universityphysicsvolume1_subchapter_to_learning_goal.json

{"1.1 The Scope and Scale of Physics": ["Describe the scope of physics.", "Calculate the order of magnitude of a quantity.", "Compare measurable length, mass, and timescales quantitatively.", "Describe the relationships among models, theories, and laws."], "1.2 Units and Standards": ["Describe how SI base units are defined.", "Describe how derived units are created from base units.", "Express quantities given in SI units using metric prefixes."], "1.3 Unit Conversion": ["Use conversion factors to express the value of a given quantity in different units."], "1.4 Dimensional Analysis": ["Find the dimensions of a mathematical expression involving physical quantities.", "Determine whether an equation involving physical quantities is dimensionally consistent."], "1.5 Estimates and Fermi Calculations": ["Estimate the values of physical quantities."], "1.6 Significant Figures": ["Determine the correct number of significant figures for the result of a computation.", "Describe the relationship between the concepts of accuracy, precision, uncertainty, and discrepancy.", "Calculate the percent uncertainty of a measurement, given its value and its uncertainty.", "Determine the uncertainty of the result of a computation involving quantities with given uncertainties."], "1.7 Solving Problems in Physics": ["Describe the process for developing a problem-solving strategy.", "Explain how to find the numerical solution to a problem.", "Summarize the process for assessing the significance of the numerical solution to a problem."], "2.1 Scalars and Vectors": ["Describe the difference between vector and scalar quantities.", "Identify the magnitude and direction of a vector.", "Explain the effect of multiplying a vector quantity by a scalar.", "Describe how one-dimensional vector quantities are added or subtracted.", "Explain the geometric construction for the addition or subtraction of vectors in a plane.", "Distinguish between a vector equation and a scalar equation."], "2.2 Coordinate Systems and Components of a Vector": ["Describe vectors in two and three dimensions in terms of their components, using unit vectors along the axes.", "Distinguish between the vector components of a vector and the scalar components of a vector.", "Explain how the magnitude of a vector is defined in terms of the components of a vector.", "Identify the direction angle of a vector in a plane.", "Explain the connection between polar coordinates and Cartesian coordinates in a plane."], "2.3 Algebra of Vectors": ["Apply analytical methods of vector algebra to find resultant vectors and to solve vector equations for unknown vectors.", "Interpret physical situations in terms of vector expressions."], "2.4 Products of Vectors": ["Explain the difference between the scalar product and the vector product of two vectors.", "Determine the scalar product of two vectors.", "Determine the vector product of two vectors.", "Describe how the products of vectors are used in physics."], "3.1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity": ["Define position, displacement, and distance traveled.", "Calculate the total displacement given the position as a function of time.", "Determine the total distance traveled.", "Calculate the average velocity given the displacement and elapsed time."], "3.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed": ["Explain the difference between average velocity and instantaneous velocity.", "Describe the difference between velocity and speed.", "Calculate the instantaneous velocity given the mathematical equation for the velocity.", "Calculate the speed given the instantaneous velocity."], "3.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration": ["Calculate the average acceleration between two points in time.", "Calculate the instantaneous acceleration given the functional form of velocity.", "Explain the vector nature of instantaneous acceleration and velocity.", "Explain the difference between average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration.", "Find instantaneous acceleration at a specified time on a graph of velocity versus time."], "3.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration": ["Identify which equations of motion are to be used to solve for unknowns.", "Use appropriate equations of motion to solve a two-body pursuit problem."], "3.5 Free Fall": ["Use the kinematic equations with the variables y and g to analyze free-fall motion.", "Describe how the values of the position, velocity, and acceleration change during a free fall.", "Solve for the position, velocity, and acceleration as functions of time when an object is in a free fall."], "3.6 Finding Velocity and Displacement from Acceleration": ["Derive the kinematic equations for constant acceleration using integral calculus.", "Use the integral formulation of the kinematic equations in analyzing motion.", "Find the functional form of velocity versus time given the acceleration function.", "Find the functional form of position versus time given the velocity function."], "4.1 Displacement and Velocity Vectors": ["Calculate position vectors in a multidimensional displacement problem.", "Solve for the displacement in two or three dimensions.", "Calculate the velocity vector given the position vector as a function of time.", "Calculate the average velocity in multiple dimensions."], "4.2 Acceleration Vector": ["Calculate the acceleration vector given the velocity function in unit vector notation.", "Describe the motion of a particle with a constant acceleration in three dimensions.", "Use the one-dimensional motion equations along perpendicular axes to solve a problem in two or three dimensions with a constant acceleration.", "Express the acceleration in unit vector notation."], "4.3 Projectile Motion": ["Use one-dimensional motion in perpendicular directions to analyze projectile motion.", "Calculate the range, time of flight, and maximum height of a projectile that is launched and impacts a flat, horizontal surface.", "Find the time of flight and impact velocity of a projectile that lands at a different height from that of launch.", "Calculate the trajectory of a projectile."], "4.4 Uniform Circular Motion": ["Solve for the centripetal acceleration of an object moving on a circular path.", "Use the equations of circular motion to find the position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle executing circular motion.", "Explain the differences between centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration resulting from nonuniform circular motion.", "Evaluate centripetal and tangential acceleration in nonuniform circular motion, and find the total acceleration vector."], "4.5 Relative Motion in One and Two Dimensions": ["Explain the concept of reference frames.", "Write the position and velocity vector equations for relative motion.", "Draw the position and velocity vectors for relative motion.", "Analyze one-dimensional and two-dimensional relative motion problems using the position and velocity vector equations."], "5.1 Forces": ["Distinguish between kinematics and dynamics", "Understand the definition of force", "Identify simple free-body diagrams", "Define the SI unit of force, the newton", "Describe force as a vector"], "5.2 Newtons First Law": ["Describe Newton's first law of motion", "Recognize friction as an external force", "Define inertia", "Identify inertial reference frames", "Calculate equilibrium for a system"], "5.3 Newtons Second Law": ["Distinguish between external and internal forces", "Describe Newton's second law of motion", "Explain the dependence of acceleration on net force and mass"], "5.4 Mass and Weight": ["Explain the difference between mass and weight", "Explain why falling objects on Earth are never truly in free fall", "Describe the concept of weightlessness"], "5.5 Newtons Third Law": ["State Newton\u2019s third law of motion", "Identify the action and reaction forces in different situations", "Apply Newton\u2019s third law to define systems and solve problems of motion"], "5.6 Common Forces": ["Define normal and tension forces", "Distinguish between real and fictitious forces", "Apply Newton\u2019s laws of motion to solve problems involving a variety of forces"], "5.7 Drawing Free-Body Diagrams": ["Explain the rules for drawing a free-body diagram", "Construct free-body diagrams for different situations"], "6.1 Solving Problems with Newtons Laws": ["Apply problem-solving techniques to solve for quantities in more complex systems of forces", "Use concepts from kinematics to solve problems using Newton\u2019s laws of motion", "Solve more complex equilibrium problems", "Solve more complex acceleration problems", "Apply calculus to more advanced dynamics problems"], "6.2 Friction": ["Describe the general characteristics of friction", "List the various types of friction", "Calculate the magnitude of static and kinetic friction, and use these in problems involving Newton\u2019s laws of motion"], "6.3 Centripetal Force": ["Explain the equation for centripetal acceleration", "Apply Newton\u2019s second law to develop the equation for centripetal force", "Use circular motion concepts in solving problems involving Newton\u2019s laws of motion"], "6.4 Drag Force and Terminal Speed": ["Express the drag force mathematically", "Describe applications of the drag force", "Define terminal velocity", "Determine an object\u2019s terminal velocity given its mass"], "7.1 Work": ["Represent the work done by any force", "Evaluate the work done for various forces"], "7.2 Kinetic Energy": ["Calculate the kinetic energy of a particle given its mass and its velocity or momentum", "Evaluate the kinetic energy of a body, relative to different frames of reference"], "7.3 Work-Energy Theorem": ["Apply the work-energy theorem to find information about the motion of a particle, given the forces acting on it", "Use the work-energy theorem to find information about the forces acting on a particle, given information about its motion"], "7.4 Power": ["Relate the work done during a time interval to the power delivered", "Find the power expended by a force acting on a moving body"], "8.1 Potential Energy of a System": ["Relate the difference of potential energy to work done on a particle for a system without friction or air drag", "Explain the meaning of the zero of the potential energy function for a system", "Calculate and apply the gravitational potential energy for an object near Earth\u2019s surface and the elastic potential energy of a mass-spring system"], "8.2 Conservative and Non-Conservative Forces": ["Characterize a conservative force in several different ways", "Specify mathematical conditions that must be satisfied by a conservative force and its components", "Relate the conservative force between particles of a system to the potential energy of the system", "Calculate the components of a conservative force in various cases"], "8.3 Conservation of Energy": ["Formulate the principle of conservation of mechanical energy, with or without the presence of non-conservative forces", "Use the conservation of mechanical energy to calculate various properties of simple systems"], "8.4 Potential Energy Diagrams and Stability": ["Create and interpret graphs of potential energy", "Explain the connection between stability and potential energy"], "8.5 Sources of Energy": ["Describe energy transformations and conversions in general terms", "Explain what it means for an energy source to be renewable or nonrenewable"], "9.1 Linear Momentum": ["Explain what momentum is, physically", "Calculate the momentum of a moving object"], "9.2 Impulse and Collisions": ["Explain what an impulse is, physically", "Describe what an impulse does", "Relate impulses to collisions", "Apply the impulse-momentum theorem to solve problems"], "9.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum": ["Explain the meaning of \u201cconservation of momentum\u201d", "Correctly identify if a system is, or is not, closed", "Define a system whose momentum is conserved", "Mathematically express conservation of momentum for a given system", "Calculate an unknown quantity using conservation of momentum"], "9.4 Types of Collisions": ["Identify the type of collision", "Correctly label a collision as elastic or inelastic", "Use kinetic energy along with momentum and impulse to analyze a collision"], "9.5 Collisions in Multiple Dimensions": ["Express momentum as a two-dimensional vector", "Write equations for momentum conservation in component form", "Calculate momentum in two dimensions, as a vector quantity"], "9.6 Center of Mass": ["Explain the meaning and usefulness of the concept of center of mass", "Calculate the center of mass of a given system", "Apply the center of mass concept in two and three dimensions", "Calculate the velocity and acceleration of the center of mass"], "9.7 Rocket Propulsion": ["Describe the application of conservation of momentum when the mass changes with time, as well as the velocity", "Calculate the speed of a rocket in empty space, at some time, given initial conditions", "Calculate the speed of a rocket in Earth\u2019s gravity field, at some time, given initial conditions"], "10.1 Rotational Variables": ["Describe the physical meaning of rotational variables as applied to fixed-axis rotation", "Explain how angular velocity is related to tangential speed", "Calculate the instantaneous angular velocity given the angular position function", "Find the angular velocity and angular acceleration in a rotating system", "Calculate the average angular acceleration when the angular velocity is changing", "Calculate the instantaneous angular acceleration given the angular velocity function"], "10.2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration": ["Derive the kinematic equations for rotational motion with constant angular acceleration", "Select from the kinematic equations for rotational motion with constant angular acceleration the appropriate equations to solve for unknowns in the analysis of systems undergoing fixed-axis rotation", "Use solutions found with the kinematic equations to verify the graphical analysis of fixed-axis rotation with constant angular acceleration"], "10.3 Relating Angular and Translational Quantities": ["Given the linear kinematic equation, write the corresponding rotational kinematic equation", "Calculate the linear distances, velocities, and accelerations of points on a rotating system given the angular velocities and accelerations"], "10.4 Moment of Inertia and Rotational Kinetic Energy": ["Describe the differences between rotational and translational kinetic energy", "Define the physical concept of moment of inertia in terms of the mass distribution from the rotational axis", "Explain how the moment of inertia of rigid bodies affects their rotational kinetic energy", "Use conservation of mechanical energy to analyze systems undergoing both rotation and translation", "Calculate the angular velocity of a rotating system when there are energy losses due to nonconservative forces"], "10.5 Calculating Moments of Inertia": ["Calculate the moment of inertia for uniformly shaped, rigid bodies", "Apply the parallel axis theorem to find the moment of inertia about any axis parallel to one already known", "Calculate the moment of inertia for compound objects"], "10.6 Torque": ["Describe how the magnitude of a torque depends on the magnitude of the lever arm and the angle the force vector makes with the lever arm", "Determine the sign (positive or negative) of a torque using the right-hand rule", "Calculate individual torques about a common axis and sum them to find the net torque"], "10.7 Newtons Second Law for Rotation": ["Calculate the torques on rotating systems about a fixed axis to find the angular acceleration", "Explain how changes in the moment of inertia of a rotating system affect angular acceleration with a fixed applied torque"], "10.8 Work and Power for Rotational Motion": ["Use the work-energy theorem to analyze rotation to find the work done on a system when it is rotated about a fixed axis for a finite angular displacement", "Solve for the angular velocity of a rotating rigid body using the work-energy theorem", "Find the power delivered to a rotating rigid body given the applied torque and angular velocity", "Summarize the rotational variables and equations and relate them to their translational counterparts"], "11.1 Rolling Motion": ["Describe the physics of rolling motion without slipping", "Explain how linear variables are related to angular variables for the case of rolling motion without slipping", "Find the linear and angular accelerations in rolling motion with and without slipping", "Calculate the static friction force associated with rolling motion without slipping", "Use energy conservation to analyze rolling motion"], "11.2 Angular Momentum": ["Describe the vector nature of angular momentum", "Find the total angular momentum and torque about a designated origin of a system of particles", "Calculate the angular momentum of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis", "Calculate the torque on a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis", "Use conservation of angular momentum in the analysis of objects that change their rotation rate"], "11.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum": ["Apply conservation of angular momentum to determine the angular velocity of a rotating system in which the moment of inertia is changing", "Explain how the rotational kinetic energy changes when a system undergoes changes in both moment of inertia and angular velocity"], "11.4 Precession of a Gyroscope": ["Describe the physical processes underlying the phenomenon of precession", "Calculate the precessional angular velocity of a gyroscope"], "12.1 Conditions for Static Equilibrium": ["Identify the physical conditions of static equilibrium.", "Draw a free-body diagram for a rigid body acted on by forces.", "Explain how the conditions for equilibrium allow us to solve statics problems."], "12.2 Examples of Static Equilibrium": ["Identify and analyze static equilibrium situations", "Set up a free-body diagram for an extended object in static equilibrium", "Set up and solve static equilibrium conditions for objects in equilibrium in various physical situations"], "12.3 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Modulus": ["Explain the concepts of stress and strain in describing elastic deformations of materials", "Describe the types of elastic deformation of objects and materials"], "12.4 Elasticity and Plasticity": ["Explain the limit where a deformation of material is elastic", "Describe the range where materials show plastic behavior", "Analyze elasticity and plasticity on a stress-strain diagram"], "13.1 Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation": ["List the significant milestones in the history of gravitation", "Calculate the gravitational force between two point masses", "Estimate the gravitational force between collections of mass"], "13.2 Gravitation Near Earths Surface": ["Explain the connection between the constants <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math> and <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math>", "Determine the mass of an astronomical body from free-fall acceleration at its surface", "Describe how the value of <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math> varies due to location and Earth\u2019s rotation"], "13.3 Gravitational Potential Energy and Total Energy": ["Determine changes in gravitational potential energy over great distances", "Apply conservation of energy to determine escape velocity", "Determine whether astronomical bodies are gravitationally bound"], "13.4 Satellite Orbits and Energy": ["Describe the mechanism for circular orbits", "Find the orbital periods and speeds of satellites", "Determine whether objects are gravitationally bound"], "13.5 Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion": ["Describe the conic sections and how they relate to orbital motion", "Describe how orbital velocity is related to conservation of angular momentum", "Determine the period of an elliptical orbit from its major axis"], "13.6 Tidal Forces": ["Explain the origins of Earth\u2019s ocean tides", "Describe how neap and leap tides differ", "Describe how tidal forces affect binary systems"], "13.7 Einsteins Theory of Gravity": ["Describe how the theory of general relativity approaches gravitation", "Explain the principle of equivalence", "Calculate the Schwarzschild radius of an object", "Summarize the evidence for black holes"], "14.1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure": ["State the different phases of matter", "Describe the characteristics of the phases of matter at the molecular or atomic level", "Distinguish between compressible and incompressible materials", "Define density and its related SI units", "Compare and contrast the densities of various substances", "Define pressure and its related SI units", "Explain the relationship between pressure and force", "Calculate force given pressure and area"], "14.2 Measuring Pressure": ["Define gauge pressure and absolute pressure", "Explain various methods for measuring pressure", "Understand the working of open-tube barometers", "Describe in detail how manometers and barometers operate"], "14.3 Pascals Principle and Hydraulics": ["State Pascal\u2019s principle", "Describe applications of Pascal\u2019s principle", "Derive relationships between forces in a hydraulic system"], "14.4 Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy": ["Define buoyant force", "State Archimedes\u2019 principle", "Describe the relationship between density and Archimedes\u2019 principle"], "14.5 Fluid Dynamics": ["Describe the characteristics of flow", "Calculate flow rate", "Describe the relationship between flow rate and velocity", "Explain the consequences of the equation of continuity to the conservation of mass"], "14.6 Bernoullis Equation": ["Explain the terms in Bernoulli\u2019s equation", "Explain how Bernoulli\u2019s equation is related to the conservation of energy", "Describe how to derive Bernoulli\u2019s principle from Bernoulli\u2019s equation", "Perform calculations using Bernoulli\u2019s principle", "Describe some applications of Bernoulli\u2019s principle"], "14.7 Viscosity and Turbulence": ["Explain what viscosity is", "Calculate flow and resistance with Poiseuille's law", "Explain how pressure drops due to resistance", "Calculate the Reynolds number for an object moving through a fluid", "Use the Reynolds number for a system to determine whether it is laminar or turbulent", "Describe the conditions under which an object has a terminal speed"], "15.1 Simple Harmonic Motion": ["Define the terms period and frequency", "List the characteristics of simple harmonic motion", "Explain the concept of phase shift", "Write the equations of motion for the system of a mass and spring undergoing simple harmonic motion", "Describe the motion of a mass oscillating on a vertical spring"], "15.2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion": ["Describe the energy conservation of the system of a mass and a spring", "Explain the concepts of stable and unstable equilibrium points"], "15.3 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion and Circular Motion": ["Describe how the sine and cosine functions relate to the concepts of circular motion", "Describe the connection between simple harmonic motion and circular motion"], "15.4 Pendulums": ["State the forces that act on a simple pendulum", "Determine the angular frequency, frequency, and period of a simple pendulum in terms of the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity", "Define the period for a physical pendulum", "Define the period for a torsional pendulum"], "15.5 Damped Oscillations": ["Describe the motion of damped harmonic motion", "Write the equations of motion for damped harmonic oscillations", "Describe the motion of driven, or forced, damped harmonic motion", "Write the equations of motion for forced, damped harmonic motion"], "15.6 Forced Oscillations": ["Define forced oscillations", "List the equations of motion associated with forced oscillations", "Explain the concept of resonance and its impact on the amplitude of an oscillator", "List the characteristics of a system oscillating in resonance"], "16.1 Traveling Waves": ["Describe the basic characteristics of wave motion", "Define the terms wavelength, amplitude, period, frequency, and wave speed", "Explain the difference between longitudinal and transverse waves, and give examples of each type", "List the different types of waves"], "16.2 Mathematics of Waves": ["Model a wave, moving with a constant wave velocity, with a mathematical expression", "Calculate the velocity and acceleration of the medium", "Show how the velocity of the medium differs from the wave velocity (propagation velocity)"], "16.3 Wave Speed on a Stretched String": ["Determine the factors that affect the speed of a wave on a string", "Write a mathematical expression for the speed of a wave on a string and generalize these concepts for other media"], "16.4 Energy and Power of a Wave": ["Explain how energy travels with a pulse or wave", "Describe, using a mathematical expression, how the energy in a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave"], "16.5 Interference of Waves": ["Explain how mechanical waves are reflected and transmitted at the boundaries of a medium", "Define the terms interference and superposition", "Find the resultant wave of two identical sinusoidal waves that differ only by a phase shift"], "16.6 Standing Waves and Resonance": ["Describe standing waves and explain how they are produced", "Describe the modes of a standing wave on a string", "Provide examples of standing waves beyond the waves on a string"], "17.1 Sound Waves": ["Explain the difference between sound and hearing", "Describe sound as a wave", "List the equations used to model sound waves", "Describe compression and rarefactions as they relate to sound"], "17.2 Speed of Sound": ["Explain the relationship between wavelength and frequency of sound", "Determine the speed of sound in different media", "Derive the equation for the speed of sound in air", "Determine the speed of sound in air for a given temperature"], "17.3 Sound Intensity": ["Define the term intensity", "Explain the concept of sound intensity level", "Describe how the human ear translates sound"], "17.4 Normal Modes of a Standing Sound Wave": ["Explain the mechanism behind sound-reducing headphones", "Describe resonance in a tube closed at one end and open at the other end", "Describe resonance in a tube open at both ends"], "17.5 Sources of Musical Sound": ["Describe the resonant frequencies in instruments that can be modeled as a tube with symmetrical boundary conditions", "Describe the resonant frequencies in instruments that can be modeled as a tube with anti-symmetrical boundary conditions"], "17.6 Beats": ["Determine the beat frequency produced by two sound waves that differ in frequency", "Describe how beats are produced by musical instruments"], "17.7 The Doppler Effect": ["Explain the change in observed frequency as a moving source of sound approaches or departs from a stationary observer", "Explain the change in observed frequency as an observer moves toward or away from a stationary source of sound"], "17.8 Shock Waves": ["Explain the mechanism behind sonic booms", "Describe the difference between sonic booms and shock waves", "Describe a bow wake"]}