI  - Human genetic risk of treatment with antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that 
      induce lethal mutagenesis: The special case of molnupiravir.
PG  - 37-63
LID - 10.1002/em.22471 [doi]
AB  - This review considers antiviral nucleoside analog drugs, including ribavirin, 
      favipiravir, and molnupiravir, which induce genome error catastrophe in SARS-CoV 
      or SARS-CoV-2 via lethal mutagenesis as a mode of action. In vitro data indicate 
      that molnupiravir may be 100 times more potent as an antiviral agent than 
      ribavirin or favipiravir. Molnupiravir has recently demonstrated efficacy in a 
      phase 3 clinical trial. Because of its anticipated global use, its relative 
      potency, and the reported in vitro "host" cell mutagenicity of its active 
      principle, β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine, we have reviewed the development of 
      molnupiravir and its genotoxicity safety evaluation, as well as the genotoxicity 
      profiles of three congeners, that is, ribavirin, favipiravir, and 
      5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine. We consider the potential genetic risks of 
      molnupiravir on the basis of all available information and focus on the need for 
      additional human genotoxicity data and follow-up in patients treated with 
      molnupiravir and similar drugs. Such human data are especially relevant for 
      antiviral NAs that have the potential of permanently modifying the genomes of 
      treated patients and/or causing human teratogenicity or embryotoxicity. We 
      conclude that the results of preclinical genotoxicity studies and phase 1 human 
      clinical safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics are critical components of 
      drug safety assessments and sentinels of unanticipated adverse health effects. We 
      provide our rationale for performing more thorough genotoxicity testing prior to 
      and within phase 1 clinical trials, including human PIG-A and error corrected 
      next generation sequencing (duplex sequencing) studies in DNA and mitochondrial 
      DNA of patients treated with antiviral NAs that induce genome error catastrophe 
      via lethal mutagenesis.
CI  - © 2022 Environmental Mutagen Society.
FAU - Waters, Michael D
AU  - Waters MD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9238-7916
AD  - Michael Waters Consulting USA, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA.
FAU - Warren, Stafford
AU  - Warren S
AD  - Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, Maryland, USA.
FAU - Hughes, Claude
AU  - Hughes C
AD  - Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
FAU - Lewis, Philip
AU  - Lewis P
AD  - Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
FAU - Zhang, Fengyu
AU  - Zhang F
AD  - Global Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - United States
TA  - Environ Mol Mutagen
JT  - Environmental and molecular mutagenesis
JID - 8800109
RN  - 0 (Amides)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Nucleosides)
RN  - 0 (Pyrazines)
RN  - 49717AWG6K (Ribavirin)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 90301-59-0 (5-(2-chloroethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine)
RN  - C3D11PV2O4 (N(4)-hydroxycytidine)
RN  - EW5GL2X7E0 (favipiravir)
RN  - W78I7AY22C (Deoxyuridine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amides/adverse effects/therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - DNA Damage/*drug effects
MH  - Deoxyuridine/adverse effects/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Genome, Human/drug effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
MH  - Mutagenesis/drug effects
MH  - Nucleosides/*adverse effects/therapeutic use
MH  - Pyrazines/adverse effects/therapeutic use
MH  - Ribavirin/adverse effects/therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/*genetics
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *5-(2-chloroethyl)-2′-deoxyuridine
OT  - *COVID-19 pandemic
OT  - *favipiravir
OT  - *molnupiravir
OT  - *ribavirin
OT  - *β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine
EDAT- 2022/01/14 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/10 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/13 06:29
PHST- 2021/12/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/10/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/14 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/10 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/13 06:29 [entrez]
AID - 10.1002/em.22471 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Mol Mutagen. 2022 Jan;63(1):37-63. doi: 10.1002/em.22471.

PMID- 35408729
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220413
LR  - 20220423
IS  - 1420-3049 (Electronic)
IS  - 1420-3049 (Linking)
VI  - 27
IP  - 7
DP  - 2022 Apr 4
TI  - Two Green Micellar HPLC and Mathematically Assisted UV Spectroscopic Methods for 
      the Simultaneous Determination of Molnupiravir and Favipiravir as a Novel 
      Combined COVID-19 Antiviral Regimen.
LID - 10.3390/molecules27072330 [doi]
LID - 2330
AB  - Following the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, a race was initiated to 
      find a successful regimen for postinfections. Among those trials, a recent study 
      declared the efficacy of an antiviral combination of favipiravir (FAV) and 
      molnupiravir (MLP). The combined regimen helped in a successful 60% eradication 
      of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the lungs of studied hamster models. Moreover, it 
      prevented viral transmission to cohosted sentinels. Because both medications are 
      orally bioavailable, the coformulation of FAV and MLP can be predicted. The 
      developed study is aimed at developing new green and simple methods for the 
      simultaneous determination of FAV and MLP and then at their application in the 
      study of their dissolution behavior if coformulated together. A green micellar 
      HPLC method was validated using an RP-C18 core-shell column (5 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm) 
      and an isocratic mixed micellar mobile phase composed of 0.1 M SDS, 0.01 M 
      Brij-35, and 0.02 M monobasic potassium phosphate mixture and adjusted to pH 3.1 
      at 1.0 mL min(-1) flow rate. The analytes were detected at 230 nm. The run time 
      was less than five minutes under the optimized chromatographic conditions. Four 
      other multivariate chemometric model methods were developed and validated, 
      namely, classical least square (CLS), principal component regression (PCR), 
      partial least squares (PLS-1), and genetic algorithm-partial least squares 
      (GA-PLS-1). The developed models succeeded in resolving the great similarity and 
      overlapping in the FAV and MLP UV spectra unlike the traditional univariate 
      methods. All methods were organic solvent-free, did not require extraction or 
      derivatization steps, and were applied for the construction of the simultaneous 
      dissolution profile for FAV tablets and MLP capsules. The methods revealed that 
      the amount of the simultaneously released cited drugs increases up until reaching 
      a plateau after 15 and 20 min for FAV and MLP, respectively. The greenness was 
      assessed on GAPI and found to be in harmony with green analytical chemistry 
      concepts.
FAU - Sharaf, Yasmine Ahmed
AU  - Sharaf YA
AD  - Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 
      44511, Egypt.
FAU - El Deeb, Sami
AU  - El Deeb S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6417-4737
AD  - Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universitaet 
      Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
AD  - Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 
      Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
FAU - Ibrahim, Adel Ehab
AU  - Ibrahim AE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7421-1220
AD  - Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 
      Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
AD  - Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port 
      Said 42526, Egypt.
FAU - Al-Harrasi, Ahmed
AU  - Al-Harrasi A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0815-5942
AD  - Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 
      Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Oman.
FAU - Sayed, Rania Adel
AU  - Sayed RA
AD  - Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 
      44511, Egypt.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220404
TA  - Molecules
JT  - Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 100964009
RN  - 0 (Amides)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Micelles)
RN  - 0 (Pyrazines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - EW5GL2X7E0 (favipiravir)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amides
MH  - Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines
MH  - Micelles
MH  - Pandemics
MH  - Pyrazines
MH  - Reproducibility of Results
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/methods
PMC - PMC9000667
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19 regimen
OT  - UV–VIS Spectrophotometry
OT  - favipiravir
OT  - micellar liquid chromatography
OT  - molnupiravir
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/13 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/14 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/12 01:11
PHST- 2022/03/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/04/01 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/04/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/12 01:11 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/14 06:00 [medline]
AID - molecules27072330 [pii]
AID - molecules-27-02330 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/molecules27072330 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Molecules. 2022 Apr 4;27(7):2330. doi: 10.3390/molecules27072330.

PMID- 35474908
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220427
IS  - 2667-0313 (Electronic)
IS  - 2667-0313 (Linking)
VI  - 2
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Aug
TI  - Ayurvedic formulations: Potential COVID-19 therapeutics?
PG  - 100286
LID - 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100286 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: While Molnupiravir and Paxlovid have recently been approved for use 
      in some countries, there are no widely available treatments for COVID-19, the 
      disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herbal extracts have been used to treat 
      respiratory clinical indications by Ayurvedic medicine practitioners with minimal 
      adverse reactions and intense research efforts are currently under way to develop 
      some of these formulations for COVID-19 treatment. METHODS: Literature search for 
      in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on the topic of Ayurvedic 
      formulations for potential COVID-19 treatment, in order to present the current 
      state of current knowledge by integrating information across all systems. 
      RESULTS: The search yielded 20 peer reviewed articles on in silico studies 
      examining the interaction of phytoconstituents of popular Ayurvedic formulations 
      with SARS-CoV-2 components and its receptors; five articles on preclinical 
      investigations of the ability of selected Ayurvedic formulations to inhibit 
      functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins; and 51 completed clinical trials on the 
      efficacy of using Ayurvedic formulations for treatment of mild to moderate 
      COVID-19. Clinical data was available from 17 of the 51 trials. There was a 
      considerable overlap between formulations used in the in silico studies and the 
      clinical trials. This finding was unexpected as there is no clearly stated 
      alignment between studies and the traditional pathway to drug discovery- basic 
      discovery leading to in vitro and in vivo proof of concept, followed by 
      validation in clinical trials. This was further demonstrated in the majority of 
      the in silico studies where focus was on potential antiviral mechanisms, while 
      the clinical trials were focused on patient recovery using oral treatments. In 
      all 17 clinical trials where data was available, Ayurvedic treatments lead to a 
      shorter period to recovery in participants with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: The most 
      commonly used Ayurvedic treatments for management of respiratory symptoms 
      associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection appear to have prophylactic and/or 
      therapeutic properties. It would be of particular interest to assess synergistic 
      and concomitant systemic effects and antiviral activities of individual 
      phytoconstituents and their combinations in the Ayurvedic treatments.
CI  - © 2022 The Author(s).
FAU - Mahaboob Ali, Anees Ahmed
AU  - Mahaboob Ali AA
AD  - Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, 
      University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
FAU - Bugarcic, Andrea
AU  - Bugarcic A
AD  - National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine, Southern Cross University, Lismore, 
      New South Wales, Australia.
FAU - Naumovski, Nenad
AU  - Naumovski N
AD  - Functional Foods and Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health, University 
      of Canberra, Canberra, Ngunnawal Country, Australia.
AD  - Department of Nutrition-Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, 
      Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
FAU - Ghildyal, Reena
AU  - Ghildyal R
AD  - Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, 
      University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220420
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Phytomed Plus
JT  - Phytomedicine Plus : International journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
JID - 9918382982506676
PMC - PMC9020642
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Antivirals
OT  - Ayurvedic formulations
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Clinical trials
OT  - In silico molecular docking
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/28 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/28 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/27 06:17
PHST- 2022/04/27 06:17 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/28 06:00 [medline]
AID - S2667-0313(22)00069-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100286 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Phytomed Plus. 2022 Aug;2(3):100286. doi: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100286. Epub 2022 
      Apr 20.

PMID- 35105995
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220208
LR  - 20220208
IS  - 1476-4687 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-0836 (Linking)
VI  - 602
IP  - 7895
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - COVID-19: LMICs need antivirals as well as vaccines.
PG  - 33
LID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00220-5 [doi]
FAU - Bajaj, Simar Singh
AU  - Bajaj SS
FAU - Stanford, Fatima Cody
AU  - Stanford FC
LA  - eng
PT  - Letter
PL  - England
TA  - Nature
JT  - Nature
JID - 0410462
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 7R9A5P7H32 (nirmatrelvir)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*economics/*supply & distribution
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/economics/immunology/mortality/*prevention & control
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines/*supply & distribution
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/economics/supply & distribution
MH  - Developed Countries/economics
MH  - *Developing Countries/economics
MH  - Drug Costs
MH  - Healthcare Disparities/economics/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/economics/supply & distribution
MH  - Lactams/economics/supply & distribution
MH  - Leucine/economics/supply & distribution
MH  - Licensure
MH  - Nitriles/economics/supply & distribution
MH  - Proline/economics/supply & distribution
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *Developing world
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
OT  - *Therapeutics
OT  - *Vaccines
EDAT- 2022/02/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/09 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/02 05:33
PHST- 2022/02/02 05:33 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00220-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00220-5 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nature. 2022 Feb;602(7895):33. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00220-5.

PMID- 35276667
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220311
IS  - 1476-1645 (Electronic)
IS  - 0002-9637 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 11
TI  - Making Statistical Sense of the Molnupiravir MOVe-OUT Clinical Trial.
LID - tpmd211339 [pii]
LID - 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1339 [doi]
AB  - Oral therapies for the early treatment of COVID-19 may prevent disease 
      progression and health system overcrowding. A new oral therapeutic named 
      molnupiravir has been promoted as providing an approximately 50% reduction in 
      death or the need for hospitalization. The clinical trial evaluating this drug 
      was stopped early at the recommendation of the Data Safety and Monitoring Board 
      after approximately 50% of the sample had been recruited. At the point of 
      discontinuing the trial, approximately 90% of the planned sample had been 
      recruited and had available follow-up data accessible. We discuss issues about 
      the study conduct, analysis, and interpretation, including 1) the authors and 
      sponsors presented the interim analysis as the primary analysis; 2) communication 
      between sponsors and the Data Safety and Monitoring Board was insufficient; 3) 
      the treatment effects reverse when examining only the post-interim analysis 
      population, and are substantially attenuated when examining the full data; 4) the 
      choice of primary analysis is incorrect; 5) analysis of lost-to-follow-up 
      patients favors the study drug; and 6) other known molnupiravir trials were not 
      presented in the primary study findings. As a result of methodological and 
      statistical concerns, it seems that external trials, separate from those 
      supported by the sponsoring company, are required to determine the utility of 
      this drug.
FAU - Thorlund, Kristian
AU  - Thorlund K
AD  - Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, 
      Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
FAU - Sheldrick, Kyle
AU  - Sheldrick K
AD  - University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
FAU - Meyerowitz-Katz, Gideon
AU  - Meyerowitz-Katz G
AD  - School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, 
      Australia.
FAU - Singh, Sonal
AU  - Singh S
AD  - Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, UMass Chan Medical School, 
      Worcester, Massachusetts.
FAU - Hill, Andrew
AU  - Hill A
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, 
      United Kingdom.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220311
PL  - United States
TA  - Am J Trop Med Hyg
JT  - The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
JID - 0370507
SB  - IM
EDAT- 2022/03/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/12 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/11 20:17
PHST- 2021/12/29 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/11 20:17 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/12 06:00 [medline]
AID - tpmd211339 [pii]
AID - 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1339 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2022 Mar 11:tpmd211339. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1339.

PMID- 35041508
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220323
LR  - 20220323
IS  - 1098-6596 (Electronic)
IS  - 0066-4804 (Print)
IS  - 0066-4804 (Linking)
VI  - 66
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar 15
TI  - The Anti-COVID-19 Drug Remdesivir Promotes Oncogenic Herpesvirus Reactivation 
      through Regulation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways.
PG  - e0239521
LID - 10.1128/aac.02395-21 [doi]
LID - e02395-21
AB  - Recently, remdesivir and molnupiravir were approved for treating COVID-19 caused 
      by SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, little is known about the impact of these drugs 
      on other viruses preexisted in COVID-19 patients. Here we report that remdesivir 
      but not molnupiravir induced lytic reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated 
      herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), two major oncogenic 
      herpesviruses. Remdesivir induced mature virion production from latently infected 
      cells. Mechanistic studies showed that remdesivir induced KSHV and EBV 
      reactivation by regulating several intracellular signaling pathways.
FAU - Chen, Jungang
AU  - Chen J
AD  - Departments of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of 
      Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
FAU - Dai, Lu
AU  - Dai L
AD  - Departments of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of 
      Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
FAU - Kendrick, Samantha
AU  - Kendrick S
AD  - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, 
      University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
FAU - Post, Steven R
AU  - Post SR
AD  - Departments of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of 
      Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
FAU - Qin, Zhiqiang
AU  - Qin Z
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9905-1275
AD  - Departments of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of 
      Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 CA228166/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - CA228166/HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI)/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
DEP - 20220118
TA  - Antimicrob Agents Chemother
JT  - Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy
JID - 0315061
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives
MH  - Alanine/analogs & derivatives
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - *Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
MH  - Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology
MH  - *Herpesvirus 8, Human
MH  - Humans
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
MH  - Signal Transduction
MH  - Virus Activation
PMC - PMC8923226
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *EBV
OT  - *KSHV
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
OT  - *molnupiravir
OT  - *remdesivir
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/01/19 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/24 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/18 17:16
PHST- 2022/01/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/18 17:16 [entrez]
AID - 02395-21 [pii]
AID - aac.02395-21 [pii]
AID - 10.1128/aac.02395-21 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022 Mar 15;66(3):e0239521. doi: 
      10.1128/aac.02395-21. Epub 2022 Jan 18.

PMID- 35191085
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220222
IS  - 1365-2125 (Electronic)
IS  - 0306-5251 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Feb 21
TI  - Ethical concern regarding the UK PANORAMIC COVID-19 trial.
LID - 10.1111/bcp.15275 [doi]
FAU - Dal-Ré, Rafael
AU  - Dal-Ré R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0980-2486
AD  - Epidemiology Unit, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University 
      Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Holm, Søren
AU  - Holm S
AD  - Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, Department of Law, School of Social 
      Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220221
PL  - England
TA  - Br J Clin Pharmacol
JT  - British journal of clinical pharmacology
JID - 7503323
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Declaration of Helsinki
OT  - PANORAMIC trial
OT  - informed consent
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - unvaccinated individuals
OT  - vaccinated individuals
EDAT- 2022/02/23 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/22 06:10
PHST- 2022/02/06 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:10 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/23 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1111/bcp.15275 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Feb 21. doi: 10.1111/bcp.15275.

PMID- 35110950
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220204
LR  - 20220204
IS  - 2219-2840 (Electronic)
IS  - 1007-9327 (Print)
IS  - 1007-9327 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Jan 21
TI  - Endothelial cells and blood vessels are major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue 
      injury and spreading to various organs.
PG  - 275-289
LID - 10.3748/wjg.v28.i3.275 [doi]
AB  - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected so far over 250 million people 
      and caused the death of over 5 million worldwide. Aging, diabetes, and 
      cardiovascular diseases, conditions with preexisting impaired endothelial 
      functions predispose to COVID-19. While respiratory epithelium is the main route 
      of virus entry, the endothelial cells (ECs) lining pulmonary blood vessels are 
      also an integral part of lung injury in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 not only 
      affects the lungs and respiratory system but also gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 
      liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, brain, and skin. Blood vessels are likely 
      conduits for the virus dissemination to these distant organs. Importantly, ECs 
      are also critical for vascular regeneration during injury/lesions healing and 
      restoration of vascular network. The World Journal of Gastroenterology has 
      published in last two years over 67 outstanding papers on COVID-19 infection with 
      a focus on the GI tract, liver, pancreas, etc., however, the role of the 
      endothelial and vascular components as major targets for COVID-19-induced tissue 
      injury, spreading to various organs, and injury healing have not been 
      sufficiently emphasized. In the present article, we focus on these subjects and 
      on current treatments including the most recent oral drugs molnupiravir and 
      paxlovid that show a dramatic, significant efficacy in controlling severe 
      COVID-19 infection.
CI  - ©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights 
      reserved.
FAU - Tarnawski, Andrzej S
AU  - Tarnawski AS
AD  - Gastroenterology Research Department, University of California Irvine and the 
      Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, 
      United States.
FAU - Ahluwalia, Amrita
AU  - Ahluwalia A
AD  - Research Service, Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System, Long 
      Beach, CA 90822, United States. amrita.ahluwalia@va.gov.
LA  - eng
PT  - Editorial
TA  - World J Gastroenterol
JT  - World journal of gastroenterology
JID - 100883448
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Endothelial Cells
MH  - Endothelium, Vascular
MH  - Humans
MH  - Lung
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8771611
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Blood vessels
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Cytokine storm
OT  - Endothelial cells
OT  - Impaired endothelial function
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
COIS- Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/02/04 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/05 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/03 05:32
PHST- 2021/11/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/03 05:32 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/05 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.3748/wjg.v28.i3.275 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - World J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 21;28(3):275-289. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i3.275.

PMID- 35250258
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220308
IS  - 1172-0360 (Print)
IS  - 1179-1977 (Electronic)
IS  - 1172-0360 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Feb 28
TI  - Emerging small molecule antivirals may fit neatly into COVID-19 treatment.
PG  - 1-15
LID - 10.1007/s40267-022-00897-8 [doi]
AB  - Numerous treatments exist for COVID-19, the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, 
      although most are not well established; among these are several small molecule 
      antiviral agents. Intravenous remdesivir is an established treatment worldwide 
      for inpatients and in some countries is also available for use in 
      non-hospitalised high risk patients to prevent progression to severe disease and 
      hospitalization. Oral molnupiravir and oral nirmatrelvir-ritonavir are also 
      available in several countries to prevent progression to severe disease and 
      hospitalization for high-risk outpatients. Many other antiviral small molecules 
      that may have therapeutic potential are under investigation in clinical trials. 
      This article provides a summary of key molecular targets, pharmacology and 
      preliminary data on the efficacy and safety of small molecule antiviral agents 
      being investigated for the treatment of COVID-19.
CI  - © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
FAU - Fenton, Caroline
AU  - Fenton C
AD  - Springer Nature, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 65901, Auckland, 0754 New Zealand. 
      GRID: grid.420067.7. ISNI: 0000 0004 0372 1209
FAU - Keam, Susan J
AU  - Keam SJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0121-7645
AD  - Springer Nature, Mairangi Bay, Private Bag 65901, Auckland, 0754 New Zealand. 
      GRID: grid.420067.7. ISNI: 0000 0004 0372 1209
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220228
TA  - Drugs Ther Perspect
JT  - Drugs & therapy perspectives : for rational drug selection and use
JID - 9308798
PMC - PMC8882464
COIS- Authorship and conflict of interestC Fenton, a contracted employee of Adis 
      International Ltd/Springer Nature, and S Keam, a salaried employee of Adis 
      International Ltd/Springer Nature, declare no relevant conflicts of interest. All 
      authors contributed to the review and are responsible for the article content.
EDAT- 2022/03/08 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/08 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/07 06:01
PHST- 2022/01/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/07 06:01 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - 897 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s40267-022-00897-8 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Drugs Ther Perspect. 2022 Feb 28:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s40267-022-00897-8.

PMID- 35202860
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220322
LR  - 20220322
IS  - 1743-9159 (Electronic)
IS  - 1743-9191 (Print)
IS  - 1743-9159 (Linking)
VI  - 99
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Antiviral pills: A potential game-changing therapy against COVID-19.
PG  - 106582
LID - S1743-9191(22)00359-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106582 [doi]
FAU - Dhawan, Manish
AU  - Dhawan M
AD  - Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, 
      Punjab, India; The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, WA14 5PQ, UK.
FAU - Priyanka
AU  - Priyanka
AD  - Independent Researcher, 07, Type IV Quarter, College of Veterinary Sciences and 
      Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl-796015, 
      Mizoram, India.
FAU - Choudhary, Om Prakash
AU  - Choudhary OP
AD  - Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences 
      and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, 
      Aizawl-796015, Mizoram, India. Electronic address: dr.om.choudhary@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220223
TA  - Int J Surg
JT  - International journal of surgery (London, England)
JID - 101228232
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Humans
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8864060
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Antiviral pills
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Management
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - Vaccines
COIS- All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article.
EDAT- 2022/02/25 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/24 20:11
PHST- 2022/02/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/24 20:11 [entrez]
AID - S1743-9191(22)00359-4 [pii]
AID - 106582 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106582 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Surg. 2022 Mar;99:106582. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106582. Epub 2022 Feb 
      23.

PMID- 35321497
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220328
LR  - 20220328
IS  - 1177-8881 (Electronic)
IS  - 1177-8881 (Linking)
VI  - 16
DP  - 2022
TI  - A Systematic Review of the Global Intervention for SARS-CoV-2 Combating: From 
      Drugs Repurposing to Molnupiravir Approval.
PG  - 685-715
LID - 10.2147/DDDT.S354841 [doi]
AB  - The rising outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world. The 
      development of novel effective antiviral drugs to fight against SARS-CoV-2 is a 
      time cost. As a result, some specific FDA-approved drugs have already been 
      repurposed and authorized for COVID-19 treatment. The repurposed drugs used were 
      either antiviral or non-antiviral drugs. Accordingly, the present review 
      thoroughly focuses on the repurposing efficacy of these drugs including clinical 
      trials experienced, the combination therapies used, the novel methods followed 
      for treatment, and their future perspective. Therefore, drug repurposing was 
      regarded as an effective avenue for COVID-19 treatment. Recently, molnupiravir is 
      a prodrug antiviral medication that was approved in the United Kingdom in 
      November 2021 for the treatment of COVID-19. On the other hand, PF-07321332 is an 
      oral antiviral drug developed by Pfizer. For the treatment of COVID-19, the 
      PF-07321332/ritonavir combination medication is used in Phase III studies and was 
      marketed as Paxlovid. Herein, we represented the almost history of combating 
      COVID-19 from repurposing to the recently available oral anti-SARS-CoV-2 
      candidates, as a new hope to end the current pandemic.
CI  - © 2022 Ashour et al.
FAU - Ashour, Nada A
AU  - Ashour NA
AD  - Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, 
      New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
FAU - Abo Elmaaty, Ayman
AU  - Abo Elmaaty A
AD  - Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, 
      Port Said, 42526, Egypt.
FAU - Sarhan, Amany A
AU  - Sarhan AA
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus 
      University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
FAU - Elkaeed, Eslam B
AU  - Elkaeed EB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2546-8035
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, 
      Ad Diriyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Moussa, Ahmed M
AU  - Moussa AM
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus 
      University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
FAU - Erfan, Ibrahim Ali
AU  - Erfan IA
AD  - Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus 
      University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
FAU - Al-Karmalawy, Ahmed A
AU  - Al-Karmalawy AA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8173-6073
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus 
      University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Systematic Review
DEP - 20220315
TA  - Drug Des Devel Ther
JT  - Drug design, development and therapy
JID - 101475745
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Cytidine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/pharmacology
MH  - *Drug Approval
MH  - Drug Repositioning
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/chemistry/*pharmacology
MH  - Microbial Sensitivity Tests
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects
PMC - PMC8935998
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - clinical trials
OT  - drug repurposing
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - paxlovid
COIS- The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.
EDAT- 2022/03/25 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/29 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/24 05:15
PHST- 2021/12/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/24 05:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/29 06:00 [medline]
AID - 354841 [pii]
AID - 10.2147/DDDT.S354841 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022 Mar 15;16:685-715. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S354841. 
      eCollection 2022.

PMID- 34989782
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220127
LR  - 20220127
IS  - 1538-3598 (Electronic)
IS  - 0098-7484 (Linking)
VI  - 327
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Jan 18
TI  - A National Strategy for COVID-19 Medical Countermeasures: Vaccines and 
      Therapeutics.
PG  - 215-216
LID - 10.1001/jama.2021.24165 [doi]
FAU - Borio, Luciana L
AU  - Borio LL
AD  - Council on Foreign Relations, New York, New York.
FAU - Bright, Rick A
AU  - Bright RA
AD  - The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, New York.
FAU - Emanuel, Ezekiel J
AU  - Emanuel EJ
AD  - Perelman School of Medicine and The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - JAMA
JT  - JAMA
JID - 7501160
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control
MH  - *COVID-19 Testing
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/immunology
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - Endemic Diseases/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
MH  - Immunization Schedule
MH  - Lactams/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/therapeutic use
MH  - Nitriles/therapeutic use
MH  - *Population Surveillance
MH  - Proline/therapeutic use
MH  - Ritonavir/therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology
MH  - United States/epidemiology
EDAT- 2022/01/07 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/28 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/06 12:25
PHST- 2022/01/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/06 12:25 [entrez]
AID - 2787946 [pii]
AID - 10.1001/jama.2021.24165 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - JAMA. 2022 Jan 18;327(3):215-216. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.24165.

PMID- 35271729
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220413
IS  - 1537-6591 (Electronic)
IS  - 1058-4838 (Print)
IS  - 1058-4838 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 10
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of ß-d-N4-hydroxycytidine, the parent nucleoside of prodrug 
      molnupiravir, in non-plasma compartments of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
LID - 10.1093/cid/ciac199 [doi]
LID - ciac199
AB  - ß-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), the parent nucleoside of molnupiravir, a COVID-19 
      antiviral, was quantified at sites of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in twelve patients 
      enrolled in AGILE CST-2 (NCT04746183). Saliva, nasal and tear concentrations were 
      3, 21 and 22% that of plasma. Saliva and nasal NHC concentrations were 
      significantly correlated with plasma (p<0.0001).
CI  - © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious 
      Diseases Society of America.
FAU - FitzGerald, Richard
AU  - FitzGerald R
AD  - Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Dickinson, Laura
AU  - Dickinson L
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Else, Laura
AU  - Else L
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Fletcher, Thomas
AU  - Fletcher T
AD  - Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Hale, Colin
AU  - Hale C
AD  - Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Amara, Alieu
AU  - Amara A
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Walker, Lauren
AU  - Walker L
AD  - Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Penchala, Sujan Dilly
AU  - Penchala SD
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Lyon, Rebecca
AU  - Lyon R
AD  - Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Shaw, Victoria
AU  - Shaw V
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Greenhalf, William
AU  - Greenhalf W
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Bullock, Katie
AU  - Bullock K
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Lavelle-Langham, Lara
AU  - Lavelle-Langham L
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Reynolds, Helen
AU  - Reynolds H
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
FAU - Painter, Wendy
AU  - Painter W
AD  - Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, Miami, FL, USA.
FAU - Holman, Wayne
AU  - Holman W
AD  - Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, Miami, FL, USA.
FAU - Ewings, Sean
AU  - Ewings S
AD  - NIHR Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, 
      UK.
FAU - Griffiths, Gareth
AU  - Griffiths G
AD  - NIHR Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, 
      UK.
FAU - Khoo, Saye
AU  - Khoo S
AD  - Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.
AD  - University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220310
TA  - Clin Infect Dis
JT  - Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases 
      Society of America
JID - 9203213
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC8992239
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
OT  - *molnupiravir
OT  - *non-plasma
OT  - *pharmacokinetics
EDAT- 2022/03/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/11 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/10 17:15
PHST- 2021/12/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/10 17:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [medline]
AID - 6546684 [pii]
AID - ciac199 [pii]
AID - 10.1093/cid/ciac199 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 10:ciac199. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac199.

PMID- 35342288
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220329
IS  - 1177-9322 (Print)
IS  - 1177-9322 (Electronic)
IS  - 1177-9322 (Linking)
VI  - 16
DP  - 2022
TI  - Molnupiravir Does Not Induce Mutagenesis in Host Lung Cells during SARS-CoV-2 
      Treatment.
PG  - 11779322221085077
LID - 10.1177/11779322221085077 [doi]
LID - 11779322221085077
AB  - As SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve and spread with the emergence of new variants, 
      interest in small molecules with broad-spectrum antiviral activity has grown. One 
      such molecule, Molnupiravir (MOV; other names: MK-4482, EIDD-2801), a 
      ribonucleoside analogue, has emerged as an effective SARS-CoV-2 treatment by 
      inducing catastrophic viral mutagenesis during replication. However, there are 
      growing concerns as MOV's potential to induce host DNA mutagenesis remains an 
      open question. Analysis of RNA-seq data from SARS-CoV-2-infected MOV-treated 
      golden hamster lung biopsies confirmed MOV's efficiency in stopping SARS-CoV-2 
      replication. Importantly, MOV treatment did not increase mutations in the host 
      lung cells. This finding calls for additional mutation calls on host biopsies 
      from more proliferative tissues to fully explore MOV's hypothesized mutagenic 
      risk.
CI  - © The Author(s) 2022.
FAU - Githaka, John Maringa
AU  - Githaka JM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1974-0415
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220323
TA  - Bioinform Biol Insights
JT  - Bioinformatics and biology insights
JID - 101467187
PMC - PMC8950025
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Molnupiravir
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - antiviral drug
OT  - mutagenesis
COIS- Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential 
      conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or 
      publication of this article.
EDAT- 2022/03/29 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/29 06:01
CRDT- 2022/03/28 05:30
PHST- 2021/12/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/28 05:30 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/29 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/29 06:01 [medline]
AID - 10.1177_11779322221085077 [pii]
AID - 10.1177/11779322221085077 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Bioinform Biol Insights. 2022 Mar 23;16:11779322221085077. doi: 
      10.1177/11779322221085077. eCollection 2022.

PMID- 35473816
OWN - NLM
STAT- In-Process
LR  - 20220427
IS  - 1755-5248 (Electronic)
IS  - 0012-6543 (Linking)
VI  - 60
IP  - 5
DP  - 2022 May
TI  - Two new oral antivirals for covid-19: ▼molnupiravir and ▼nirmatrelvir plus 
      ritonavir.
PG  - 73-77
LID - 10.1136/dtb.2022.000008 [doi]
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - Drug Ther Bull
JT  - Drug and therapeutics bulletin
JID - 0112037
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Infections
OT  - Virus Diseases
COIS- Competing interests: None declared.
EDAT- 2022/04/28 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/28 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/27 05:25
PHST- 2022/04/27 05:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/28 06:00 [medline]
AID - dtb.2022.000008 [pii]
AID - 10.1136/dtb.2022.000008 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Drug Ther Bull. 2022 May;60(5):73-77. doi: 10.1136/dtb.2022.000008.

PMID- 35233098
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220308
LR  - 20220308
IS  - 1476-4687 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-0836 (Linking)
VI  - 603
IP  - 7899
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Hundreds of COVID trials could provide a deluge of new drugs.
PG  - 25-27
LID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00562-0 [doi]
FAU - Ledford, Heidi
AU  - Ledford H
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - England
TA  - Nature
JT  - Nature
JID - 0410462
RN  - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents)
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Neutralizing)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (COVID-19 Vaccines)
RN  - 0 (Depsipeptides)
RN  - 0 (Drug Combinations)
RN  - 0 (EEF1A1 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Esters)
RN  - 0 (Guanidines)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Lactams)
RN  - 0 (Nitriles)
RN  - 0 (Peptide Elongation Factor 1)
RN  - 0 (Peptides, Cyclic)
RN  - 0 (Protease Inhibitors)
RN  - 0 (Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors)
RN  - 0 (cilgavimab and tixagevimab drug combination)
RN  - 0 (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir drug combination)
RN  - 0FD207WKDU (camostat)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 7S5I7G3JQL (Dexamethasone)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase)
RN  - EC 3.4.21.- (Serine Endopeptidases)
RN  - EC 3.4.21.- (TMPRSS2 protein, human)
RN  - GMW67QNF9C (Leucine)
RN  - O3J8G9O825 (Ritonavir)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - Y76ID234HW (plitidepsin)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic 
      use
MH  - Administration, Oral
MH  - Alanine/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Animals
MH  - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
MH  - Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
MH  - Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage/economics/therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/economics/immunology/mortality/virology
MH  - COVID-19 Vaccines
MH  - *Clinical Trials as Topic
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Depsipeptides/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
MH  - Drug Combinations
MH  - *Drug Repositioning
MH  - Drug Synergism
MH  - Esters/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Guanidines/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Hospitalization
MH  - Host-Pathogen Interactions/*drug effects
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
MH  - Internationality
MH  - Lactams/therapeutic use
MH  - Leucine/therapeutic use
MH  - Mice
MH  - National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/organization & administration
MH  - Nitriles/therapeutic use
MH  - Peptide Elongation Factor 1/antagonists & inhibitors
MH  - Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Proline/therapeutic use
MH  - Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors
MH  - Ritonavir/therapeutic use
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/enzymology/immunology/pathogenicity
MH  - Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
MH  - Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use
MH  - United States
MH  - Virus Replication/drug effects
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *Drug discovery
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
OT  - *Therapeutics
EDAT- 2022/03/03 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/09 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/02 06:13
PHST- 2022/03/02 06:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00562-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/d41586-022-00562-0 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nature. 2022 Mar;603(7899):25-27. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00562-0.

PMID- 35132671
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220208
IS  - 1097-4644 (Electronic)
IS  - 0730-2312 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Feb 7
TI  - A computational comparative analysis of the binding mechanism of molnupiravir's 
      active metabolite to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of wild-type and Delta 
      subvariant AY.4 of SARS-CoV-2.
LID - 10.1002/jcb.30226 [doi]
AB  - The antiviral drug molnupiravir targets the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA 
      polymerase (RdRP) enzyme. Early treatment with molnupiravir reduced the risk of 
      hospitalization or death in at-risk, unvaccinated adults with COVID-19, according 
      to phase 3 clinical trials. Many mutations have occurred within this virus as a 
      result of its widespread distribution. The current study sought to determine 
      whether mutations in the RdRP of Delta subvariant AY.4 (D-AY.4 RdRP) influence 
      the interaction of the enzyme with molnupiravir triphosphate (MTP), the active 
      metabolite of molnupiravir. The interactions between the wild-type (WT) RdRP and 
      D-AY.4 RdRP with MTP were evaluated based on molecular docking and dynamic 
      simulation (MD) studies. The results show that the MTP interaction is stronger 
      and more stable with D-AY.4 RdRP than with WT RdRP. This study provides insight 
      into the potential significance of administering MTP to patients infected with 
      D-AY.4 RdRP, which may have a more favorable chance of alleviating the illness. 
      According to the findings of this study, MTP has a high likelihood of becoming 
      widely used as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent. The fact that MTP is not only cytotoxic 
      but also mutagenic to mammalian cells, as well as the possibility that it may 
      cause DNA damage in the host, have all been raised as potential concerns.
CI  - © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
FAU - Celik, Ismail
AU  - Celik I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8146-1663
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 
      Kayseri, Turkey.
FAU - Tallei, Trina E
AU  - Tallei TE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7963-7527
AD  - Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi 
      University, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
LA  - eng
GR  - BAP-21B0237004/Ankara University-Scientific Research Unit/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220207
PL  - United States
TA  - J Cell Biochem
JT  - Journal of cellular biochemistry
JID - 8205768
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Delta subvariant AY.4
OT  - RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - binding mechanism
OT  - computational analysis
OT  - molnupiravir triphosphate
EDAT- 2022/02/09 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/09 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/08 05:53
PHST- 2022/01/27 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/08 05:53 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1002/jcb.30226 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - J Cell Biochem. 2022 Feb 7. doi: 10.1002/jcb.30226.

PMID- 35078637
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220322
LR  - 20220322
IS  - 1527-3288 (Electronic)
IS  - 0147-9563 (Print)
IS  - 0147-9563 (Linking)
VI  - 52
DP  - 2022 Mar-Apr
TI  - Newer oral antivirals for COVID-19: Are they the real game changer?
PG  - 200-203
LID - S0147-9563(22)00011-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.01.011 [doi]
FAU - Kunal, Shekhar
AU  - Kunal S
AD  - Department of Cardiology, ESI Faridabad, Haryana, India.
FAU - Sakthivel, Pirabu
AU  - Sakthivel P
AD  - Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Kovai Medical Centre 
      Hospital, Coimbatore 641014, India.
FAU - Malhotra, Nipun
AU  - Malhotra N
AD  - Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical 
      College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi 110029, India.
FAU - Ish, Pranav
AU  - Ish P
AD  - Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical 
      College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi 110029, India. Electronic address: 
      pranavish2512@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220119
TA  - Heart Lung
JT  - Heart & lung : the journal of critical care
JID - 0330057
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Pyrazines)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Humans
MH  - Pyrazines
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8768019
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *Evidence
OT  - *Favipiravir
OT  - *Molnupiravir
OT  - *Omicron
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors decleared that they have no known 
      competing finacial interest or presonal relationship that could have appeared to 
      influance the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2022/01/27 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/26 05:27
PHST- 2022/01/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/23 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/26 05:27 [entrez]
AID - S0147-9563(22)00011-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.01.011 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Heart Lung. 2022 Mar-Apr;52:200-203. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.01.011. Epub 2022 
      Jan 19.

PMID- 35279008
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220331
LR  - 20220401
IS  - 1878-0334 (Electronic)
IS  - 1871-4021 (Print)
IS  - 1871-4021 (Linking)
VI  - 16
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Drug interaction risk between cardioprotective drugs and drugs used in treatment 
      of COVID-19: A evidence-based review from six databases.
PG  - 102451
LID - S1871-4021(22)00065-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102451 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This Review discusses the potential drug interactions risk 
      between Drugs used in treating COVID-19 infection and Drugs used in treating 
      comorbid conditions (Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular illness). METHOD: Six 
      Databases were consulted a) Micromedex drug interaction b) Medicine complete.com 
      c) Liverpool Drug Interaction Group for COVID-19 therapies d) Epocrates e) 
      Medscape f) drugs.com. To acquire information on possible interaction effects 
      between drugs used for COVID-19 treatment such as atazanavir, 
      lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, molnupiravir, paxlovid(nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), 
      dexamethasone, azithromycin, chloroquine, and FDA approved monoclonal antibodies 
      with primarily used antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and drugs acting 
      on the cardiovascular system. RESULTS: Potential interaction effects such as 
      worsening glycemic control were prominent with lopinavir/ritonavir and the 
      primarily used antidiabetic drugs, which needs dosage adjustment and close 
      monitoring. The risk of hypotension and irregular heart rhythm is the potential 
      interaction effects with concomitant use of drugs for COVID-19 treatment and 
      antihypertensive drugs. Caution is advised with drugs such as atazanavir and 
      lopinavir/ritonavir when concomitantly used in treating comorbid conditions. 
      Drugs such as remdesivir, molnupiravir, and some monoclonal antibodies are safer 
      in use with drugs used in treating the comorbid condition. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-drug 
      interaction remains one of the significant factors in altering the therapeutic 
      efficacy. Drugs used to manage comorbid conditions may influence the COVID-19 
      treatment with potential interaction effects. These enhance the view on safety 
      concerns about the drug interaction risk in managing COVID-19 infection in 
      patients with comorbid conditions. This primary evidence may concern preventing 
      potential or unintentional effects resulting from Drug-drug interaction, 
      Improving patient quality of life.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - S K, Shini Rubina
AU  - S K SR
AD  - Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST, 
      Kattankulathur, 603203, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.
FAU - P A, Anuba
AU  - P A A
AD  - Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST, 
      Kattankulathur, 603203, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.
FAU - B, Swetha
AU  - B S
AD  - Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST, 
      Kattankulathur, 603203, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.
FAU - Kalala, Kavya Priya
AU  - Kalala KP
AD  - Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST, 
      Kattankulathur, 603203, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India.
FAU - Pm, Aishwarya
AU  - Pm A
AD  - Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600044, India.
FAU - Sabarathinam, Sarvesh
AU  - Sabarathinam S
AD  - Department of Pharmacy Practice, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM IST, 
      Kattankulathur, 603203, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: 
      sarveshtvg@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220307
TA  - Diabetes Metab Syndr
JT  - Diabetes & metabolic syndrome
JID - 101462250
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 4QWG6N8QKH (Hydroxychloroquine)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy/epidemiology
MH  - Drug Interactions
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use
MH  - Quality of Life
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC8898923
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID- 19 treatment
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Comorbidity
OT  - Drug-drug interaction
OT  - Polypharmacy
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest in 
      the contents of the manuscript.
EDAT- 2022/03/13 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/01 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/12 20:16
PHST- 2022/01/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/03/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/01 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/12 20:16 [entrez]
AID - S1871-4021(22)00065-0 [pii]
AID - 102451 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102451 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022 Mar;16(3):102451. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102451. Epub 
      2022 Mar 7.

PMID- 35118666
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220419
LR  - 20220421
IS  - 1096-9071 (Electronic)
IS  - 0146-6615 (Print)
IS  - 0146-6615 (Linking)
VI  - 94
IP  - 6
DP  - 2022 Jun
TI  - Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of SARS-CoV-2: Concerns, challenges, and recent 
      updates.
PG  - 2336-2342
LID - 10.1002/jmv.27633 [doi]
AB  - Omicron has shown immune escape from neutralizing antibodies generated through 
      previous infection or vaccination. It could evade the protection provided by mAbs 
      being used in clinics for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients. 
      Booster dose is recommended to elevate the protective levels of antibodies in 
      COVID‐19 vaccinated individuals. The development of powerful oral antiviral drugs 
      such as Molnupiravir and Paxlovid have shown promising clinical results and 
      raised new hopes of COVID‐19 treatment. High efforts are being made to develop 
      highly efficacious vaccines, and by implementing appropriate prevention and 
      control strategies to counter Omicron.
FAU - Mohapatra, Ranjan K
AU  - Mohapatra RK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7623-3343
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, 
      India.
FAU - Tiwari, Ruchi
AU  - Tiwari R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7763-5547
AD  - Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary 
      Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya PashuChikitsa Vigyan 
      Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India.
FAU - Sarangi, Ashish K
AU  - Sarangi AK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5602-4736
AD  - Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, Centurion University of 
      Technology and Management, Odisha, India.
FAU - Islam, Md Rabiul
AU  - Islam MR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2820-3144
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
FAU - Chakraborty, Chiranjib
AU  - Chakraborty C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3958-239X
AD  - Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas 
      University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
FAU - Dhama, Kuldeep
AU  - Dhama K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7469-4752
AD  - Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 
      India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Letter
DEP - 20220212
TA  - J Med Virol
JT  - Journal of medical virology
JID - 7705876
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mutation
MH  - *SARS-CoV-2/genetics
PMC - PMC9015506
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/02/05 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/20 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/04 05:55
PHST- 2022/01/24 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/20 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/04 05:55 [entrez]
AID - JMV27633 [pii]
AID - 10.1002/jmv.27633 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Med Virol. 2022 Jun;94(6):2336-2342. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27633. Epub 2022 Feb 12.

PMID- 35058587
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220128
IS  - 1745-7254 (Electronic)
IS  - 1671-4083 (Print)
IS  - 1671-4083 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Jan 20
TI  - Structure genomics of SARS-CoV-2 and its Omicron variant: drug design templates 
      for COVID-19.
PG  - 1-13
LID - 10.1038/s41401-021-00851-w [doi]
AB  - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 
      coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has brought an unprecedented public health crisis and 
      persistently threatens to humanity. With tireless efforts from scientists around 
      the world, understanding of the biology of coronavirus has been greatly enhanced 
      over the past 2 years. Structural biology has demonstrated its powerful impact on 
      uncovering structures and functions for the vast majority of SARS-CoV-2 proteins 
      and guided the development of drugs and vaccines against COVID-19. In this 
      review, we summarize current progress in the structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and 
      discuss important biological issues that remain to be addressed. We present the 
      examples of structure-based design of Pfizer's novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug 
      PF-07321332 (Paxlovid), Merck's nucleotide inhibitor molnupiravir (Lagevrio), and 
      VV116, an oral drug candidate for COVID-19. These examples highlight the 
      importance of structure in drug discovery to combat COVID-19. We also discussed 
      the recent variants of Omicron and its implication in immunity escape from 
      existing vaccines and antibody therapies.
CI  - © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Shanghai Institute of Materia 
      Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Pharmacological Society.
FAU - Wu, Can-Rong
AU  - Wu CR
AD  - The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia 
      Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. 
      wucanrong@simm.ac.cn.
FAU - Yin, Wan-Chao
AU  - Yin WC
AD  - The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia 
      Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
FAU - Jiang, Yi
AU  - Jiang Y
AD  - The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia 
      Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
FAU - Xu, H Eric
AU  - Xu HE
AD  - The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia 
      Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. eric.xu@simm.ac.cn.
AD  - School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, 
      China. eric.xu@simm.ac.cn.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220120
TA  - Acta Pharmacol Sin
JT  - Acta pharmacologica Sinica
JID - 100956087
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC8771608
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - drug design
OT  - omicron
OT  - structural biology
OT  - vaccine development
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/01/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/22 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/21 06:13
PHST- 2021/10/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/21 06:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1038/s41401-021-00851-w [pii]
AID - 851 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41401-021-00851-w [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022 Jan 20:1-13. doi: 10.1038/s41401-021-00851-w.

PMID- 35186172
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220413
IS  - 1876-1070 (Print)
IS  - 1876-1089 (Electronic)
IS  - 1876-1070 (Linking)
VI  - 133
DP  - 2022 Apr
TI  - Human/SARS-CoV-2 genome-scale metabolic modeling to discover potential antiviral 
      targets for COVID-19.
PG  - 104273
LID - 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104273 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a substantial increase 
      in mortality and economic and social disruption. The absence of US Food and Drug 
      Administration-approved drugs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 
      (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the need for new therapeutic drugs to combat COVID-19. 
      METHODS: The present study proposed a fuzzy hierarchical optimization framework 
      for identifying potential antiviral targets for COVID-19. The objectives in the 
      decision-making problem were not only to evaluate the elimination of the virus 
      growth, but also to minimize side effects causing treatment. The identified 
      candidate targets could promote processes of drug discovery and development. 
      SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS: Our gene-centric method revealed that dihydroorotate 
      dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibition could reduce viral biomass growth and metabolic 
      deviation by 99.4% and 65.6%, respectively, and increase cell viability by 70.4%. 
      We also identified two-target combinations that could completely block viral 
      biomass growth and more effectively prevent metabolic deviation. We also 
      discovered that the inhibition of two antiviral metabolites, cytidine 
      triphosphate (CTP) and uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP), exhibits effects similar to 
      those of molnupiravir, which is undergoing phase III clinical trials. Our 
      predictions also indicate that CTP and UTP inhibition blocks viral RNA 
      replication through a similar mechanism to that of molnupiravir.
CI  - © 2022 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All 
      rights reserved.
FAU - Wang, Feng-Sheng
AU  - Wang FS
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 
      621301, Taiwan.
FAU - Chen, Ke-Lin
AU  - Chen KL
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 
      621301, Taiwan.
FAU - Chu, Sz-Wei
AU  - Chu SW
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 
      621301, Taiwan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220215
TA  - J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng
JT  - Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers
JID - 101550026
PMC - PMC8843340
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Bioprocess systems engineering
OT  - Computer-aided drug discovery
OT  - Constraint-based modeling
OT  - Evolutionary optimization
OT  - Flux balance analysis
OT  - Fuzzy optimization
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/02/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/22 06:01
CRDT- 2022/02/21 06:02
PHST- 2021/11/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/06 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/22 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/21 06:02 [entrez]
AID - S1876-1070(22)00072-4 [pii]
AID - 104273 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104273 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2022 Apr;133:104273. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104273. 
      Epub 2022 Feb 15.

PMID- 35113690
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220211
LR  - 20220211
IS  - 1095-9203 (Electronic)
IS  - 0036-8075 (Linking)
VI  - 375
IP  - 6580
DP  - 2022 Feb 4
TI  - Lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy.
PG  - 497-498
LID - 10.1126/science.abn0048 [doi]
AB  - [Figure: see text].
FAU - Swanstrom, Ronald
AU  - Swanstrom R
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel 
      Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
FAU - Schinazi, Raymond F
AU  - Schinazi RF
AD  - Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory 
      University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220203
PL  - United States
TA  - Science
JT  - Science (New York, N.Y.)
JID - 0404511
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
RN  - 0 (Ribonucleosides)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - 9007-49-2 (DNA)
RN  - C3D11PV2O4 (N(4)-hydroxycytidine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/drug therapy/virology
MH  - Cytidine/adverse effects/*analogs & 
      derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use/toxicity
MH  - DNA/biosynthesis
MH  - Evolution, Molecular
MH  - Genome, Viral
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hydroxylamines/adverse effects/metabolism/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *Mutagenesis
MH  - Mutagenicity Tests
MH  - Phosphorylation
MH  - RNA Virus Infections/drug therapy/virology
MH  - RNA Viruses/*drug effects/genetics
MH  - RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/genetics
MH  - Ribonucleosides/metabolism
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/genetics
EDAT- 2022/02/04 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/12 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/03 17:15
PHST- 2022/02/03 17:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/12 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1126/science.abn0048 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Science. 2022 Feb 4;375(6580):497-498. doi: 10.1126/science.abn0048. Epub 2022 
      Feb 3.

PMID- 35130559
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1476-4687 (Electronic)
IS  - 0028-0836 (Linking)
VI  - 604
IP  - 7904
DP  - 2022 Apr
TI  - Pyrimidine inhibitors synergize with nucleoside analogues to block SARS-CoV-2.
PG  - 134-140
LID - 10.1038/s41586-022-04482-x [doi]
AB  - The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 261 million people and has led to 
      more than 5 million deaths in the past year and a half(1) ( https://www.who.org/ 
      ). Individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection typically develop mild-to-severe 
      flu-like symptoms, whereas infection of a subset of individuals leads to 
      severe-to-fatal clinical outcomes(2). Although vaccines have been rapidly 
      developed to combat SARS-CoV-2, there has been a dearth of antiviral 
      therapeutics. There is an urgent need for therapeutics, which has been amplified 
      by the emerging threats of variants that may evade vaccines. Large-scale efforts 
      are underway to identify antiviral drugs. Here we screened approximately 18,000 
      drugs for antiviral activity using live virus infection in human respiratory 
      cells and validated 122 drugs with antiviral activity and selectivity against 
      SARS-CoV-2. Among these candidates are 16 nucleoside analogues, the largest 
      category of clinically used antivirals. This included the antivirals remdesivir 
      and molnupiravir, which have been approved for use in COVID-19. RNA viruses rely 
      on a high supply of nucleoside triphosphates from the host to efficiently 
      replicate, and we identified a panel of host nucleoside biosynthesis inhibitors 
      as antiviral. Moreover, we found that combining pyrimidine biosynthesis 
      inhibitors with antiviral nucleoside analogues synergistically inhibits 
      SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo against emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2, 
      suggesting a clinical path forward.
CI  - © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
FAU - Schultz, David C
AU  - Schultz DC
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7890-8815
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA. dschultz@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
FAU - Johnson, Robert M
AU  - Johnson RM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1976-7688
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, 
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FAU - Ayyanathan, Kasirajan
AU  - Ayyanathan K
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Miller, Jesse
AU  - Miller J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7990-4912
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Whig, Kanupriya
AU  - Whig K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9114-4365
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Kamalia, Brinda
AU  - Kamalia B
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Dittmar, Mark
AU  - Dittmar M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2884-5630
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Weston, Stuart
AU  - Weston S
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, 
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FAU - Hammond, Holly L
AU  - Hammond HL
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, 
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FAU - Dillen, Carly
AU  - Dillen C
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, 
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FAU - Ardanuy, Jeremy
AU  - Ardanuy J
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, 
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FAU - Taylor, Louis
AU  - Taylor L
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, 
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
FAU - Lee, Jae Seung
AU  - Lee JS
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Li, Minghua
AU  - Li M
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Lee, Emily
AU  - Lee E
AD  - National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of 
      Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
FAU - Shoffler, Clarissa
AU  - Shoffler C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9064-2378
AD  - Metabolomics Core, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Petucci, Christopher
AU  - Petucci C
AD  - Metabolomics Core, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Constant, Samuel
AU  - Constant S
AD  - Epithelix, Geneva, Switzerland.
FAU - Ferrer, Marc
AU  - Ferrer M
AD  - National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of 
      Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
FAU - Thaiss, Christoph A
AU  - Thaiss CA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8226-7718
AD  - Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
FAU - Frieman, Matthew B
AU  - Frieman MB
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0107-0775
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, 
      University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. 
      mfrieman@som.umaryland.edu.
FAU - Cherry, Sara
AU  - Cherry S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3956-6610
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA. cherrys@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 
      Philadelphia, PA, USA. cherrys@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
AD  - Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 
      cherrys@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
LA  - eng
GR  - R01 AI074951/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 AI122749/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 AI151882/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 AI158134/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R21 AI153480/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - ZIA TR000414/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220207
PL  - England
TA  - Nature
JT  - Nature
JID - 0410462
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Nucleosides)
RN  - 0 (Pyrimidines)
RN  - K8CXK5Q32L (pyrimidine)
SB  - IM
UOF - bioRxiv. 2021 Jun 24;:. PMID: 34189531
CIN - Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022 Mar 15;7(1):88. PMID: 35292618
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Nucleosides
MH  - Pyrimidines
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
EDAT- 2022/02/08 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/16 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/07 20:05
PHST- 2021/10/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/16 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/02/07 20:05 [entrez]
AID - 10.1038/s41586-022-04482-x [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41586-022-04482-x [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Nature. 2022 Apr;604(7904):134-140. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04482-x. Epub 2022 
      Feb 7.

PMID- 35056802
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220131
LR  - 20220131
IS  - 1420-3049 (Electronic)
IS  - 1420-3049 (Linking)
VI  - 27
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Jan 13
TI  - Potential COVID-19 Drug Candidates Based on Diazinyl-Thiazol-Imine Moieties: 
      Synthesis and Greener Pastures Biological Study.
LID - 10.3390/molecules27020488 [doi]
LID - 488
AB  - A novel series of 1-aryl-N-[4-phenyl-5-(arylazo)thiazol-2-yl)methanimines has 
      been synthesized via the condensation of 2-amino-4-phenyl-5-arylazothiazole with 
      various aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized imines were characterized by 
      spectroscopic techniques, namely (1)H and (13)C-NMR, FTIR, MS, and Elemental 
      Analysis. A molecular comparative docking study for 3a-f was calculated, with 
      reference to two approved drugs, Molnupiravir and Remdesivir, using 7BQY (M(pro); 
      PDB code 7BQY; resolution: 1.7 A°) under identical conditions. The binding scores 
      against 7BQY were in the range of -7.7 to -8.7 kcal/mol for 3a-f. The high scores 
      of the compounds indicated an enhanced binding affinity of the molecules to the 
      receptor. This is due to the hydrophobic interactions and multi-hydrogen bonds 
      between 3a-f ligands and the receptor's active amino acid residues. The main aim 
      of using in silco molecular docking was to rank 3a-f with respect to the approved 
      drugs, Molnupiravir and Remdesivir, using free energy methods as greener 
      pastures. A further interesting comparison presented the laydown of the ligands 
      before and after molecular docking. These results and other supporting 
      statistical analyses suggested that ligands 3a-f deserve further investigation in 
      the context of potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Free-cost, PASS, 
      SwissADME, and Way2drug were used in this research paper to determine the 
      possible biological activities and cytotoxicity of 3a-f.
FAU - Abu-Melha, Sraa
AU  - Abu-Melha S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8949-9204
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, 
      Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Edrees, Mastoura Mohamed
AU  - Edrees MM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2301-7652
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, 
      Saudi Arabia.
AD  - Department of Organic Chemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and 
      Research (NODCAR), Giza 12311, Egypt.
FAU - Said, Musa A
AU  - Said MA
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 
      Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Riyadh, Sayed M
AU  - Riyadh SM
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 
      Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia.
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
FAU - Al-Kaff, Nadia S
AU  - Al-Kaff NS
AD  - Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 
      Al-Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Gomha, Sobhi M
AU  - Gomha SM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7739-2837
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, 
      Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 42351, Saudi Arabia.
LA  - eng
GR  - R.G.P.1/205/41)./Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220113
TA  - Molecules
JT  - Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 100964009
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Hydroxylamines)
RN  - 0 (Imines)
RN  - 0 (Thiazoles)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - 5CSZ8459RP (Cytidine)
RN  - EC 3.4.22.- (3C-like proteinase, SARS-CoV-2)
RN  - EC 3.4.22.28 (Coronavirus 3C Proteases)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - YA84KI1VEW (molnupiravir)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/chemistry
MH  - Alanine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry
MH  - Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/pharmacokinetics/toxicity
MH  - Binding Sites
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Computer Simulation
MH  - Coronavirus 3C Proteases/chemistry
MH  - Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry
MH  - Hydroxylamines/chemistry
MH  - Imines/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/pharmacokinetics/toxicity
MH  - Molecular Docking Simulation
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
MH  - Thiazoles/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/pharmacokinetics/toxicity
PMC - PMC8777737
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - greener pastures
OT  - imines-tethered thiazoles
OT  - in silico molecular docking
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - remdesivir
OT  - synthesis
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/01/22 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/01 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/21 01:15
PHST- 2021/11/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/25 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/12/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/21 01:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/22 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/01 06:00 [medline]
AID - molecules27020488 [pii]
AID - molecules-27-00488 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/molecules27020488 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Molecules. 2022 Jan 13;27(2):488. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020488.

PMID- 35289434
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220322
IS  - 1365-2796 (Electronic)
IS  - 0954-6820 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 15
TI  - Advances in the Omicron variant development.
LID - 10.1111/joim.13478 [doi]
AB  - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has spread worldwide, 
      leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic, on 11 March 
      2020. Variants of concern have appeared at regular intervals-Alpha, Beta, Gamma, 
      Delta, and now Omicron. Omicron variant, first identified in Botswana in November 
      2021, is rapidly becoming the dominant circulating variant. In this review, we 
      provide an overview regarding the molecular profile of the Omicron variant, 
      epidemiology, transmissibility, the impact on vaccines, as well as vaccine 
      escape, and finally, we report the pharmacological agents able to block the 
      endocellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 or to inhibit its viral replication. The Omicron 
      has more than 50 mutations, of which the spike protein has 26-35 amino acids 
      different from the original SARS-CoV-2 virus or the Delta, some of which are 
      associated with humoral immune escape potential and greater transmissibility. 
      Omicron has a significant growth advantage over Delta, leading to rapid spread 
      with higher incidence levels. The disease so far has been mild compared to the 
      Delta. The two vaccination doses offer little or no protection against Omicron 
      infection while the booster doses provide significant protection against mild 
      illness and likely offer even greater levels of protection against serious 
      illness. Recently, new oral antiviral agents such as molnupiravir and paxlovid 
      have been approved and represent important therapeutic alternatives to antiviral 
      remdesivir. In addition, monoclonal antibodies such as casirivimab/imdevimab bind 
      different epitopes of the spike protein receptor; is this class of drugs 
      effective against the Omicron variant? However, more research is needed to define 
      whether Omicron is indeed more infectious and whether the vaccines, monoclonal 
      antibodies, and antivirals currently available are effective.
CI  - © 2022 The Association for the Publication of the Journal of Internal Medicine.
FAU - Vitiello, Antonio
AU  - Vitiello A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2623-166X
AD  - Pharmaceutical Department, Usl Umbria 1, Perugia, Italy.
FAU - Ferrara, Francesco
AU  - Ferrara F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9298-6783
AD  - Pharmaceutical Department, Asl Napoli 3 Sud, Naples, Italy.
FAU - Auti, Amogh M
AU  - Auti AM
AD  - Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 
      Naples, Italy.
FAU - Di Domenico, Marina
AU  - Di Domenico M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6201-4200
AD  - Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 
      Naples, Italy.
AD  - Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 
      Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
FAU - Boccellino, Mariarosaria
AU  - Boccellino M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6989-010X
AD  - Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 
      Naples, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220315
PL  - England
TA  - J Intern Med
JT  - Journal of internal medicine
JID - 8904841
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - VOC
OT  - antiviral drugs
OT  - epidemiology
OT  - monoclonal antibodies
OT  - mutations
OT  - pandemic
OT  - spike protein
OT  - vaccine
EDAT- 2022/03/16 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/16 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/15 08:44
PHST- 2022/03/16 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/16 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/15 08:44 [entrez]
AID - 10.1111/joim.13478 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - J Intern Med. 2022 Mar 15. doi: 10.1111/joim.13478.

PMID- 35381167
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220405
IS  - 2092-7193 (Electronic)
IS  - 2092-7193 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 12
TI  - Model-based cost-effectiveness analysis of oral antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 in 
      Korea.
PG  - e2022034
LID - 10.4178/epih.e2022034 [doi]
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Countries authorized the emergency use of oral antiviral agents in 
      patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of 
      introducing these novel oral antiviral agents to reduce the number of severe 
      patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the burden of the medical systems. METHODS: 
      From the existing COVID-19 Epidemiology Model, we projected the number of people 
      who require hospital/ICU admissions in Korea in 2022. Treatment scenarios 
      included (i) all adults, (ii) elderly, and (iii) adult patients with underlying 
      diseases administered molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir/ritonavir vis-a-vis standard 
      care. Under the current health systems capacity, we calculate the incremental 
      cost per severe patient averted and per net admission for each scenario relative 
      to standard care. RESULTS: An estimated, 236,510 COVID-19 patients would require 
      hospital/ICU in Korea in 2022 with standard care. Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (87% 
      efficacy) is expected to reduce the number of severe patients requiring 
      hospital/ICU admissions by 80%, 24%, and 17% (25%, 8%, and 4% by molnupiravir 
      with 30% efficacy) when targeting all adults, adults with underlying diseases, 
      and elderly patients, respectively. Administration of Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir may 
      be cost-effective as $1,454, $8,878, and $8,964 (while molnupiravir may be less 
      likely cost-effective as $7,915, $28,492, $29,575) per severe patient averted if 
      targeted respectively to the target group mentioned above, compared to standard 
      care. CONCLUSION: In Korea, oral nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment of symptomatic 
      COVID-19 patients can be highly cost-effective if targeted to elderly patients 
      while substantially reducing hospital admission demand below the health systems 
      capacity limit if all adult patients are targeted compared to standard care.
FAU - Jo, Youngji
AU  - Jo Y
AD  - Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 
      Boston, United States.
FAU - Kim, Sun Bean
AU  - Kim SB
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Korea 
      University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
FAU - Radnaabaatar, Munkhzul
AU  - Radnaabaatar M
AD  - Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, 
      Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
FAU - Huh, Kyungmin
AU  - Huh K
AD  - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 
      Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
FAU - Yoo, Jin-Hong
AU  - Yoo JH
AD  - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. 
      Mary's Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
FAU - Peck, Kyong Ran
AU  - Peck KR
AD  - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 
      Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
FAU - Park, Hojun
AU  - Park H
AD  - Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, 
      Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
AD  - Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, 
      Incheon, Korea.
FAU - Jung, Jaehun
AU  - Jung J
AD  - Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, 
      Incheon, Korea.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220312
PL  - Korea (South)
TA  - Epidemiol Health
JT  - Epidemiology and health
JID - 101519472
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Cost-effectiveness analysis
OT  - Hospital admissions
OT  - Oral antivirals
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
EDAT- 2022/04/06 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/06 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/05 19:10
PHST- 2022/02/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/05 19:10 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/06 06:00 [medline]
AID - epih.e2022034 [pii]
AID - 10.4178/epih.e2022034 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Epidemiol Health. 2022 Mar 12:e2022034. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2022034.

PMID- 35249356
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220307
IS  - 2041-6008 (Electronic)
IS  - 2041-5990 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 7
TI  - An industry update: what's new in the field of therapeutic delivery?
LID - 10.4155/tde-2022-0011 [doi]
AB  - This Industry Update provides an overview of the some of the key events in the 
      pharmaceutical world in December 2021. In this month Eli Lilly & Co invested 
      heavily in drug discovery with deals with Regor Therapeutics on metabolic 
      diseases, and Foghorn Therapeutics on cancer and other diseases caused by faults 
      in the regulation of chromatin unpacking and repacking. Treatments for Covid-19 
      also feature heavily with the emergency authorization of molnupiravir and 
      Paxlovid™ in the USA, and BiondVax's collaboration agreement with Max Planck and 
      the University Medical Center, Göttingham on their alpaca-based single-chain 
      antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Lastly, this month brought 
      good news on several diseases with poor prognosis and no or limited treatment 
      options. This included Novartis's acquisition of Gyroscope and its gene therapy 
      for age-related macular degeneration, Merck's purchase of Chord Therapeutics and 
      the rights of develop cladribine for generalized myasthenia gravis and 
      neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, positive phase III interim results for 
      UCB's, Bimzelx(®), in ankylosing spondylitis and AstraZeneca and Ionis 
      co-development and commercialization deal on eplontersen for transthyretin 
      amyloidosis.
FAU - Rosenmayr-Templeton, Louise
AU  - Rosenmayr-Templeton L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1315-8398
AD  - Tower Pharma Consulting, Bellakreuzstrasse 21, Berndorf, 2560, Austria.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220307
PL  - England
TA  - Ther Deliv
JT  - Therapeutic delivery
JID - 101538870
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - competitor intelligence
OT  - emerging technologies
OT  - intellectual property
OT  - nanotechnology
OT  - partnering
OT  - targeting - cellular
EDAT- 2022/03/08 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/08 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/07 05:34
PHST- 2022/03/07 05:34 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/08 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.4155/tde-2022-0011 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Ther Deliv. 2022 Mar 7. doi: 10.4155/tde-2022-0011.

PMID- 35462919
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220425
IS  - 1663-9812 (Print)
IS  - 1663-9812 (Electronic)
IS  - 1663-9812 (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2022
TI  - Thymoquinone's Antiviral Effects: It is Time to be Proven in the Covid-19 
      Pandemic Era and its Omicron Variant Surge.
PG  - 848676
LID - 10.3389/fphar.2022.848676 [doi]
LID - 848676
AB  - The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted every country in the world. With more than 
      400 million cases and more than 5.5 million deaths. The FDA either approved or 
      authorized the emergency use for three vaccines against COVID-19. The treatment 
      options of COVID-19 are very limited. Multiple complementary and alternative 
      medicine modalities were suggested to be efficacious in the treatment of COVID-19 
      such as Thymoquinone. The effects of Thymoquinone have been examined and multiple 
      studies indicate a promising beneficial effect. However, the current body of 
      research is limited in terms of its scope, quality, and quantity. While 
      higher-quality studies are required, physicians do not routinely recommend the 
      use of marketed supplements of natural products, including Thymoquinone for 
      COVID-19. Given the numerous suggested positive effects of Thymoquinone, 
      including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, additional research is 
      required to confirm or refute these promising benefits. Complementary and 
      alternative medicine is an area that requires additional evidence-based practice 
      and research to confirm effects observed in clinical practice.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Abdelrahim, Esmail, Al Saadi, Zsigmond, Al Najjar, Bugazia, 
      Al-Rawi, Alsaadi and Kaseb.
FAU - Abdelrahim, Maen
AU  - Abdelrahim M
AD  - Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United 
      States.
AD  - Cockrell Center for Advanced Therapeutic Phase I Program, Houston Methodist 
      Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.
AD  - Weill Cornell Medical College, Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston, TX, 
      United States.
FAU - Esmail, Abdullah
AU  - Esmail A
AD  - Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United 
      States.
AD  - Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.
AD  - Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, 
      Sanaa, Yemen.
FAU - Al Saadi, Noor
AU  - Al Saadi N
AD  - Faculty of Medicine, Xavier University School of Medicine Aruba, Oranjestad, 
      Aruba.
FAU - Zsigmond, Eva
AU  - Zsigmond E
AD  - Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United 
      States.
FAU - Al Najjar, Ebtesam
AU  - Al Najjar E
AD  - Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology, 
      Sanaa, Yemen.
FAU - Bugazia, Doaa
AU  - Bugazia D
AD  - Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya.
FAU - Al-Rawi, Hadeel
AU  - Al-Rawi H
AD  - Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
FAU - Alsaadi, Ayat
AU  - Alsaadi A
AD  - Department of Biology and Chemistry, Buffalo State College, Buffalo, NY, United 
      States.
FAU - Kaseb, Ahmed O
AU  - Kaseb AO
AD  - Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer 
      Center, Houston, TX, United States.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220405
TA  - Front Pharmacol
JT  - Frontiers in pharmacology
JID - 101548923
PMC - PMC9022724
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - COVID-19 vaccines and anti-viral agents
OT  - Coronavirus
OT  - Omicron variant
OT  - PAXLOVID
OT  - Thymoquinone
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - pandemic
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/04/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/26 06:01
CRDT- 2022/04/25 05:13
PHST- 2022/01/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/25 05:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/26 06:01 [medline]
AID - 848676 [pii]
AID - 10.3389/fphar.2022.848676 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 5;13:848676. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848676. 
      eCollection 2022.

PMID- 35029292
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220119
LR  - 20220119
IS  - 1791-244X (Electronic)
IS  - 1107-3756 (Linking)
VI  - 49
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Efficacy of the use of mefenamic acid combined with standard medical care vs. 
      standard medical care alone for the treatment of COVID‑19: A randomized 
      double‑blind placebo‑controlled trial.
LID - 29 [pii]
LID - 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5084 [doi]
AB  - Mefenamic acid is a non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drug exhibiting a wide range 
      of anti‑inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic and probable antiviral activities. 
      The present study evaluated the efficacy of treatment with mefenamic acid 
      combined with standard medical care vs. standard medical care plus a placebo in 
      ambulatory patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19; nasal/oropharyngeal 
      swabs reverse transcription‑PCR test results positive for severe acute 
      respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). The present study is a phase II prospective, 
      two‑arm, parallel‑group, randomized, double‑blind placebo‑controlled clinical 
      trial which analyzed 36 patients. Two aspects were evaluated during the 14‑day 
      follow‑up period: i) The time for reaching a patient acceptable symptom state 
      (PASS), and ii) the last day of each COVID‑19 symptom presentation. Adverse 
      effects were evaluated. The clinical severity for all the patients in the study 
      was mild (88.9%) and moderate (11.1%). The control (placebo) group achieved PASS 
      on day 8.0±1.3, compared with day 4.4±0.8 in the mefenamic acid group (P=0.020, 
      Kaplan‑Meier analyses using log‑rank tests). Patients that received mefenamic 
      acid plus standard medical care had a ~16‑fold higher probability of achieving 
      PASS on day 8 (adjusted RR, 15.57; 95% CI, 1.22‑198.71; P=0.035), compared with 
      the placebo plus standard medical care group. All symptoms lasted for fewer days 
      in the mefenamic acid group, compared with the placebo group; however, only the 
      symptoms of headache (P=0.008), retro‑orbital eye pain (P=0.049), and sore throat 
      (P=0.029) exhibited statistically significant differences. The experimental 
      treatment produced no severe adverse effects. On the whole, the present study 
      demonstrates that the administration of mefenamic acid markedly reduced the 
      symptomatology and time to reach PASS in ambulatory patients with COVID‑19. Due 
      to its probable antiviral effects and potent anti‑inflammatory mechanisms, 
      mefenamic acid may prove to be useful in the treatment of COVID‑19, in 
      combination with other drugs, including the new antivirals (remdesivir, 
      molnupiravir, or favipiravir). However, future studies are also required to 
      confirm these findings.
FAU - Guzman-Esquivel, Jose
AU  - Guzman-Esquivel J
AD  - Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, 
      Colima 28984, Mexico.
FAU - Galvan-Salazar, Hector R
AU  - Galvan-Salazar HR
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Guzman-Solorzano, Hannah P
AU  - Guzman-Solorzano HP
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Cuevas-Velazquez, Andrea C
AU  - Cuevas-Velazquez AC
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Guzman-Solorzano, Jose A
AU  - Guzman-Solorzano JA
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Mokay-Ramirez, Karen A
AU  - Mokay-Ramirez KA
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Paz-Michel, Brenda A
AU  - Paz-Michel BA
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Murillo-Zamora, Efren
AU  - Murillo-Zamora E
AD  - Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, 
      Colima 28984, Mexico.
FAU - Delgado-Enciso, Josuel
AU  - Delgado-Enciso J
AD  - Department of Research, Foundation for Cancer Ethics, Education and Research of 
      the Cancerology State Institute, Colima 28085, Mexico.
FAU - Melnikov, Valery
AU  - Melnikov V
AD  - Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, 
      Colima 28984, Mexico.
FAU - Delgado-Enciso, Osiris G
AU  - Delgado-Enciso OG
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Rodriguez-Sanchez, Iram P
AU  - Rodriguez-Sanchez IP
AD  - Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, 
      Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, 
      Mexico.
FAU - Martinez-Fierro, Margarita L
AU  - Martinez-Fierro ML
AD  - Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health 
      Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico.
FAU - Rojas-Larios, Fabian
AU  - Rojas-Larios F
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Walle-Guillen, Mireya
AU  - Walle-Guillen M
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Cardenas-Aguilar, Citlaly B
AU  - Cardenas-Aguilar CB
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Beas-Guzman, Oscar
AU  - Beas-Guzman O
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Chaviano-Conesa, Daniel
AU  - Chaviano-Conesa D
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
FAU - Garcia-Garcia, Hossana S
AU  - Garcia-Garcia HS
AD  - Department of Research, General Hospital of Zone No. 1 IMSS, Villa de Alvarez, 
      Colima 28984, Mexico.
FAU - Delgado-Enciso, Ivan
AU  - Delgado-Enciso I
AD  - Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, 
      Colima 28040, Mexico.
LA  - eng
PT  - Clinical Trial, Phase II
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
DEP - 20220114
PL  - Greece
TA  - Int J Mol Med
JT  - International journal of molecular medicine
JID - 9810955
RN  - 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 367589PJ2C (Mefenamic Acid)
SB  - IM
MH  - Ambulatory Care
MH  - Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/complications/*drug therapy/therapy
MH  - Combined Modality Therapy
MH  - Double-Blind Method
MH  - Eye Pain/etiology
MH  - Headache/etiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mefenamic Acid/*therapeutic use
MH  - Pharyngitis/etiology
MH  - Prospective Studies
MH  - Treatment Outcome
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID‑19
OT  - SARS‑CoV‑2
OT  - inflammation
OT  - mefenamic acid
OT  - treatment
EDAT- 2022/01/15 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/20 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/14 08:41
PHST- 2021/11/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/14 08:41 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/20 06:00 [medline]
AID - 29 [pii]
AID - 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5084 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Int J Mol Med. 2022 Mar;49(3):29. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5084. Epub 2022 Jan 14.

PMID- 35194144
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220307
LR  - 20220319
IS  - 2399-3642 (Electronic)
IS  - 2399-3642 (Linking)
VI  - 5
IP  - 1
DP  - 2022 Feb 22
TI  - Combination of antiviral drugs inhibits SARS-CoV-2 polymerase and exonuclease and 
      demonstrates COVID-19 therapeutic potential in viral cell culture.
PG  - 154
LID - 10.1038/s42003-022-03101-9 [doi]
LID - 154
AB  - SARS-CoV-2 has an exonuclease-based proofreader, which removes nucleotide 
      inhibitors such as Remdesivir that are incorporated into the viral RNA during 
      replication, reducing the efficacy of these drugs for treating COVID-19. 
      Combinations of inhibitors of both the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the 
      exonuclease could overcome this deficiency. Here we report the identification of 
      hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitors Pibrentasvir and Ombitasvir as SARS-CoV-2 
      exonuclease inhibitors. In the presence of Pibrentasvir, RNAs terminated with the 
      active forms of the prodrugs Sofosbuvir, Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Molnupiravir 
      and AT-527 were largely protected from excision by the exonuclease, while in the 
      absence of Pibrentasvir, there was rapid excision. Due to its unique structure, 
      Tenofovir-terminated RNA was highly resistant to exonuclease excision even in the 
      absence of Pibrentasvir. Viral cell culture studies also demonstrate significant 
      synergy using this combination strategy. This study supports the use of 
      combination drugs that inhibit both the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase and exonuclease for 
      effective COVID-19 treatment.
CI  - © 2022. The Author(s).
FAU - Wang, Xuanting
AU  - Wang X
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4198-7388
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, 
      USA.
FAU - Sacramento, Carolina Q
AU  - Sacramento CQ
AD  - Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz 
      Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
AD  - National Institute for Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of 
      Neglected Population (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health 
      (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
FAU - Jockusch, Steffen
AU  - Jockusch S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4592-5280
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
FAU - Chaves, Otávio Augusto
AU  - Chaves OA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6211-7659
AD  - Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz 
      Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
AD  - National Institute for Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of 
      Neglected Population (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health 
      (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
FAU - Tao, Chuanjuan
AU  - Tao C
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, 
      USA.
FAU - Fintelman-Rodrigues, Natalia
AU  - Fintelman-Rodrigues N
AD  - Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz 
      Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
AD  - National Institute for Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of 
      Neglected Population (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health 
      (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
FAU - Chien, Minchen
AU  - Chien M
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, 
      USA.
FAU - Temerozo, Jairo R
AU  - Temerozo JR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8092-2149
AD  - Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz 
      Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
AD  - National Institute for Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation 
      (INCT/NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio 
      de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
FAU - Li, Xiaoxu
AU  - Li X
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, 
      USA.
FAU - Kumar, Shiv
AU  - Kumar S
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, 
      USA.
FAU - Xie, Wei
AU  - Xie W
AD  - Laboratory of Structural Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New 
      York, NY, 10065, USA.
FAU - Patel, Dinshaw J
AU  - Patel DJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9779-7778
AD  - Laboratory of Structural Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New 
      York, NY, 10065, USA.
FAU - Meyer, Cindy
AU  - Meyer C
AD  - Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, 
      USA.
FAU - Garzia, Aitor
AU  - Garzia A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6270-1369
AD  - Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, 
      USA.
FAU - Tuschl, Thomas
AU  - Tuschl T
AD  - Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, 
      USA.
FAU - Bozza, Patrícia T
AU  - Bozza PT
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8349-9529
AD  - Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz 
      Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
FAU - Russo, James J
AU  - Russo JJ
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, 
      USA.
FAU - Souza, Thiago Moreno L
AU  - Souza TML
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2212-3899
AD  - Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC), Oswaldo Cruz 
      Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. tmoreno@cdts.fiocruz.br.
AD  - National Institute for Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of 
      Neglected Population (INCT/IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health 
      (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 
      tmoreno@cdts.fiocruz.br.
FAU - Ju, Jingyue
AU  - Ju J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4974-4241
AD  - Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, 
      New York, NY, 10027, USA. dj222@columbia.edu.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, 
      USA. dj222@columbia.edu.
AD  - Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University, New 
      York, NY, 10032, USA. dj222@columbia.edu.
LA  - eng
GR  - P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220222
TA  - Commun Biol
JT  - Communications biology
JID - 101719179
RN  - 0 (Anilides)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Benzimidazoles)
RN  - 0 (Pyrrolidines)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
RN  - 0 (Viral Nonstructural Proteins)
RN  - 2302768XJ8 (ombitasvir)
RN  - 2WU922TK3L (pibrentasvir)
RN  - 9DLQ4CIU6V (Proline)
RN  - EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase)
RN  - EC 3.1.- (Exonucleases)
RN  - HG18B9YRS7 (Valine)
SB  - IM
UOF - bioRxiv. 2021 Jul 21;:. PMID: 34312622
MH  - Amino Acid Sequence
MH  - Anilides/pharmacology
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology
MH  - Base Sequence
MH  - Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy/virology
MH  - Cell Line, Tumor
MH  - Chlorocebus aethiops
MH  - Drug Synergism
MH  - Exonucleases/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Proline/pharmacology
MH  - Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
MH  - RNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism
MH  - RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/genetics/physiology
MH  - Valine/pharmacology
MH  - Vero Cells
MH  - Viral Nonstructural Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism
MH  - Virus Replication/drug effects/genetics
PMC - PMC8863796
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/02/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/08 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/23 05:32
PHST- 2021/08/04 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/02 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/23 05:32 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/08 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1038/s42003-022-03101-9 [pii]
AID - 3101 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s42003-022-03101-9 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Commun Biol. 2022 Feb 22;5(1):154. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03101-9.

PMID- 35458571
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220426
LR  - 20220426
IS  - 1999-4915 (Electronic)
IS  - 1999-4915 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 4
DP  - 2022 Apr 18
TI  - Lethal Mutagenesis of RNA Viruses and Approved Drugs with Antiviral Mutagenic 
      Activity.
LID - 10.3390/v14040841 [doi]
LID - 841
AB  - In RNA viruses, a small increase in their mutation rates can be sufficient to 
      exceed their threshold of viability. Lethal mutagenesis is a therapeutic strategy 
      based on the use of mutagens, driving viral populations to extinction. Extinction 
      catastrophe can be experimentally induced by promutagenic nucleosides in cell 
      culture models. The loss of HIV infectivity has been observed after passage in 
      5-hydroxydeoxycytidine or 5,6-dihydro-5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine while producing a 
      two-fold increase in the viral mutation frequency. Among approved nucleoside 
      analogs, experiments with polioviruses and other RNA viruses suggested that 
      ribavirin can be mutagenic, although its mechanism of action is not clear. 
      Favipiravir and molnupiravir exert an antiviral effect through lethal 
      mutagenesis. Both drugs are broad-spectrum antiviral agents active against RNA 
      viruses. Favipiravir incorporates into viral RNA, affecting the G→A and C→U 
      transition rates. Molnupiravir (a prodrug of β-d-N(4)-hydroxycytidine) has been 
      recently approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Its triphosphate 
      derivative can be incorporated into viral RNA and extended by the coronavirus RNA 
      polymerase. Incorrect base pairing and inefficient extension by the polymerase 
      promote mutagenesis by increasing the G→A and C→U transition frequencies. Despite 
      having remarkable antiviral action and resilience to drug resistance, 
      carcinogenic risks and genotoxicity are important concerns limiting their 
      extended use in antiviral therapy.
FAU - Hadj Hassine, Ikbel
AU  - Hadj Hassine I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1992-7976
AD  - Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique, Biotechnologie et Stratégies 
      Antivirales", Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, 
      Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
FAU - Ben M'hadheb, Manel
AU  - Ben M'hadheb M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0145-7240
AD  - Unité de Recherche UR17ES30 "Génomique, Biotechnologie et Stratégies 
      Antivirales", Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, Université de Monastir, 
      Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
FAU - Menéndez-Arias, Luis
AU  - Menéndez-Arias L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1251-6640
AD  - Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones 
      Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
LA  - eng
GR  - PID2019-104176RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación 
      (Spain)/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220418
TA  - Viruses
JT  - Viruses
JID - 101509722
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Mutagens)
RN  - 0 (Nucleosides)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Viral)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mutagenesis
MH  - Mutagens/pharmacology
MH  - Nucleosides/pharmacology
MH  - *RNA Viruses/genetics
MH  - RNA, Viral/genetics
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
PMC - PMC9024455
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - HIV
OT  - RNA polymerase
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - error catastrophe
OT  - favipiravir
OT  - lethal mutagenesis
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - nucleoside analogs
OT  - ribavirin
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the 
      design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in 
      the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2022/04/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/27 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/23 01:15
PHST- 2022/02/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/04/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/04/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/23 01:15 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/27 06:00 [medline]
AID - v14040841 [pii]
AID - viruses-14-00841 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/v14040841 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Viruses. 2022 Apr 18;14(4):841. doi: 10.3390/v14040841.

PMID- 35215963
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220308
LR  - 20220308
IS  - 1999-4915 (Electronic)
IS  - 1999-4915 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Feb 10
TI  - Characterization of the First SARS-CoV-2 Isolates from Aotearoa New Zealand as 
      Part of a Rapid Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.
LID - 10.3390/v14020366 [doi]
LID - 366
AB  - SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has wreaked havoc 
      across the globe for the last two years. More than 300 million cases and over 5 
      million deaths later, we continue battling the first real pandemic of the 21st 
      century. SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly, reaching most countries within the first half 
      of 2020, and New Zealand was not an exception. Here, we describe the first 
      isolation and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants during the initial virus 
      outbreak in New Zealand. Patient-derived nasopharyngeal samples were used to 
      inoculate Vero cells and, three to four days later, a cytopathic effect was 
      observed in seven viral cultures. Viral growth kinetics was characterized using 
      Vero and VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells. The identity of the viruses was verified by 
      RT-qPCR, Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence assays, and electron 
      microscopy. Whole-genome sequences were analyzed using two different yet 
      complementary deep sequencing platforms (MiSeq/Illumina and Ion PGM™/Ion 
      Torrent™), classifying the viruses as SARS-CoV-2 B.55, B.31, B.1, or B.1.369 
      based on the Pango Lineage nomenclature. All seven SARS-CoV-2 isolates were 
      susceptible to remdesivir (EC(50) values from 0.83 to 2.42 µM) and 
      β-D-N(4)-hydroxycytidine (molnupiravir, EC(50) values from 0.96 to 1.15 µM) but 
      not to favipiravir (>10 µM). Interestingly, four SARS-CoV-2 isolates, carrying 
      the D614G substitution originally associated with increased transmissibility, 
      were more susceptible (2.4-fold) to a commercial monoclonal antibody targeting 
      the spike glycoprotein than the wild-type viruses. Altogether, this seminal work 
      allowed for early access to SARS-CoV-2 isolates in New Zealand, paving the way 
      for numerous clinical and scientific research projects in the country, including 
      the development and validation of diagnostic assays, antiviral strategies, and a 
      national COVID-19 vaccine development program.
FAU - Harfoot, Rhodri
AU  - Harfoot R
AD  - Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 
      University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Lawley, Blair
AU  - Lawley B
AD  - Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 
      University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Hernández, Leonor C
AU  - Hernández LC
AD  - Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 
      University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Kuang, Joanna
AU  - Kuang J
AD  - Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 
      University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Grant, Jenny
AU  - Grant J
AD  - Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Treece, Jackson M
AU  - Treece JM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1152-7214
AD  - Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 
      Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - LeQueux, Sharon
AU  - LeQueux S
AD  - Otago Micro and Nanoscale Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Day, Robert
AU  - Day R
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 
      Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Jack, Susan
AU  - Jack S
AD  - Public Health South, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Stanton, Jo-Ann L
AU  - Stanton JL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8139-4694
AD  - Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 
      Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
FAU - Bostina, Mihnea
AU  - Bostina M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3621-3772
AD  - Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 
      University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
AD  - Otago Micro and Nanoscale Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Ussher, James E
AU  - Ussher JE
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9222-7680
AD  - Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 
      University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
AD  - Southern Community Laboratories, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
AD  - Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New 
      Zealand.
FAU - Quiñones-Mateu, Miguel E
AU  - Quiñones-Mateu ME
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9170-5601
AD  - Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, 
      University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
AD  - Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New 
      Zealand.
LA  - eng
GR  - n/a/Webster Family Chair in Viral Pathogenesis, University of Otago/
GR  - n/a/Ministry of Health, New Zealand/
GR  - n/a/COVID-19 Innovation Acceleration Fund, Ministry of Business, Innovation &amp; 
      Employment (MBIE), New Zealand/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220210
TA  - Viruses
JT  - Viruses
JID - 101509722
RN  - 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Adult
MH  - Aged
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
MH  - Antiviral Agents
MH  - COVID-19/*epidemiology
MH  - Chlorocebus aethiops
MH  - Cohort Studies
MH  - Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
MH  - *Genome, Viral
MH  - Humans
MH  - Middle Aged
MH  - New Zealand/epidemiology
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/*genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification
MH  - Vero Cells
MH  - Whole Genome Sequencing
MH  - Young Adult
PMC - PMC8877023
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *New Zealand
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
OT  - *antiviral
OT  - *virus isolate
OT  - *whole-genome sequencing
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest, including no further patents, 
      products in development or marketed products to declare. The funders had no role 
      in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of 
      data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the 
      results.
EDAT- 2022/02/27 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/09 06:00
CRDT- 2022/02/26 01:07
PHST- 2022/01/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/08 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/26 01:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/09 06:00 [medline]
AID - v14020366 [pii]
AID - viruses-14-00366 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/v14020366 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Viruses. 2022 Feb 10;14(2):366. doi: 10.3390/v14020366.

PMID- 35285158
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220408
LR  - 20220413
IS  - 1757-4684 (Electronic)
IS  - 1757-4676 (Print)
IS  - 1757-4676 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 4
DP  - 2022 Apr 7
TI  - RNAi to treat SARS-CoV-2-variant proofing the next generation of therapies.
PG  - e15811
LID - 10.15252/emmm.202215811 [doi]
LID - e15811
AB  - There is an urgent need to bring new antivirals to SARS-CoV-2 to the market. 
      Indeed, in the last 3 months, we have seen at least two new antivirals approved, 
      molnupiravir and paxlovid. Both are older established antivirals that show some 
      efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. The work by Chang et al (2022) in the current issue 
      of EMBO Molecular Medicine explores the use of short interfering RNAs to directly 
      target SARS-CoV-2 and shows that RNAi is an effective approach to reducing, or 
      even eliminating viral replication, depending on the experimental setting. This 
      antiviral effect results in significant prevention of infection-related pathology 
      in animals. The key feature of this approach, besides its simplicity as naked 
      siRNAs, is that all current variants are covered by this treatment.
CI  - © 2022 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.
FAU - McMillan, Nigel A J
AU  - McMillan NAJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9471-1406
AD  - Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith 
      University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
FAU - Morris, Kevin V
AU  - Morris KV
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0157-0553
AD  - Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith 
      University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
FAU - Idris, Adi
AU  - Idris A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0562-1549
AD  - Centre for Cell and Gene Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith 
      University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220314
TA  - EMBO Mol Med
JT  - EMBO molecular medicine
JID - 101487380
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (RNA, Small Interfering)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *COVID-19/therapy
MH  - RNA Interference
MH  - RNA, Small Interfering/genetics/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - *SARS-CoV-2/genetics
MH  - Virus Replication
PMC - PMC8988212
EDAT- 2022/03/15 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/09 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/14 06:03
PHST- 2022/02/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/15 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/09 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/14 06:03 [entrez]
AID - EMMM202215811 [pii]
AID - 10.15252/emmm.202215811 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - EMBO Mol Med. 2022 Apr 7;14(4):e15811. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202215811. Epub 2022 
      Mar 14.

PMID- 35364019
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220403
IS  - 1474-4457 (Electronic)
IS  - 1473-3099 (Print)
IS  - 1473-3099 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 29
TI  - Availability of oral antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the requirement 
      for an ethical prescribing approach.
LID - S1473-3099(22)00119-0 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00119-0 [doi]
AB  - The first two oral antivirals, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, are now 
      becoming available in many countries. These medicines will be indicated to treat 
      mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in non-hospitalised patients who are at high risk of 
      progressing to severe COVID-19. These antivirals should be prescribed within 5 
      days of symptom onset, and after SARS-CoV-2 infection has been confirmed. 
      However, the availability of these antivirals will be scarce for some time due to 
      manufacturing constraints. Each country should establish a policy on the 
      conditions under which these antivirals can be prescribed. Such a policy should 
      be based on the fulfilment of five ethical elements: transparency, relevance, 
      appeals, enforcement, and fairness. Following the principles of distributive 
      justice, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir should be prescribed according 
      to a hierarchy of predicted efficacy, ideally on the basis of an evidence-based 
      scoring system. The placebo-controlled randomised trials that supported the 
      temporary authorisation of these two antivirals were conducted in unvaccinated 
      patients with COVID-19, so an evidence-based prescription practice would only use 
      these drugs for unvaccinated patients until further data become available. 
      However, in the countries that authorised these antivirals in 2021 (the UK and 
      the USA), both vaccinated and unvaccinated patients meeting particular 
      requirements have access to these antivirals. Due to the complexity of 
      prioritisation, national health authorities should start issuing their draft 
      policies as soon as possible and these policies should be regularly updated. The 
      effectiveness of these antivirals against the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 must 
      be urgently assessed. Once implemented, molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir-ritonavir 
      must show their effectiveness and safety in the real world, and health systems 
      must be adequately adapted for the correct use of these antivirals.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Dal-Ré, Rafael
AU  - Dal-Ré R
AD  - Epidemiology Unit, Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University 
      Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: 
      rafael.dalre@quironsalud.es.
FAU - Becker, Sören L
AU  - Becker SL
AD  - Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, 
      Germany.
FAU - Bottieau, Emmanuel
AU  - Bottieau E
AD  - Unit of Tropical Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
FAU - Holm, Søren
AU  - Holm S
AD  - Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, Department of Law, School of Social 
      Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220329
TA  - Lancet Infect Dis
JT  - The Lancet. Infectious diseases
JID - 101130150
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC8963769
COIS- Declaration of interests SLB declared speaker fees from Pfizer and Shionogi as 
      well as advisory board fees from Pfizer (for ceftazidime with avibactam) and 
      Shionogi (for cefiderocol), outside the submitted work. All other authors declare 
      no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/04/02 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/02 06:00
CRDT- 2022/04/01 20:10
PHST- 2022/01/07 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/31 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/04 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/04/01 20:10 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [medline]
AID - S1473-3099(22)00119-0 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00119-0 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Mar 29:S1473-3099(22)00119-0. doi: 
      10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00119-0.

PMID- 35075452
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220205
DP  - 2022 Jan 17
TI  - SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike mediated immune escape and tropism shift.
LID - rs.3.rs-1191837 [pii]
LID - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1191837/v1 [doi]
AB  - The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in late 2021 and is characterised by 
      multiple spike mutations across all spike domains. Here we show that Omicron BA.1 
      has higher affinity for ACE2 compared to Delta, and confers very significant 
      evasion of therapeutic monoclonal and vaccine-elicited polyclonal neutralising 
      antibodies after two doses. mRNA vaccination as a third vaccine dose rescues and 
      broadens neutralisation. Importantly, antiviral drugs remdesevir and molnupiravir 
      retain efficacy against Omicron BA.1. We found that in human nasal epithelial 3D 
      cultures replication was similar for both Omicron and Delta. However, in lower 
      airway organoids, Calu-3 lung cells and gut adenocarcinoma cell lines live 
      Omicron virus demonstrated significantly lower replication in comparison to 
      Delta. We noted that despite presence of mutations predicted to favour spike 
      S1/S2 cleavage, the spike protein is less efficiently cleaved in live Omicron 
      virions compared to Delta virions. We mapped the replication differences between 
      the variants to entry efficiency using spike pseudotyped virus (PV) entry assays. 
      The defect for Omicron PV in specific cell types correlated with higher cellular 
      RNA expression of TMPRSS2, and accordingly knock down of TMPRSS2 impacted Delta 
      entry to a greater extent as compared to Omicron. Furthermore, drug inhibitors 
      targeting specific entry pathways demonstrated that the Omicron spike 
      inefficiently utilises the cellular protease TMPRSS2 that mediates cell entry via 
      plasma membrane fusion. Instead, we demonstrate that Omicron spike has greater 
      dependency on cell entry via the endocytic pathway requiring the activity of 
      endosomal cathepsins to cleave spike. Consistent with suboptimal S1/S2 cleavage 
      and inability to utilise TMPRSS2, syncytium formation by the Omicron spike was 
      dramatically impaired compared to the Delta spike. Overall, Omicron appears to 
      have gained significant evasion from neutralising antibodies whilst maintaining 
      sensitivity to antiviral drugs targeting the polymerase. Omicron has shifted 
      cellular tropism away from TMPRSS2 expressing cells that are enriched in cells 
      found in the lower respiratory and GI tracts, with implications for altered 
      pathogenesis.
FAU - Gupta, Ravindra
AU  - Gupta R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9751-1808
LA  - eng
GR  - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
GR  - DP1 AI158186/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - HHSN272201700059C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Preprint
DEP - 20220117
TA  - Res Sq
JT  - Research square
JID - 101768035
PMC - PMC8786230
EDAT- 2022/01/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/26 06:01
CRDT- 2022/01/25 05:50
PHST- 2022/01/25 05:50 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/26 06:01 [medline]
AID - rs.3.rs-1191837 [pii]
AID - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1191837/v1 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Res Sq. 2022 Jan 17:rs.3.rs-1191837. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1191837/v1. Preprint.

PMID- 35336208
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220329
IS  - 2076-2607 (Print)
IS  - 2076-2607 (Electronic)
IS  - 2076-2607 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar 16
TI  - Ivermectin Does Not Protect against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Syrian Hamster 
      Model.
LID - 10.3390/microorganisms10030633 [doi]
LID - 633
AB  - Ivermectin, an FDA-approved antiparasitic drug, has been reported to have in 
      vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Increased off-label use of ivermectin for 
      COVID-19 has been reported. We here assessed the effect of ivermectin in Syrian 
      hamsters infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Beta (B.1.351) variant. Infected animals 
      received a clinically relevant dose of ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg subcutaneously 
      dosed) once daily for four consecutive days after which the effect was 
      quantified. Ivermectin monotherapy did not reduce lung viral load and even 
      significantly worsened SARS-CoV-2-induced lung pathology. Additionally, it did 
      not potentiate the activity of molnupiravir (Lagevrio(TM)) when combined with 
      this drug. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence that ivermectin 
      does not result in a beneficial effect in the treatment of COVID-19. These 
      findings are important given the increasing, dangerous off-label use of 
      ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19.
FAU - Foo, Caroline S
AU  - Foo CS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6380-4917
AD  - KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 
      Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Abdelnabi, Rana
AU  - Abdelnabi R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9771-7312
AD  - KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 
      Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Vangeel, Laura
AU  - Vangeel L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8820-6617
AD  - KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 
      Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - De Jonghe, Steven
AU  - De Jonghe S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3872-6558
AD  - KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 
      Leuven, Belgium.
FAU - Jochmans, Dirk
AU  - Jochmans D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9265-6028
AD  - KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 
      Leuven, Belgium.
AD  - Global Virus Network, GVN, 725 West Lombard St, Room S413, Baltimore, MD 21201, 
      USA.
FAU - Weynand, Birgit
AU  - Weynand B
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4246-6303
AD  - KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue 
      Research, Division of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, B-3000 Leuven, 
      Belgium.
FAU - Neyts, Johan
AU  - Neyts J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0033-7514
AD  - KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega 
      Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 
      Leuven, Belgium.
AD  - Global Virus Network, GVN, 725 West Lombard St, Room S413, Baltimore, MD 21201, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - G0G4820N/Research Foundation - Flanders/
GR  - No 101003627 (SCORE project)/European Union's Horizon 2020 research/
GR  - INV-006366/Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation/
GR  - No 101005077/Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU)/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220316
TA  - Microorganisms
JT  - Microorganisms
JID - 101625893
PMC - PMC8955654
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - hamster model
OT  - ivermectin
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - off-label use
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the 
      design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in 
      the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2022/03/27 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/27 06:01
CRDT- 2022/03/26 01:05
PHST- 2022/02/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/03/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/03/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/26 01:05 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/27 06:01 [medline]
AID - microorganisms10030633 [pii]
AID - microorganisms-10-00633 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/microorganisms10030633 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Microorganisms. 2022 Mar 16;10(3):633. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10030633.

PMID- 35266905
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220311
IS  - 1531-6971 (Electronic)
IS  - 1070-5287 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 9
TI  - Advances in the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, clinical management 
      and prevention of coronavirus disease 2019.
LID - 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000875 [doi]
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The current article reviews the latest information on the 
      epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostics, clinical management and prevention 
      of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RECENT FINDINGS: Atypical pneumonia due 
      to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 emerged in December 2019 in a 
      market in Wuhan, China and rapidly evolved into a pandemic in March 2020. Viral 
      loads of patients with COVID-19 peak in the first week of illness around day 2-4 
      and hence there is very high-transmission potential causing community outbreaks. 
      Asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission is a hallmark of COVID-19. Several 
      variants of concern (VOC) have emerged over the last 2 years and Omicron is the 
      predominant variant in many countries. PCR is the standard diagnostic test while 
      rapid antigen test is a useful supplementary test. Serology tests provide 
      indirect evidence of infection 1-2 weeks after the onset of symptoms. 
      Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir are oral antiviral agents that may reduce the risk 
      of hospitalization and deaths if administered early to high-risk subjects. 
      Remdesivir, baricitinib, anti-IL-6 tocilizumab and dexamethasone are frequently 
      used for treatment of patients with respiratory failure. SUMMARY: COVID-19 
      pandemic progresses relentlessly with substantial morbidity and mortality 
      especially in unvaccinated subjects. Mass COVID-19 vaccinations are the most 
      important measure for control of the COVID-19 pandemic.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Hui, David S C
AU  - Hui DSC
AD  - Department of Medicine & Therapeutics and Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging 
      Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong 
      Special Administrative Region, China Division of Infection and Immunity, 
      Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College 
      London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, 
      London, UK.
FAU - Zumla, Alimuddin
AU  - Zumla A
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220309
PL  - United States
TA  - Curr Opin Pulm Med
JT  - Current opinion in pulmonary medicine
JID - 9503765
SB  - IM
EDAT- 2022/03/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/11 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/10 12:17
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/10 12:17 [entrez]
AID - 00063198-900000000-98888 [pii]
AID - 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000875 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2022 Mar 9. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000875.

PMID- 35040187
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220416
IS  - 1521-4184 (Electronic)
IS  - 0365-6233 (Print)
IS  - 0365-6233 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Jan 17
TI  - A comprehensive update on the structure and synthesis of potential drug targets 
      for combating the coronavirus pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.
PG  - e2100382
LID - 10.1002/ardp.202100382 [doi]
LID - e2100382
AB  - The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 created by its severe acute 
      respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, known for producing a 
      very severe acute respiratory syndrome, has created an unprecedented situation by 
      its continual assault around the world. The crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 
      variant has been a global challenge, calling to mitigate this unprecedented 
      pandemic that has engulfed the whole world. Since the outbreak and spread of 
      COVID-19, many researchers globally have been grappling to find new clinically 
      trialed active drugs with anti-COVID-19 activity, from antimalarial drugs to JAK 
      inhibitors, antiviral drugs, immune suppressants, and so forth. This article 
      presents a brief discussion on the activity and synthesis of some active 
      molecules such as favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, pirfenidone, remdesivir, 
      lopinavir, camostat, chloroquine, baricitinib, molnupiravir, and so forth, which 
      are under trial.
CI  - © 2022 Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft.
FAU - Malik, Prerna
AU  - Malik P
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India.
FAU - Jain, Sonika
AU  - Jain S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5764-497X
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India.
FAU - Jain, Pankaj
AU  - Jain P
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India.
FAU - Kumawat, Jyoti
AU  - Kumawat J
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India.
FAU - Dwivedi, Jaya
AU  - Dwivedi J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1524-7714
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India.
FAU - Kishore, Dharma
AU  - Kishore D
AD  - Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Jaipur, India.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220117
TA  - Arch Pharm (Weinheim)
JT  - Archiv der Pharmazie
JID - 0330167
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC9011541
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19 pandemic
OT  - Delta+ variant
OT  - SARS-CoV-2 variant
OT  - lopinavir
OT  - remdesivir
COIS- The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests.
EDAT- 2022/01/19 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/19 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/18 06:16
PHST- 2021/12/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/09/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/18 06:16 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/01/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/19 06:00 [medline]
AID - ARDP202100382 [pii]
AID - 10.1002/ardp.202100382 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 2022 Jan 17:e2100382. doi: 10.1002/ardp.202100382.

PMID- 35145998
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220224
IS  - 2296-889X (Print)
IS  - 2296-889X (Electronic)
IS  - 2296-889X (Linking)
VI  - 8
DP  - 2021
TI  - Structural Insights Into Tautomeric Dynamics in Nucleic Acids and in Antiviral 
      Nucleoside Analogs.
PG  - 823253
LID - 10.3389/fmolb.2021.823253 [doi]
LID - 823253
AB  - DNA (2'-deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) play diverse functional 
      roles in biology and disease. Despite being comprised primarily of only four 
      cognate nucleobases, nucleic acids can adopt complex three-dimensional 
      structures, and RNA in particular, can catalyze biochemical reactions to regulate 
      a wide variety of biological processes. Such chemical versatility is due in part 
      to the phenomenon of nucleobase tautomerism, whereby the bases can adopt 
      multiple, yet distinct isomeric forms, known as tautomers. For nucleobases, 
      tautomers refer to structural isomers that differ from one another by the 
      position of protons. By altering the position of protons on nucleobases, many of 
      which play critical roles for hydrogen bonding and base pairing interactions, 
      tautomerism has profound effects on the biochemical processes involving nucleic 
      acids. For example, the transient formation of minor tautomers during replication 
      could generate spontaneous mutations. These mutations could arise from the 
      stabilization of mismatches, in the active site of polymerases, in conformations 
      involving minor tautomers that are indistinguishable from canonical base pairs. 
      In this review, we discuss the evidence for tautomerism in DNA, and its 
      consequences to the fidelity of DNA replication. Also reviewed are RNA systems, 
      such as the riboswitches and self-cleaving ribozymes, in which tautomerism plays 
      a functional role in ligand recognition and catalysis, respectively. We also 
      discuss tautomeric nucleoside analogs that are efficacious as antiviral drug 
      candidates such as molnupiravir for coronaviruses and KP1212 for HIV. The 
      antiviral efficacy of these analogs is due, in part, to their ability to exist in 
      multiple tautomeric forms and induce mutations in the replicating viral genomes. 
      From a technical standpoint, minor tautomers of nucleobases are challenging to 
      identify directly because they are rare and interconvert on a fast, millisecond 
      to nanosecond, time scale. Nevertheless, many approaches including biochemical, 
      structural, computational and spectroscopic methods have been developed to study 
      tautomeric dynamics in RNA and DNA systems, and in antiviral nucleoside analogs. 
      An overview of these methods and their applications is included here.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Fedeles, Li and Singh.
FAU - Fedeles, Bogdan I
AU  - Fedeles BI
AD  - Departments of Chemistry and Biological Engineering and Center for Environmental 
      Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United 
      States.
FAU - Li, Deyu
AU  - Li D
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode 
      Island, Kingston, RI, United States.
FAU - Singh, Vipender
AU  - Singh V
AD  - Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Novartis Institute of Biomedical 
      Research, Cambridge, MA, United States.
LA  - eng
GR  - T32 ES007020/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20220125
TA  - Front Mol Biosci
JT  - Frontiers in molecular biosciences
JID - 101653173
PMC - PMC8822119
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID-19
OT  - Tautomerism
OT  - antivirals
OT  - mutagenesis
OT  - nucleoside analogs therapy
OT  - riboswitches
OT  - ribozymes
OT  - spontaenous mutations
COIS- Declaration of interest DL is an author on the patent US9283242B2 (assigned to 
      Massachusetts Institute of Technology), BF and VS are authors on the patent 
      US9714265B2 (assigned to Massachusetts Institute of Technology). These patents 
      describe two classes of mutagenic nucleoside analogs that can adopt multiple 
      tautomeric forms and their potential uses as anti-viral therapeutics.
EDAT- 2022/02/12 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/12 06:01
CRDT- 2022/02/11 05:42
PHST- 2021/11/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/12/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/11 05:42 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/02/12 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/12 06:01 [medline]
AID - 823253 [pii]
AID - 10.3389/fmolb.2021.823253 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Mol Biosci. 2022 Jan 25;8:823253. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.823253. 
      eCollection 2021.

PMID- 35223088
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220405
IS  - 2058-9689 (Print)
IS  - 2058-9689 (Electronic)
VI  - 7
IP  - 2
DP  - 2022 Feb 7
TI  - Thermodynamic and structural insights into the repurposing of drugs that bind to 
      SARS-CoV-2 main protease.
PG  - 123-131
LID - 10.1039/d1me00124h [doi]
AB  - Although researchers have been working tirelessly since the COVID-19 outbreak, so 
      far only three drugs - remdesivir, ronapreve and molnupiravir - have been 
      approved for use in some countries which directly target the SARS-CoV-2 virus. 
      Given the slow pace and substantial costs of new drug discovery and development, 
      together with the urgency of the matter, repurposing of existing drugs for the 
      ongoing disease is an attractive proposition. In a recent study, a 
      high-throughput X-ray crystallographic screen was performed for a selection of 
      drugs which have been approved or are in clinical trials. Thirty-seven compounds 
      have been identified from drug libraries all of which bind to the SARS-CoV-2 main 
      protease (3CL(pro)). In the current study, we use molecular dynamics simulation 
      and an ensemble-based free energy approach, namely, enhanced sampling of 
      molecular dynamics with approximation of continuum solvent (ESMACS), to 
      investigate a subset of the aforementioned compounds. The drugs studied here are 
      highly diverse, interacting with different binding sites and/or subsites of 
      3CL(pro). The predicted free energies are compared with experimental results 
      wherever they are available and they are found to be in excellent agreement. Our 
      study also provides detailed energetic insights into the nature of the associated 
      drug-protein binding, in turn shedding light on the design and discovery of 
      potential drugs.
CI  - This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
FAU - Wan, Shunzhou
AU  - Wan S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7192-1999
AD  - Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College 
      London UK p.v.coveney@ucl.ac.uk.
FAU - Bhati, Agastya P
AU  - Bhati AP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4539-4819
AD  - Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College 
      London UK p.v.coveney@ucl.ac.uk.
FAU - Wade, Alexander D
AU  - Wade AD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1500-3733
AD  - Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College 
      London UK p.v.coveney@ucl.ac.uk.
FAU - Alfè, Dario
AU  - Alfè D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9741-8678
AD  - Department of Earth Sciences, London Centre for Nanotechnology and Thomas Young 
      Centre at University College London, University College London UK.
AD  - Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini, Università di Napoli Federico II Italy.
FAU - Coveney, Peter V
AU  - Coveney PV
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8787-7256
AD  - Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College 
      London UK p.v.coveney@ucl.ac.uk.
AD  - Institute for Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam The 
      Netherlands.
LA  - eng
GR  - MR/L016311/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20211118
TA  - Mol Syst Des Eng
JT  - Molecular systems design & engineering
JID - 101683399
PMC - PMC8820189
COIS- There are no conflicts to declare.
EDAT- 2022/03/01 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/01 06:01
CRDT- 2022/02/28 05:37
PHST- 2021/08/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/11/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/28 05:37 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/01 06:01 [medline]
AID - d1me00124h [pii]
AID - 10.1039/d1me00124h [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Mol Syst Des Eng. 2021 Nov 18;7(2):123-131. doi: 10.1039/d1me00124h. eCollection 
      2022 Feb 7.

PMID- 35249180
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220310
LR  - 20220423
IS  - 0948-5023 (Electronic)
IS  - 1610-2940 (Print)
IS  - 0948-5023 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 4
DP  - 2022 Mar 5
TI  - Different compounds against Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor 
      potentially containing the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2: an in silico study.
PG  - 82
LID - 10.1007/s00894-022-05059-1 [doi]
LID - 82
AB  - Novel SARS coronavirus or SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that was identified 
      and spread from Wuhan in 2019. On January 30th, the World Health Organization 
      declared the coronavirus outbreak as a Global Public Health Emergency. Although 
      Remdesivir and Molnupiravir are FDA-approved drugs for COVID-19, finding new 
      efficient and low-cost antiviral drugs against COVID-19 for applying in more 
      countries can still be helpful. One of the potential sources for finding new and 
      low-cost drugs is the herbal compounds in addition to repurposing FDA-approved 
      drugs. So, in this study, we focused on finding effective drug candidates against 
      COVID-19 based on the computational approaches. As ACE2 serves as a critical 
      receptor for cell entry of this virus. Inhibiting the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 
      on human ACE2 provides a promising therapeutic approach for developing drugs 
      against SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we applied a bioinformatics approach to identify 
      possible potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. A library of FDA-approved compounds 
      and five natural compounds was screened using Smina docking. Top-docking 
      compounds are then applied in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation to assess the 
      stability of ACE2-inhibitor complexes. Results indicate that Luteolin and Chrysin 
      represent high conformation stability with ACE2 during 120 ns of Molecular 
      Dynamics simulation. The binding free energies of Luteolin and Chrysin were 
      calculated by the Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area method 
      (MM/PBSA) which confirmed the relative binding free energy of these drugs to ACE2 
      in favor of the effective binding. So, Luteolin and Chrysin could sufficiently 
      interact with ACE2 and block the Spike binding pocket of ACE2 and can be a 
      potential inhibitor against the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2 receptor which is 
      an early stage of infection. Luteolin and Chrysin could be suggestive as 
      beneficial compounds for preventing or reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and 
      infection which need experimental work to prove.
CI  - © 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 
      part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Shahbazi, Behzad
AU  - Shahbazi B
AD  - Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute 
      of Iran, 69th Pasteur Street, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Mafakher, Ladan
AU  - Mafakher L
AD  - Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute 
      of Iran, 69th Pasteur Street, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Teimoori-Toolabi, Ladan
AU  - Teimoori-Toolabi L
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6588-9774
AD  - Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute 
      of Iran, 69th Pasteur Street, Kargar Avenue, Tehran, Iran. 
      lteimoori@pasteur.ac.ir.
LA  - eng
GR  - 994135/National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD)/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220305
TA  - J Mol Model
JT  - Journal of molecular modeling
JID - 9806569
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (Flavonoids)
RN  - 0 (Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus)
RN  - 3CN01F5ZJ5 (chrysin)
RN  - EC 3.4.17.23 (ACE2 protein, human)
RN  - EC 3.4.17.23 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)
RN  - KUX1ZNC9J2 (Luteolin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Binding Sites
MH  - COVID-19/metabolism/*prevention & control/transmission
MH  - Drug Repositioning
MH  - Flavonoids/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Humans
MH  - Luteolin/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
MH  - Molecular Dynamics Simulation
MH  - Protein Binding
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism
MH  - Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*metabolism
PMC - PMC8898033
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
OT  - Chrysin
OT  - Luteolin
OT  - Molecular Docking Simulation
OT  - Molecular Dynamics simulation
OT  - SARS-CoV-2
OT  - Spike protein
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2022/03/07 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/11 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/06 20:38
PHST- 2021/05/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/06 20:38 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s00894-022-05059-1 [pii]
AID - 5059 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s00894-022-05059-1 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Mol Model. 2022 Mar 5;28(4):82. doi: 10.1007/s00894-022-05059-1.

PMID- 35271914
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220328
LR  - 20220401
IS  - 1872-9096 (Electronic)
IS  - 0166-3542 (Print)
IS  - 0166-3542 (Linking)
VI  - 199
DP  - 2022 Mar
TI  - Establishment of a stable SARS-CoV-2 replicon system for application in 
      high-throughput screening.
PG  - 105268
LID - S0166-3542(22)00036-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105268 [doi]
AB  - Experiments with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are 
      limited by the need for biosafety level 3 (BSL3) conditions. A SARS-CoV-2 
      replicon system rather than an in vitro infection system is suitable for 
      antiviral screening since it can be handled under BSL2 conditions and does not 
      produce infectious particles. However, the reported replicon systems are 
      cumbersome because of the need for transient transfection in each assay. In this 
      study, we constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome vector (the replicon-BAC 
      vector) including the SARS-CoV-2 replicon and a fusion gene encoding Renilla 
      luciferase and neomycin phosphotransferase II, examined the antiviral effects of 
      several known compounds, and then established a cell line stably harboring the 
      replicon-BAC vector. Several cell lines transiently transfected with the 
      replicon-BAC vector produced subgenomic replicon RNAs (sgRNAs) and viral 
      proteins, and exhibited luciferase activity. In the transient replicon system, 
      treatment with remdesivir or interferon-β but not with camostat or favipiravir 
      suppressed the production of viral agents and luciferase, indicating that 
      luciferase activity corresponds to viral replication. VeroE6/Rep3, a stable 
      replicon cell line based on VeroE6 cells, was successfully established and 
      continuously produced viral proteins, sgRNAs and luciferase, and their production 
      was suppressed by treatment with remdesivir or interferon-β. Molnupiravir, a 
      novel coronavirus RdRp inhibitor, inhibited viral replication more potently in 
      VeroE6/Rep3 cells than in VeroE6-based transient replicon cells. In summary, our 
      stable replicon system will be a powerful tool for the identification of 
      SARS-CoV-2 antivirals through high-throughput screening.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Tanaka, Tomohisa
AU  - Tanaka T
AD  - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of 
      Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
FAU - Saito, Akatsuki
AU  - Saito A
AD  - Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 
      Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of 
      Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
FAU - Suzuki, Tatsuya
AU  - Suzuki T
AD  - Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial 
      Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
FAU - Miyamoto, Yoichi
AU  - Miyamoto Y
AD  - Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical 
      Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
FAU - Takayama, Kazuo
AU  - Takayama K
AD  - Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 
      606-8507, Japan.
FAU - Okamoto, Toru
AU  - Okamoto T
AD  - Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial 
      Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
FAU - Moriishi, Kohji
AU  - Moriishi K
AD  - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Faculty of 
      Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan; 
      Center for Life Science Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, 
      Japan; Division of Hepatitis Virology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido 
      University, Hokkaido, 060-0808, Japan. Electronic address: 
      kmoriishi@yamanashi.ac.jp.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20220307
TA  - Antiviral Res
JT  - Antiviral research
JID - 8109699
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
SB  - IM
MH  - Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
MH  - *COVID-19
MH  - High-Throughput Screening Assays
MH  - Humans
MH  - Replicon
MH  - *SARS-CoV-2/genetics
MH  - Virus Replication
PMC - PMC8900913
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *Antiviral
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *Replicon
OT  - *SARS-Coronavirus-2
OT  - *Stable cell line
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/03/11 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/29 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/10 20:12
PHST- 2022/01/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/02/16 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/02/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/03/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/10 20:12 [entrez]
AID - S0166-3542(22)00036-5 [pii]
AID - 105268 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105268 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Antiviral Res. 2022 Mar;199:105268. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105268. Epub 
      2022 Mar 7.

PMID- 35352546
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220401
LR  - 20220412
IS  - 1897-9483 (Electronic)
IS  - 0032-3772 (Linking)
VI  - 132
IP  - 3
DP  - 2022 Mar 30
TI  - Management of SARS-CoV-2 infection: recommendations of the Polish Association of 
      Epidemiologists and Infectiologists as of February 23, 2022.
LID - 16230 [pii]
LID - 10.20452/pamw.16230 [doi]
AB  - The first Polish recommendations regarding the management of patients with 
      COVID-19 were published by the Polish Society of Epidemiologists and 
      Infectiologists (PTEiLChZ) on March 31, 2020, and the last annex was dated 
      November 12, 2021. The ongoing state of pandemic, the emergence of new variants 
      of the virus, and the availability of new drugs necessitate their updating. 
      Changes introduced in the current version of recommendations for the management 
      of COVID-19 comprised the possibility of using remedesivir in an outpatient 
      setting, previously reserved for inpatient treatment, as well as other antiviral 
      drugs-molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir / ritonavir. We revised the possibility of 
      using monoclonal antibodies due to the resistance of the currently dominant 
      Omicron variant. Anakinra, an antagonist of interleukin 1 receptors, has been 
      added as a treatment option in advanced stages of the disease, and the 
      recommended daily dose of glucocorticosteroids used in the most severe forms of 
      COVID-19 has been increased. Information on vaccination and pre-exposure 
      prophylaxis in specific populations has also been updated.
FAU - Flisiak, Robert
AU  - Flisiak R
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of 
      Bialystok, Białystok, Poland. robert.flisiak1@gmail.com
FAU - Horban, Andrzej
AU  - Horban A
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases for Adults, Medical University of Warsaw, 
      Warsaw, Poland
AD  - Hospital for Infectious Diseases in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
FAU - Jaroszewicz, Jerzy
AU  - Jaroszewicz J
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, 
      Katowice, Poland
FAU - Kozielewicz, Dorota
AU  - Kozielewicz D
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik 
      Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in 
      Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
FAU - Mastalerz-Migas, Agnieszka
AU  - Mastalerz-Migas A
AD  - Department of Family Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
FAU - Owczuk, Radosław
AU  - Owczuk R
AD  - Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Medical University of 
      Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
FAU - Parczewski, Miłosz
AU  - Parczewski M
AD  - Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Acquired Immunodeficiency, 
      Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
FAU - Pawłowska, Małgorzata
AU  - Pawłowska M
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik 
      Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in 
      Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
FAU - Piekarska, Anna
AU  - Piekarska A
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lodz, 
      Łódź, Poland
FAU - Simon, Krzysztof
AU  - Simon K
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 
      Wrocław, Poland
FAU - Tomasiewicz, Krzysztof
AU  - Tomasiewicz K
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Lublin, 
      Lublin, Poland
FAU - Zarębska-Michaluk, Dorota
AU  - Zarębska-Michaluk D
AD  - Department of Infectious Diseases, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220330
PL  - Poland
TA  - Pol Arch Intern Med
JT  - Polish archives of internal medicine
JID - 101700960
RN  - SARS-CoV-2 variants
SB  - IM
MH  - *COVID-19/drug therapy
MH  - Epidemiologists
MH  - Humans
MH  - Poland
MH  - SARS-CoV-2
EDAT- 2022/03/31 06:00
MHDA- 2022/04/02 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/30 07:34
PHST- 2022/03/31 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/04/02 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/03/30 07:34 [entrez]
AID - 16230 [pii]
AID - 10.20452/pamw.16230 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Pol Arch Intern Med. 2022 Mar 30;132(3):16230. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16230. Epub 
      2022 Mar 30.

PMID- 35033572
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220223
LR  - 20220305
IS  - 1872-9096 (Electronic)
IS  - 0166-3542 (Print)
IS  - 0166-3542 (Linking)
VI  - 198
DP  - 2022 Feb
TI  - Very low levels of remdesivir resistance in SARS-COV-2 genomes after 18 months of 
      massive usage during the COVID19 pandemic: A GISAID exploratory analysis.
PG  - 105247
LID - S0166-3542(22)00015-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105247 [doi]
AB  - Massive usage of antiviral compounds during a pandemic creates an ideal ground 
      for emergence of resistant strains. Remdesivir, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of the 
      viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), was extensively prescribed under 
      emergency use authorization during the first 18 months of the COVID19 pandemic, 
      before randomized controlled trials showed poor efficacy in hospitalized 
      patients. RdRp mutations conferring resistance to remdesivir are well known from 
      in vitro studies, and the huge SARS-CoV-2 sequencing effort during the ongoing 
      COVID19 pandemic represents an unprecedented opportunity to assess emergence and 
      fitness of antiviral resistance in vivo. We mined the GISAID database to 
      extrapolate the frequency of remdesivir escape mutations. Our analysis reveals 
      very low levels of remdesivir resistance worldwide despite massive usage.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Focosi, Daniele
AU  - Focosi D
AD  - North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy. 
      Electronic address: daniele.focosi@gmail.com.
FAU - Maggi, Fabrizio
AU  - Maggi F
AD  - Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; 
      Laboratory of Microbiology, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy. Electronic address: 
      fabrizio.maggi63@gmail.com.
FAU - McConnell, Scott
AU  - McConnell S
AD  - Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of 
      Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: smcconn8@jhu.edu.
FAU - Casadevall, Arturo
AU  - Casadevall A
AD  - Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of 
      Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: acasade1@jhu.edu.
LA  - eng
GR  - T32 AI007417/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220113
TA  - Antiviral Res
JT  - Antiviral research
JID - 8109699
RN  - 0 (Antiviral Agents)
RN  - 0 (ORF1ab polyprotein, SARS-CoV-2)
RN  - 0 (Polyproteins)
RN  - 0 (Viral Proteins)
RN  - 3QKI37EEHE (remdesivir)
RN  - 415SHH325A (Adenosine Monophosphate)
RN  - EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase)
RN  - OF5P57N2ZX (Alanine)
RN  - COVID-19 drug treatment
SB  - IM
MH  - Adenosine Monophosphate/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Alanine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
MH  - Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
MH  - COVID-19/*drug therapy
MH  - Drug Repositioning
MH  - Drug Resistance, Viral/*genetics
MH  - Genome, Viral/genetics
MH  - Humans
MH  - Polyproteins/genetics
MH  - RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/*genetics
MH  - Viral Proteins/genetics
PMC - PMC8755559
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - *COVID-19
OT  - *E802D
OT  - *Molnupiravir
OT  - *Nsp12
OT  - *RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase
OT  - *Remdesivir
OT  - *Resistance
OT  - *SARS-CoV-2
COIS- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or 
      personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in 
      this paper.
EDAT- 2022/01/17 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/24 06:00
CRDT- 2022/01/16 20:47
PHST- 2021/12/17 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/06 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2022/01/10 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/01/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2022/01/16 20:47 [entrez]
AID - S0166-3542(22)00015-8 [pii]
AID - 105247 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105247 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Antiviral Res. 2022 Feb;198:105247. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105247. Epub 
      2022 Jan 13.

PMID- 35222030
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20220301
IS  - 1663-9812 (Print)
IS  - 1663-9812 (Electronic)
IS  - 1663-9812 (Linking)
VI  - 13
DP  - 2022
TI  - Effectiveness of Antiviral Therapy in Highly-Transmissible Variants of 
      SARS-CoV-2: A Modeling and Simulation Study.
PG  - 816429
LID - 10.3389/fphar.2022.816429 [doi]
LID - 816429
AB  - As of October 2021, neither established agents (e.g., hydroxychloroquine) nor 
      experimental drugs have lived up to their initial promise as antiviral treatment 
      against SARS-CoV-2 infection. While vaccines are being globally deployed, 
      variants of concern (VOCs) are emerging with the potential for vaccine escape. 
      VOCs are characterized by a higher within-host transmissibility, and this may 
      alter their susceptibility to antiviral treatment. Here we describe a model to 
      understand the effect of changes in within-host reproduction number R(0), as 
      proxy for transmissibility, of VOCs on the effectiveness of antiviral therapy 
      with molnupiravir through modeling and simulation. Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801 or MK 
      4482) is an orally bioavailable antiviral drug inhibiting viral replication 
      through lethal mutagenesis, ultimately leading to viral extinction. We simulated 
      800 mg molnupiravir treatment every 12 h for 5 days, with treatment initiated at 
      different time points before and after infection. Modeled viral mutations range 
      from 1.25 to 2-fold greater transmissibility than wild type, but also include 
      putative co-adapted variants with lower transmissibility (0.75-fold). Antiviral 
      efficacy was correlated with R(0), making highly transmissible VOCs more 
      sensitive to antiviral therapy. Total viral load was reduced by up to 70% in 
      highly transmissible variants compared to 30% in wild type if treatment was 
      started in the first 1-3 days post inoculation. Less transmissible variants 
      appear less susceptible. Our findings suggest there may be a role for pre- or 
      post-exposure prophylactic antiviral treatment in areas with presence of highly 
      transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants. Furthermore, clinical trials with borderline 
      efficacious results should consider identifying VOCs and examine their impact in 
      post-hoc analysis.
CI  - Copyright © 2022 Schöning, Kern, Chaccour and Hammann.
FAU - Schöning, Verena
AU  - Schöning V
AD  - Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, 
      Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
FAU - Kern, Charlotte
AU  - Kern C
AD  - Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, 
      Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
AD  - Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
FAU - Chaccour, Carlos
AU  - Chaccour C
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Universidad de 
      Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
AD  - Centro de Investigaciön Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, 
      Spain.
AD  - ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
FAU - Hammann, Felix
AU  - Hammann F
AD  - Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of General Internal Medicine, 
      Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220209
TA  - Front Pharmacol
JT  - Frontiers in pharmacology
JID - 101548923
PMC - PMC8864116
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - COVID–19
OT  - SARS–CoV-2 variants
OT  - mathematical disease modeling
OT  - molnupiravir
OT  - paxlovid
OT  - pharmacometrics
OT  - variants of concern (VOCs)
OT  - viral kinetic modelling
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2022/03/01 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/01 06:01
CRDT- 2022/02/28 05:33
PHST- 2021/11/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2022/01/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2022/02/28 05:33 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/01 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/01 06:01 [medline]
AID - 816429 [pii]
AID - 10.3389/fphar.2022.816429 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Pharmacol. 2022 Feb 9;13:816429. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816429. 
      eCollection 2022.

PMID- 35315683
OWN - NLM
STAT- Publisher
LR  - 20220414
IS  - 1946-6242 (Electronic)
IS  - 1946-6234 (Print)
IS  - 1946-6234 (Linking)
DP  - 2022 Mar 22
TI  - Therapeutic treatment with an oral prodrug of the remdesivir parental nucleoside 
      is protective against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in mice.
PG  - eabm3410
LID - 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm3410 [doi]
LID - eabm3410
AB  - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic remains uncontrolled despite the 
      rapid rollout of safe and effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 
      2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, underscoring the need to develop highly effective 
      antivirals. In the setting of waning immunity from infection and vaccination, 
      breakthrough infections are becoming increasingly common and treatment options 
      remain limited. Additionally, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, 
      with their potential to escape neutralization by therapeutic monoclonal 
      antibodies, emphasizes the need to develop second-generation oral antivirals 
      targeting highly conserved viral proteins that can be rapidly deployed to 
      outpatients. Here, we demonstrate the in vitro antiviral activity and in vivo 
      therapeutic efficacy of GS-621763, an orally bioavailable prodrug of GS-441524, 
      the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, which targets the highly conserved virus 
      RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. GS-621763 exhibited antiviral activity against 
      SARS-CoV-2 in lung cell lines and two different human primary lung cell culture 
      systems. GS-621763 was also potently antiviral against a genetically unrelated 
      emerging coronavirus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). The 
      dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile observed after oral administration of 
      GS-621763 translated to dose-dependent antiviral activity in mice infected with 
      SARS-CoV-2. Therapeutic GS-621763 administration reduced viral load and lung 
      pathology; treatment also improved pulmonary function in COVID-19 mouse model. A 
      direct comparison of GS-621763 with molnupiravir, an oral nucleoside analog 
      antiviral which has recently received EUA approval, proved both drugs to be 
      similarly efficacious in mice. These data support the exploration of GS-441524 
      oral prodrugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
FAU - Schäfer, Alexandra
AU  - Schäfer A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4760-4923
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Martinez, David R
AU  - Martinez DR
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2940-8961
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Won, John J
AU  - Won JJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5849-4993
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Meganck, Rita M
AU  - Meganck RM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2799-3754
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Moreira, Fernando R
AU  - Moreira FR
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Brown, Ariane J
AU  - Brown AJ
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Gully, Kendra L
AU  - Gully KL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5742-2341
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Zweigart, Mark R
AU  - Zweigart MR
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Conrad, William S
AU  - Conrad WS
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - May, Samantha R
AU  - May SR
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Dong, Stephanie
AU  - Dong S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0318-5261
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Kalla, Rao
AU  - Kalla R
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Chun, Kwon
AU  - Chun K
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Du Pont, Venice
AU  - Du Pont V
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Babusis, Darius
AU  - Babusis D
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5599-1671
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Tang, Jennifer
AU  - Tang J
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9491-5022
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Murakami, Eisuke
AU  - Murakami E
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2315-2819
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Subramanian, Raju
AU  - Subramanian R
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Barrett, Kimberly T
AU  - Barrett KT
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4128-8437
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Bleier, Blake J
AU  - Bleier BJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4440-3808
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Bannister, Roy
AU  - Bannister R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6311-1440
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Feng, Joy Y
AU  - Feng JY
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4837-1911
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Bilello, John P
AU  - Bilello JP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4327-1727
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Cihlar, Tomas
AU  - Cihlar T
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Mackman, Richard L
AU  - Mackman RL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8861-7205
AD  - Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
FAU - Montgomery, Stephanie A
AU  - Montgomery SA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8012-5302
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina 
      School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
AD  - Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of 
      Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Baric, Ralph S
AU  - Baric RS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6827-8701
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
FAU - Sheahan, Timothy P
AU  - Sheahan TP
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9181-2183
AD  - Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel 
      Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
LA  - eng
GR  - F32 AI152296/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - T32 AI007151/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - P30 CA016086/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States
GR  - U19 AI142759/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 AI132178/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20220322
TA  - Sci Transl Med
JT  - Science translational medicine
JID - 101505086
SB  - IM
UOF - bioRxiv. 2021 Sep 17;:. PMID: 34545367
PMC - PMC8995034
EDAT- 2022/03/23 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/23 06:00
CRDT- 2022/03/22 12:09
PHST- 2022/03/22 12:09 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/03/23 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/23 06:00 [medline]
AID - abm3410 [pii]
AID - 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm3410 [doi]
PST - aheadofprint
SO  - Sci Transl Med. 2022 Mar 22:eabm3410. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm3410.